εὑρίσκειν

αἰτία, ας, ἡ (s. αἴτιος; Pind.+; ins, pap, LXX; En 21:4; TestSol 11:2 ‘illness’; GrBar, Philo, Joseph., Just., Tat., Ath., Mel., P. 56, 411).

① that which is responsible for a condition, cause, reason Dg 5:17; gov. by διά: διὰ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν for this reason (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 10, 52; 2 Macc 12:40; Jos., Ant. 3, 279; Just., D. 4, 6; Mel., P. 56, 411; SIG 700, 15; 826G, 21; Michel 456, 14 διὰ ταύτας τὰς αἰτίας; BGU 1243, 6 [III B.C.]) Ac 28:20; cp. 10:21; 1 Cl 44:2; 2 Cl 10:3; Hs 9, 8, 3. οὐ διʼ ἄλλην τινὰ αἰ. … ἀλλά for no other reason … than 1 Cl 51:5. διʼ ἣν αἰτίαν (SIG 630, 6f; PEnteux 84, 14 [III B.C.]; 1 Esdr 2:17; Wsd 18:18; oft. 2 Macc) in indir. quest. why Lk 8:47; Ac 22:24; at beg. of a sentence as causal conj. (B-D-F §456, 4) for this reason, therefore (Diod S 4, 80, 4; 13, 11, 2; 2 Macc 4:28; Philo, Op. M. 100; Jos., Ant. 17, 202) 2 Ti 1:6, 12; Tit 1:13; Hb 2:11. κατὰ πᾶσαν αἰτίαν for any and every cause (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 25 §94 κατὰ μηδεμίαν αἰτίαν; BGU 136, 26 [II A.D.] κατὰ ταύτην τ. αἰτίαν; Jos., Ant. 4, 249; 253) Mt 19:3.

② the actual state of affairs, case, circumstance, relationship (Latinism=causa B-D-F §5, 3b; cp. PRyl 63, 2f τίς δὲ ἡ αἰ. τούτων τῶν εἰδώλων;) εἰ οὕτως ἐστὶν ἡ αἰ. τοῦ ἀνθρώπου μετὰ τῆς γυναικός if the relationship of a man with his wife is like this Mt 19:10.

③ a basis for legal action, legal t.t.

ⓐ charge, ground for complaint (PKroll I, 3 ἐγγενέσθαι αἰτίαις) Ac 23:28. αἰ. εὑρίσκειν (ἔν τινι) find a basis for a charge (in his case) J 18:38; 19:4, 6 (Pilate states that he has no ‘case’). αἰτία θανάτου=Lat. causa capitalis, reason/grounds for capital punishment Ac 13:28; 28:18. The charge specified Mt 27:37; Mk 15:26.

ⓑ accusation (Ath. 2, 3; 31, 1; Diod S 20, 62, 5 ἐν αἰτίαις ἔχειν τινά=lay charges against someone; Athen. 12, 542e) αἰτίαν φέρειν (v.l. ἐπιφέρειν q.v. 5) bring an accusation Ac 25:18 (Jos., Ant. 20, 47). αἱ κατʼ αὐτοῦ αἰ. the (formal) charges against him vs. 27.—B. 1183; 1244. DELG s.v. αἴτιος. M-M.

αἴτιος, ία, ον (Hom.+)

① pert. to being the cause of someth., in our lit. only subst.

ⓐ ὁ αἴ. one who is the cause, source αἴ. σωτηρίας Hb 5:9 (Hdt. et al.; Diod S 4, 82 αἴ. ἐγένετο τῆς σωτηρίας; SIG 1109, 80; Philo, Agr. 96, Spec. Leg. 1, 252 θεὸν τ. σωτηρίας αἴτιον al.; Jos., Ant. 14, 136; Bel 42; 2 Macc 4:47; 13:4; EpArist 205; Just., D. 3, 5; 4, 1; Tat., Ath.).

ⓑ neut. cause, reason (Hdt., Thu. et al.; PHib 73, 18 [243/242 B.C.]; BGU 1121, 27; 29; Philo; Jos., Ant. 7, 75; 12, 84; Just., D. 5, 6; Tat.; Ath. 19, 2) μηδενὸς αἰ. ὑπάρχοντος i.e. the crowd will be unable to explain its action Ac 19:40.

