(in+the+negative)

the perfect tense of the negative verb ua-, q.v. Only attested with a 1st person sg. pronominal suffix uien.

2 negative prefix "not", "un-", reduced to al- before a vowel VT42:33, GALA, VT45:25, though the example Alcorin would suggest that al- can sometimes appear before a consonant as well. In a deleted entry in Etym, ala- was defined as "not" and said to be a "pure negative" VT45:5. In alahasta, Alamanyar, alasaila, Alcorin. 3, also al-, a prefix expressing “good” or “well” PE17:146, as in alaquenta q.v. Whether Tolkien imagined this ending to coexist with the negative prefix of the same form \#2 above is unclear and perhaps dubious. 4 vb. “plant, grow” the first gloss would suggest that the following one is transitive: to “grow” plants PE17:100. Compare al- “thrive, *grow” which however seems intransitive.

1 vb. "will not", future tense of a negative verb present/aorist tense úyë? in Fíriel's Song. Compare \#úva as the future tense of the negative verb ua- q.v. in a later source PE17:144, where the verb is cited with a 1st person sg. ending: úvan.

1 vocative particle "O" in a vanimar "O beautiful ones" LotR3:VI ch. 6, translated in Letters:308; also attested repeatedly in VT44:12 cf. 15: A Hrísto *"o Christ", A Eruion*"o God the son/son of God", a Aina Fairë *"o Holy Spirit", a aina Maria *"o holy Mary". 2 conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna *”and northwards” in a late text, VT49:26. According to PE17:41, “Old Quenya” could have the conjunction a as a variant of ar before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw f is not mentioned, PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r,þ, s. See ar \#1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen “he ran with his speed” i.e. as quickly as he could is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is *“he ran and did so with his speed” PE17:58. 3, also á, imperative particle. An imperative with “immediate time reference” is expressed by á in front of the verb or “occasionally after it, sometimes before and after for emphasis”, with the verb following in “the simplest form also used for the uninflected ‘aorist’ without specific time reference past or present or future” PE17:93. Cf. a laita te, laita te! "o bless them, bless them!", á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!", literally *"o rule Manwë!" see laita, vala for reference; cf. also á carë *“do!”, á ricë “try!”, á lirë “sing!”, á menë “proceed!”, a norë “run!” PE17:92-93, notice short a in this example, á tula *"come!" VT43:14. In the last example, the verb tul- “come” receives an ending -a that probably represents the suffixed form of the imperative particle, this apparently being an example of the imperative element occurring both “before and after” the verbal stem “for emphasis” PE17:93. This ending may also appear on its own with no preceding a/á, as in the command queta “speak!” PE17:138. Other examples of imperatives with suffixed -a include cena and tira VT47:31, see cen-, tir-; the imperatives of these same verbs are however also attested as á tirë, á cenë PE17:94 with the imperative particle remaining independent and the following verb appearing as an uninflected aorist stem. This aorist can be plural to indicate a 3rd person pl. subject: á ricir! “let them try!” PE17:93. Alyë VT43:17, VT44:9 seems to be the imperative particle a with the pronominal suffix -lyë "you, thou" suffixed to indicate the subject who is to carry out the command; attested in the phrase alyë anta *"give thou" elided aly' in VT43:11, since the next word begins in e-: aly' eterúna me, *"do thou deliver us"; presumably other pronominal suffixes could likewise be added. The particle a is also present in the negative imperatives ala, \#ála or áva, q.v.

lá umë negation "no indeed not, on the contrary" "also used for asking incredulous questions"This is a combination of the negation lá "not" and the negative verb umë "is not, does not" LA

laumë negation "no indeed not, on the contrary" "also used for asking incredulous questions". This is a combination of the negation lá "not" and the negative verb umë "is not, does not" LA

adj. "deprived of, destitute, forlorn" VT39:14. The plural form *únë is not to be confused with the pa.t. of the negative verb ua, q.v. – An unglossed word úna, cited in VT49:28, rather seems to be a negated form of ná “is”.

