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1 Darby, Abraham
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1678 near Dudley, Worcestershire, Englandd. 5 May 1717 Madely Court, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England[br]English ironmaster, inventor of the coke smelting of iron ore.[br]Darby's father, John, was a farmer who also worked a small forge to produce nails and other ironware needed on the farm. He was brought up in the Society of Friends, or Quakers, and this community remained important throughout his personal and working life. Darby was apprenticed to Jonathan Freeth, a malt-mill maker in Birmingham, and on completion of his apprenticeship in 1699 he took up the trade himself in Bristol. Probably in 1704, he visited Holland to study the casting of brass pots and returned to Bristol with some Dutch workers, setting up a brassworks at Baptist Mills in partnership with others. He tried substituting cast iron for brass in his castings, without success at first, but in 1707 he was granted a patent, "A new way of casting iron pots and other pot-bellied ware in sand without loam or clay". However, his business associates were unwilling to risk further funds in the experiments, so he withdrew his share of the capital and moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. There, iron ore, coal, water-power and transport lay close at hand. He took a lease on an old furnace and began experimenting. The shortage and expense of charcoal, and his knowledge of the use of coke in malting, may well have led him to try using coke to smelt iron ore. The furnace was brought into blast in 1709 and records show that in the same year it was regularly producing iron, using coke instead of charcoal. The process seems to have been operating successfully by 1711 in the production of cast-iron pots and kettles, with some pig-iron destined for Bristol. Darby prospered at Coalbrookdale, employing coke smelting with consistent success, and he sought to extend his activities in the neighbourhood and in other parts of the country. However, ill health prevented him from pursuing these ventures with his previous energy. Coke smelting spread slowly in England and the continent of Europe, but without Darby's technological breakthrough the ever-increasing demand for iron for structures and machines during the Industrial Revolution simply could not have been met; it was thus an essential component of the technological progress that was to come.Darby's eldest son, Abraham II (1711–63), entered the Coalbrookdale Company partnership in 1734 and largely assumed control of the technical side of managing the furnaces and foundry. He made a number of improvements, notably the installation of a steam engine in 1742 to pump water to an upper level in order to achieve a steady source of water-power to operate the bellows supplying the blast furnaces. When he built the Ketley and Horsehay furnaces in 1755 and 1756, these too were provided with steam engines. Abraham II's son, Abraham III (1750–89), in turn, took over the management of the Coalbrookdale works in 1768 and devoted himself to improving and extending the business. His most notable achievement was the design and construction of the famous Iron Bridge over the river Severn, the world's first iron bridge. The bridge members were cast at Coalbrookdale and the structure was erected during 1779, with a span of 100 ft (30 m) and height above the river of 40 ft (12 m). The bridge still stands, and remains a tribute to the skill and judgement of Darby and his workers.[br]Further ReadingA.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (the best source for the lives of the Darbys and the work of the company).H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.LRD -
2 John Nelson Darby
Names and surnames: JND -
3 Madin-Darby canine kidney
Cytology: MDCKУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Madin-Darby canine kidney
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4 терка штукатура
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5 маламашка
darby -
6 терка штукатура
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > терка штукатура
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7 мастерок
darby, trowel* * *мастеро́к м.
trowel, float, darby -
8 łata tynkarska
• darby float• derating zob. deratization derby float -
9 glückliches, älteres Ehepaar
Deutsch-Englisches Wörterbuch > glückliches, älteres Ehepaar
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10 Reynolds, Richard
[br]b. 1 November 1735 Bristol, Englandd. 10 September 1816 Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England[br]English ironmaster who invented iron rails.[br]Reynolds was born into a Quaker family, his father being an iron merchant and a considerable customer for the products of the Darbys (see Abraham Darby) of Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. After education at a Quaker boarding school in Pickwick, Wiltshire, Reynolds was apprenticed to William Fry, a grocer of Bristol, from whom he would have learned business methods. The year before the expiry of his apprenticeship in 1757, Reynolds was being sent on business errands to Coalbrookdale. In that year he met and married Hannah Darby, the daughter of Abraham Darby II. At the same time, he acquired a half-share in the Ketley ironworks, established not long before, in 1755. There he supervised not only the furnaces at Ketley and Horsehay and the foundry, but also the extension of the railway, linking this site to Coalbrookdale itself.On the death of Abraham Darby II in 1763, Reynolds took charge of the whole works during the minority of Abraham Darby III. During this period, the most notable development was the introduction by the Cranage brothers of a new way of converting pig-iron to wrought iron, a process patented in 1766 that used coal in a reverberatory furnace. This, with other processes for the same purpose, remained in use until superseded by the puddling process patented by Henry Cort in 1783 and 1784. Reynolds's most important innovation was the introduction of cast-iron rails in 1767 on the railway around Coalbrookdale. A useful network had been in operation for some time with wooden rails, but these wore out quickly and were expensive to maintain. Reynolds's iron rails were an immediate improvement, and some 20 miles (32 km) were laid within a short time. In 1768 Abraham Darby III was able to assume control of the Coalbrookdale works, but Reynolds had been extending his own interest in other ironworks and various other concerns, earning himself considerable wealth. When Darby was oppressed with loan repayments, Reynolds bought the Manor of Madely, which made him Landlord of the Coalbrookdale Company; by 1780 he was virtually banker to the company.[br]Further ReadingH.M.Rathbone, 1852, Letters of Richard Reynolds with a Memoir of his Life, London.A.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (contains many details of Reynolds's life).LRD -