② ground for legal action. τὸ αἴτ.=αἰτία 3a in a legal expr. ground for complaint, basis for a charge αἴ. εὑρίσκειν ἔν τινι Lk 23:4, 14. οὐδὲν αἴ. θανάτου no ground for capital punishment vs. 22.—DELG. M-M. Sv.

μετάνοια, ας, ἡ (μετανοέω) prim. ‘a change of mind’ (Thu. 3, 36, 4; Polyb. 4, 66, 7; Appian, Mithrid. 16 §57; pap [s. New Docs 4, 160; Spicq II 475, 17]; TestSol 12:3 C; JosAs, ApcSed; ApcMos 32; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 274, Ant. 16, 125; Just., Tat.), also w. the nuance of ‘remorse’ (as regret for shortcomings and errors: Batr. 69; Lycon the Peripatetic [III B.C.], Fgm. 23 Wehrli [in Diog. L. 5, 66]; Polyb. 18, 33, 7; Stoic. III 147, ln. 21f; Cebes 10, 4; 11, 1; Plut., Mor. 56a; 68f; 961d, Alex. 11, 4, Mar. 10, 4; 39, 3; Chariton 1, 3, 7; Appian, Liby. 52 §225; 102 §482; 116 §553; M. Ant. 8, 10; Ps.-Lucian, Calumn. 5; Jos., Ant. 13, 314. Of the ‘remorse’ of Sophia Iren. 1, 3, 1 [Harv. I 24, 7]); in our lit. w. focus on the need of change in view of responsibility to deity (cp. Hierocles 14, 451; Sir 44:16; Wsd 12:10, 19; Prayer of Manasseh [=Odes 12] 8; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 96, Spec. Leg. 1, 58, Virt. 175ff [περὶ μετανοίας] al.; EpArist 188; Jos., Ant. 9, 176; TestReub 2:1; TestJud 19:2; TestGad 5:7f; JosAs 15:6ff; 16:7; ApcSed prol.: περὶ ἀγάπης καὶ περὶ μ.; 14:3 ἐν μετανοίαις; SibOr 1, 129; 168; Iren. 1, 21, 2 [Harv. 182, 7]; Orig., C. Cels. 7, 57, 3f; Did., Gen. 97, 15) repentance, turning about, conversion; as a turning away μετάνοια ἀπὸ νεκρῶν ἔργων turning away from dead works Hb 6:1. Mostly of the positive side of repentance, as the beginning of a new relationship with God: ἡ εἰς θεὸυ μ. repentance that leads to God Ac 20:21. ἄξια τῆς μετανοίας ἔργα deeds that are consistent with repentance 26:20. Also καρπὸν ἄξιον τῆς μ. Mt 3:8; cp. Lk 3:8. βαπτίζειν εἰς μ. baptize for repentance Mt 3:11 (s. βαπτίζω 2a; also εἰς 10a). βάπτισμα μετανοίας Mk 1:4; Lk 3:3; cp. Ac 13:24; 19:4 (alt. λουτροῦ … τῆς μ. Just., D. 14, 1) χρείαν ἔχειν μετανοίας need repentance or conversion Lk 15:7. κηρύσσειν μ. εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν preach repentance that leads to the forgiveness of sins 24:47 (μετάνοιαν καὶ ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν διὰ … λουτροῦ παλλιγγενεσίας Theoph. Ant. 2, 16 [p. 140. 