vb., a form occurring in Fíriel's Song cf. VT46:22, apparently ye "is" with the negative prefix ú-, hence "is not" úyë sérë indo-ninya símen, translated "my hearth resteth not here", literally evidently *"there is not rest for my heart here"

negative verb “not do, not be”. If a verb is to be negated, ua coming before the verb receives any pronominal endings and presumably also any endings for plurality or duality, -r or -t, whereas the uninflected tense-stem of the verb follows: With the ending -n for “I”, one can thus have constructions like uan carë *”I do not” aorist, uan carnë *“I did not” past, uan cára *“I am not doing” present, uan caruva *”I shall not do” future. The verb ua- can itself be fully conjugated: \#ua aorist or present?, únë past, úva “future, \#uië perfect the aorist and perfect are attested only with the ending -n “I”. In “archaic Quenya” these tense-forms could be combined with an uninflected aorist stem, e.g. future *úvan carë = later Quenya uan caruva, “I shall not do”. In later Quenya, only the forms ua present or aorist and “occasionally” the past tense form \#únë were used in normal prose únen *”I did not, was not”. PE17:144; compare FS for úva as a future-tense negative verb “will not”

the latter stressed on the final syllable "Don't!", negative imperative particle compare ala, \#ála. Cf. ávan "I won't" also ván, ványë; áva carë! "k" "don't do it!" WJ:371

the latter stressed on the final syllable "Don't!", negative imperative particle compare ala, \#ála. Cf. ávan "I won't" also ván, ványë; áva carë! "k" "don't do it!" WJ:371

interjection “no” originally an endingless negative verb in the 3rd person aorist: “it is not so”; see \#u-. Apparently this is the word for “no” used to deny that something is true compare vá, which is rather used to reject orders, or to issue negative orders. VT49:28Compare uito.

2 prefix indicating something forbidden: avaquétima "not to be said, that must not be said", avanyárima "not to be told or related" WJ:370 3 prefix "without" ARsup2/sup, AWA. In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" q.v. 4 vb with pa.t. avanë. This verb is not clearly glossed; apparently meaning refuse or prohibit WJ:370. Cf. áva, Avamanyar. What is seems to be more or less the same verb has its principal tenses listed with the ending -n “I” in VT49:13: aorist avan, present ávan ávëan, future auvan for older avuvan, past avanen or auvan, perfect avávien. In one version of the paradigm, the present tense ávëan and past avanen are marked as archaic/poetic forms. One text seemingly uses the pa.t.aunë in the sense “was not”, as a negative verb, but this may have been a short-lived idea of Tolkien’s the text was revised.

1 adv. “no, not" LA, VT45:25 According to VT42:33, lá is the stressed form, alternating with la when the negation is unstressed. – In another conceptual phase of Tolkien's, lá had the opposite meaning "yes" VT42:32-33, but this idea is contradicted by both earlier and later material: usually lá is conceived as a negation. – The negation can receive tense markers and be used as a negative verb “when another verb is not expressed” VT49:13, apparently where the phrase “is not” is followed by a noun or an adjective as a predicate, or where some verb is understood, as in English “I do not” i.e. “I do not do whatever the context indicates”. With pronominal endings la- in the aorist, e.g. lanyë “I do not, am not” etc. Tolkien abandoned the form lamin. Exemplified in the sentence melin sé apa ulanyë/u hé *“I love him but uI do not love/u him” another person VT49:15. Present tense laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva. 2 prep. “athwart, over, across, beyond” PE17:65, also used in phrases of comparison, e.g. "A ná calima lá B", A is bright beyond = brighter than B VT42:32. 3 interjection? "please" reading of gloss uncertain VT45:25

2 prefix "not-, un-, in-", denying presence or possession of thing or quality VT39:14, UGU/UMU/VT46:20, GŪ, LT1:272, or simply suggesting something bad or immoral see \#úcar-, Úmaiar. Tolkien at one point considered redefining ú- as an element signifying "bad, uneasy, hard"; the already-published form únótima would then mean "difficult/impossible to count" rather than simply "uncountable" VT42:33. However, Tolkien's very last word on the matter seems to be that ú- was to remain a mere negative VT44:4. Compare úa, q.v. According to the Etymologies, the prefix ú- usually has a "bad sense", whereas according to early material u- uv-, um-, un- is a "mere negation" UGU/UMU vs. VT42:32 According to a later source, ú- could be used as an uninflected verbal prefix, mainly in verse, but in a normal style the prefix was “verbalized” as ua-, q.v. PE17:144. The stem Ū, as a negation, was accompanied by “pursed lips and shaking of the head” PE17:145.