11 правило
1) General subject: canon, law, lute, norm, precept, principle, regulation, rule, standard, stern, straightedge, obligation (как общая обязанность для всех)3) American: luting4) Military: traversing handspike5) Engineering: Darby float, Derby float, dresser, floating rule, lute (для бетона), rod (для штукатурных работ), shaping tool, straight edge, straightedge (для штукатурных работ), straightener, trail handspike6) Construction: act, darby, dardy, dressing tool, float, floater, leveling board, mortise gauge (для пазов, шипов и гнёзд), screed, screed board, smoothing board, straightedging tool, straightening tool7) Mathematics: convention8) Religion: rule( Book of observances for monks)9) Law: establishment10) Architecture: rule (для штукатурных работ)11) Mining: lute (для бетонных работ)12) Metallurgy: instruction13) Psychology: maxim15) Automation: rule (инструмент)16) Arms production: crutch, hand lever, handspike17) leg.N.P. order18) Makarov: bull float, floating rule (для штукатурных работ; с ударением на "и"), gage (при устройстве асфальтобетонного или бетонного покрытия), hand finisher, rule (для штукатурных работ; с ударением на "и"), straight edge (для штукатурных работ)19) Yachting: fairing batten20) Combustion gas turbines: theorem21) Microsoft: ruler -
12 эль
1) General subject: ale, darby (Darby), ell (мера длины, в Великобритании 114 см.)2) Colloquial: malt3) History: ell (мера длины; брит. " 114 см)4) Jargon: berpwater5) Advertising: malt liquor -
13 терка
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14 règle de plâtrier
Dictionnaire d'ingénierie, d'architecture et de construction > règle de plâtrier
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15 Abziehbrett
Deutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Abziehbrett
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16 Abziehlatte
Abziehlatte f darby, darby float, levelling board, smoothing beam, smoothing board; strike-off, strike-off screed (Horizontalfertiger)Deutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Abziehlatte
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17 Betonabziehleiste
Betonabziehleiste f darby float, darby, slickerDeutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Betonabziehleiste
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18 Kartätsche
Deutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Kartätsche
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19 lasta
yks.nom. lasta; yks.gen. lastan; yks.part. lastaa; yks.ill. lastaan; mon.gen. lastojen lastain; mon.part. lastoja; mon.ill. lastoihindarby (noun)float (noun)knife (noun)paddle (noun)palette knife (noun)putty knife (noun)slice (noun)spattle (noun)spatula (noun)splint (noun)squeegee (noun)trowel (noun)turner (noun)* * *• putty knife• slice• spattle• splint• palette knife• trowel• darby• turner• squeegee• paint scraper• paddle• float• knife -
20 oikolauta
building / construction industry• straight edgebuilding / construction industry• screedbuilding / construction industry• darbybuilding / construction industry• darby float
См. также в других словарях:
Darby — ist der Familienname folgender Personen: Abraham Darby I (1667–1717), englischer Eisenfabrikant Abraham Darby II (1711–1763), englischer Eisenfabrikant und Erfinder, Sohn von Abraham Darby I Abraham Darby III (1750–1791), englischer… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Darby — may refer to: Darby (name) or D Arby, a given name and surname (and list of people with the name) Places: Darby River, Victoria, Australia Darby, Montana, a town Darby Township, Madison County, Ohio Darby Township, Pickaway County, Ohio Darby… … Wikipedia
DARBY (A.) — DARBY ABRAHAM (1711 1763) Métallurgiste anglais, né et mort à Coalbrookdale, dans le Shropshire. Fils du maître de forges anglais Abraham Darby (1678 1717), il réussit le premier à fondre des minerais de fer avec du coke dans un haut fourneau.… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Darby — Darby, MT U.S. town in Montana Population (2000): 710 Housing Units (2000): 316 Land area (2000): 0.531252 sq. miles (1.375936 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.531252 sq. miles (1.375936 sq. km) … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Darby — Personnage Disney Nom original Darby Espèce humaine Sexe féminin Univers Disney Winnie l ourson Lieu de résidence Forêt des Rêves Bleus Darby … Wikipédia en Français
Darby, MT — U.S. town in Montana Population (2000): 710 Housing Units (2000): 316 Land area (2000): 0.531252 sq. miles (1.375936 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.531252 sq. miles (1.375936 sq. km) FIPS code … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Darby, PA — U.S. borough in Pennsylvania Population (2000): 10299 Housing Units (2000): 3999 Land area (2000): 0.815793 sq. miles (2.112894 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.815793 sq. miles (2.112894 sq.… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Darby — Dar by (d[aum]r b[y^]), n. A plasterer s float, having two handles; used in smoothing ceilings, etc. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Darby — m English: transferred use of the surname, which originated in the Middle Ages as a local name for someone from the city of Derby or the district of West Derby near Liverpool. These are so called from Old Norse diur deer + býr settlement. The… … First names dictionary
Darby — This interesting surname is an English locational name derived from Derby in either Derbyshire or Lancashire or from Darby in Lincolnshire. The name is in all cases derived from the Old Norse djur meaning a deer and byr meaning a farm or… … Surnames reference
darby — I. ˈdärbē noun ( es) Etymology: probably from the name Derby or Darby 1. : a plasterer s float consisting of a long narrow strip of wood with two handles 2. : a trowel with a handle elevated above the blade for use as a darby II. tr … Useful english dictionary