8f]); cp. 1 Cl 7:6. ἔχειν καιρὸν μετανοίας still have time for repentance 2 Cl 8:2. τόπον μετανοίας διδόναι give an opportunity for repentance (Wsd 12:10; cp. ἵνα μετάνοια δοθῇ Did., Gen. 169, 4; ἀφορμὴν μετανοίας καὶ ἐξομολογήσεως παράσχειν Theoph. Ant. 2, 29 [p. 170, 17]) 1 Cl 7:5. μετανοίας τόπον εὑρίσκειν Hb 12:17 (cp. μετανοίας τόπον ἔχειν Tat. 15:3). διδόναι τινὶ (τὴν) μ. (cp. Wsd 12:19; M. J. Brutus, Ep. 7) Ac 5:31; 11:18; 2 Ti 2:25; 16:9; cp. Hv 4, 1, 3; Hs 8, 6, 2; 8, 11, 1. τιθέναι τινὶ μετάνοιαν prescribe repentance for someone Hm 4, 3, 4; cp. 5; καλεῖν τινα εἰς μ. Lk 5:32 (ApcSed 15:2; Just., A I, 15, 7; 90, 7); Mt 9:13 v.l.; Mk 2:17 v.l. (cp. καλοῦνται αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ μ. καὶ διόρθωσιν τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῶν Orig., C. Cels. 3, 62, 3). περὶ μετανοίας λαλεῖν 1 Cl 8:1. ἀκούσαντες ταύτην τὴν μετάνοιαν when they heard of this repentance Hs 8, 10, 3; παιδεύεσθαι εἰς μ. be disciplined so as to repent 1 Cl 57:1. εἰς μ. ἄγειν τινά (EpArist 188; Jos., Ant. 4, 144; cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 63 §262 θεοῦ σφᾶς ἐπὶ μετάνοιαν ἄγοντος) Ro 2:4; ἀνακαινίζειν εἰς μ. Hb 6:6; χωρῆσαι εἰς μ. come to repentance 2 Pt 3:9. μετάνοιαν λαμβάνειν receive repentance (after denying Christ) Hs 9, 26, 6a. μετανοίας μετασχεῖν 1 Cl 8:5. μετάνοιαν ἔχειν have a possibility of repentance Hm 4, 3, 3; Hs 8, 8, 2. ἐστί τινι μετάνοιαν have a possibility of repentance Hv 2, 2, 5c; 3, 7, 5; Hs 8, 8, 5; 8, 9, 4a; 9, 19, 1; 9, 20, 4. τινὶ μετάνοιά ἐστι μία have (only) one possibility of repentance m 4, 1, 8; cp. 4, 3, 1. μ. κεῖταί τινι repentance is ready, available for someone Hs 9, 19, 2f; 9, 22, 4; 9, 26, 6b. ἐπίκειταί τινι 8, 7, 2a. γίνεταί τινι 9, 26, 5; εἰς μάτην ἐστὶν ἡ μ. is in vain 6, 1, 3. ταχινὴ ὀφείλει εἶναι must follow quickly 8, 9, 4b. ἡ μ. σύνεσίς ἐστιν μεγάλη is great understanding m 4, 2, 2. μ. καθαρά 12, 3, 2; cp. Hs 7:6. μ. ἁμαρτίας rep. for sin 2 Cl 16:4; cp. Hm 4, 3, 3. μ. ζωῆς rep. that leads to life Hs 6, 2, 3; cp. 8, 6, 6. ἐλπὶς μετανοίας hope of repentance or conversion IEph 10:1; Hs 6, 2, 4; 8, 7, 2b; 8, 10, 2. W. πίστις and other Christian virtues 1 Cl 62:2. The ἄγγελος τῆς μ. appears in Hermas as a proclaimer of repentance: v 5:7; m 12, 4, 7; 12, 6, 1; Hs 9, 1, 1; 9, 14, 3; 9, 23, 5; 9, 24, 4; λυπεῖσθαι εἰς μ. feel pain that leads to repentance 2 Cor 7:9, λύπη μετάνοιαν ἐργάζεται (cp. Plut., Mor. 476f) vs. 10.—W. the Christian use of the word in mind Polycarp says ἀμετάθετος ἡμῖν ἡ ἀπὸ τῶν κρειττόνων ἐπὶ τὰ χείρω μετάνοια for us ‘repentance’ from the better to the worse is impossible MPol 11:1.—WHolladay, The Root Šûbh in the OT, ’58.—TRE VII 446–51; RAC II 105–18.—DELG s.v. νόος. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