adjectival suffix. Sometimes it is used to derive simple adjectives, like vanima "fair" or calima "bright"; it can also take on the meaning "-able" PE17:68, as in mátima “edible” mat- “eat”, nótima “countable” not- “count” and with a negative prefix úquétima "unspeakable" from quet- "speak". Note that the stem-vowel is normally lengthened in the derivatives where -ima means "-able", though this fails to occur in cenima “visible” q.v., but contrast hraicénima, q.v. and also before a consonant cluster as in úfantima “not concealable” PE17:176. "X-ima" may mean "apt to X" when the ending is added to an intransitive verbal stem, as in Fírimar "mortals", literally "those apt to die" WJ:387. The adj. úfantima “not concealable” PE17:176 also appears as úfantuma PE17:180, indicating the existence of a variant ending -uma possibly used to derive adjectives with a “bad” meaning; compare the ending *-unqua next to -inqua, q.v.

1 1st person pl. exclusive pronoun "we, us" VT49:51; VT43:23, VT44:9. This pronoun preserves the original stem-form VT49:50. Stressed mé VT49:51. Cf. also mel-lumna "us-is-heavy", sc. *"is heavy for us" LR:47, mel- is evidently an assimilated form of men "for us", dative of me; the form men is attested by itself, VT43:21. For me as object, cf. álaumë/u "do not do something to uus/u", negative imperative particle with object pronoun suffixed VT43:19: álamë tulya, "do not lead us", áumen/u "do something ufor us/u", imperative particle with dative pronoun suffixed ámen apsenë "forgive us", VT43:12, 18. Dual exclusive met "we/us two" Nam, VT49:51, "you and me" VT47:11; the latter translation would make met an inclusive pronoun, though it is elsewhere suggested that it is rather exclusive: "him/her and me", corresponding to wet q.v. as the true inclusive dual form. Rá men or rámen "for us/on our behalf", see rá. Locative messë "on us", VT44:12 also with prefix o, ó- ?"with" in the same source. See also ménë, ómë.

noun "monster creature of Melkor BAN, LT1:272; pl. úvanimor "monsters" is attested UGU/UMU, GŪ. According to VT45:7, 16 Tolkien did not capitalize the word úvanimo, though it was so printed in the entries BAN and GŪ in the Etymologies as printed in LR. The pl. form húvanimor was abandoned along with hú rather than ú- as a negative prefix, VT45:17.

vb. "not do, not be" 1st pers. aorist uin "I do not, am not", pa.t. úmë UGU/UMU. A late ca. 1968 source gives the forms uin, uinyë “I am not”, uilyë *”you are not”, uis “it is not”, uilmë *”we are not”, uir “are not” and endingless ui *”is not” VT49:29, 36; these forms were however struck out. The example uin carë “I don’t” PE17:68 combines this negative verb with a following verb in the “simplest aorist infinitive”. Compare ua in another late source. See also ui, which despite its use as an interjection “no” seems to be the endingless 3rd person aorist.

1 imperative particle á, a combined with the negation lá, -la "not" to express a prohibition VT43:22; see lá \#1. Also with 1st person suffix -lyë alalyë and álalyë, VT43:10, 22, VT44:8 and 1st person pl. object suffix -më alamë and álamë, "do not do something to us", as in álaumë/u tulya, "do not lead uus/u", VT43:12, 22. In the essay Quendi and Eldar, negative imperatives are rather indicated by áva, q.v., but this form can well coexist with ala, \#ála. 5 prep. "after, beyond" MC:221, 214; however, LotR-style Quenya has han and pella "beyond" and apa "after" 6 also alar! or alla! interjection "hail, blessed be thou". VT45:5,14 7 noun "day", also alan "daytime". The forms allen, alanen listed after these words could be inflected forms of them, genitive "of daytime", constracted allen = al'nen and uncontracted. However, Tolkien struck out all of this VT45:13.