μοιχεία, ας, ἡ (μοιχεύω; Andocides et al.; Heraclit. Sto. 69 p. 89, 15; PMich 148 I, 8; LXX; TestSol 1:2 D; GrBar; Philo; Jos., Ant. 16, 340 al.; apolog.; τὴν μ. τῆς παρθένου καὶ τοῦ Πανθήρα Orig., C. Cels. I, 32, 6) adultery lit. Hm 4, 1, 5 and 9; ApcPt 9:24. W. other sins (Hos 4:2; Theoph. Ant. 2, 34 [p. 186, 9]) Gal 5:19 v.l.; 1 Cl 30:1; 2 Cl 6:4; 20:1; D 5:1; Hm 8:3. Pl. (as in D 5:1 above) denoting separate acts (Pla., Rep. 4, 443a, Leg. 8, 839a; PTebt 276, 16 πορνεῖαι καὶ μοιχεῖαι; GrBar; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 13; Jos., Bell. 5, 402; Just., D. 93, 1; Mel., P. 50, 362.—B-D-F §142; W-S. §27, 4d; s. Rob. 408) adulterous acts Mt 15:19=Mk 7:22 (Did., Gen. 226, 21; Theoph. Ant. 1, 14 [p. 92, 6]; in a list of vices also Plut., Mor. 1050d); cp. D 3:3; AcPl Ha 1, 12. Cp. καταλαμβάνειν ἐπὶ μοιχείᾳ catch in the act of adultery J 8:3 (Plut., Mor. 291f; on the ‘adulterous woman’ s. REisler, ZNW 22, 1923, 305–7; KBornhäuser, NKZ 37, 1926, 353–63; EBishop, JTS 35, ’34, 40–45; JJeremias, ZNW 43, ’51, 148f: a temptation story, cp. Mk 12:13–17; TManson, ZNW 44, ’52/53, 255f; FSchilling, ATR 37, ’55, 91–106; UBecker, Jesus u. die Ehebrecherin ’63; JDerrett, Law in the NT, ’70, 156–87; JMcDonald, NTS 41, ’95, 415–27). Also εὑρίσκειν ἐν μ. Hm 4, 1, 4.—B. 1456; RAC IV 666–77. DELG s.v. μοιχός. M-M. TW. Sv.

νομή, ῆς, ἡ (Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 17:40; TestSol 5:5; ApcEsdr 2:11 p. 26, 5 Tdf.; ApcEl [PSI I, 7 verso, 3] ‘flock’; ApcrEzk P1, verso 4; EpArist 112; Philo; Jos., Ant. 2, 18; 17, 249) gener. ‘pasturing-place’ or ‘grazing land’ (Soph., Hdt., X., Plut., pap), and freq. in ref. to the fodder or foraging-opportunity (Pla., Aristot.; 1 Ch 4:40) that such land provides.—In our lit. the word is used only in imagery

① pasturage of one who follows Jesus. ν. εὑρίσκειν find pasture (lit. of hungry flocks 1 Ch 4:40; fig. of leaders who are like rams who find no forage La 1:6) J 10:9. Of the spiritual sustenance provided by God as Shepherd of the people (i.e. the Christians); the latter are called πρόβατα τῆς νομῆς σου sheep of your pasture (Ps 73:1; 78:13; cp. 99:3) 1 Cl 59:4; likew. 16:5 in a quot. fr. an unknown document (perh. En 89:56, 66f), called γραφή.

② someth. rapaciously destructive, spreading (after the spreading out of a flock at pasturage; e.g. fire: Polyb. 1, 48, 5; τὸ πῦρ λαμβανει νομήν 11, 4 [5], 4; Philo, Aet. M. 127 [conjecture of Usener]) in medical simile spreading, as of an ulcer (since Hippocr.; Polyb. 1, 81, 6 νομὴν ποιεῖται ἕλκος; Memnon Hist. [I B.C./I A.D.]: 434 Fgm. 1, 2, 4 Jac. [ulcer]; cp. Jos., Bell. 6, 164 parts of the temple complex are compared to diseased body parts) ὁ λόγος αὐτῶν ὡς γάγγραινα νομὴν ἕξει their teaching will spread like a cancer 2 Ti 2:17.—DELG s.v. νέμω Ia. M-M.

ἐνώπιον prop. neut. of ἐνώπιος, functioning as a prep. (s. on ἀνά beg.) w. gen. (as SIG² 843, 7 [Trajan] ἐνώπιον τῶν προγεγραμμένων θεῶν, cp. Plut. Mor. 274b, 3; PCairZen 73, 14 [257 B.C.]; PLond II, 35, 6 p. 25 [161 B.C.] restored; PGrenf I 38, 11; POxy 658, 9; LXX, pseudepigr.; Just., A I, 50, 5 [for ἐνάντιον Is 53:12, so also in 4 other LXX quot.]) esp. in Lk (22 times), Ac (13 times) and Rv (32 times); 9 times in 1 Cl; once each in J, 1J, 3J, Js, 1 Pt; not at all in Mt, Mk, 2 Pt, 2J, Jd.

① pert. to a position in front of an entity, before someone or someth. εἶναι ἐ. τινος Rv 7:15; usu. εἶναι must be supplied 1:4; 4:5f; 8:3; 9:13. After ‘stand’, ‘place’, ‘step’, etc. (schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1043b of suppliants: ὥσπερ ἐνώπιον τῶν θεῶν ἱστάμενοι): στῆναι Ac 10:30; GJs 11:2; ἑστηκέναι Rv 7:9; 8:2 (RCharles, ICC Rv ad loc.: attend upon, be in the service of); 11:4; 12:4; 20:12; παρεστηκέναι (cp. 3 Km 12:6; Judg 20:28) Lk 1:19; Ac 4:10; ἱστάναι 6:6; καθῆσθαι Rv 11:16. θύρα ἠνεῳγμένη ἐ. τινος a door that stands open before someone 3:8. After verbs of motion: τιθέναι Lk 5:18; βάλλειν Rv 4:10; ἀναβαίνειν 8:4; πίπτειν of worshippers or admirers falling down before someone (1 Km 25:23) 4:10; 5:8; cp. 7:11; προσκυνεῖν (Ps 21:28, cp. 30) Lk 4:7; Rv 3:9; 15:4 (cp. 22:8; on this Hebraism s. προσκυνέω a). Of a forerunner or herald: after προέρχεσθαι (cp. 2 Ch 1:10; 1 Km 12:2ab) Lk 1:17; προπορεύεσθαι vs. 76. σκάνδαλα βάλλειν ἐ. τινος Rv 2:14.

② pert. to being present or in view, in the sight of, in the presence of, among

ⓐ lit. φαγεῖν ἐ. τινος Lk 24:43; 13:26 (cp. 2 Km 11:13; 3 Km 1:25). σημεῖα ποιεῖν J 20:30. ἀνακρίνειν Lk 23:14; cp. 5:25; 8:47; Ac 19:9, 19; 27:35; Rv 13:13; 14:3, 10; 3J 6; ἐ. πολλῶν μαρτύρων 1 Ti 6:12. ἐ. πάντων 5:20; cp. Lk 11:53 D; βαπτισθῆναι ἐ. αὐτοῦ 3:7 D (s. 4b below); χορεύσασα ἐ. τῶν ἀγγέλων GJs 15:3.

ⓑ nonliteral ἡμεῖς ἐ. τοῦ θεοῦ πάρεσμεν Ac 10:33. Also after verbs of motion βαστάζειν τὸ ὄνομα ἐ. τ. ἐθνῶν Ac 9:15. After ἀρνεῖσθαι Lk 12:9; ὁμολογεῖν Rv 3:5; 2 Cl 3:2 (ἔμπροσθεν Mt 10:32); κατηγορεῖν 12:10; καυχᾶσθαι 1 Cor 1:29; δικαιοῦν ἑαυτόν Lk 16:15. πίστιν κατὰ σεαυτὸν ἔχε ἐ. τοῦ θεοῦ keep (your) conviction to yourself in the sight of God (=keep … between yourself and God) Ro 14:22 (s. πίστις 2dε); cp. 2 Cor 4:2; MPol 14:1f. Also a favorite expr. in assertions and oaths which call upon God, as the One who sees all: Gal 1:20; 1 Ti 5:21; 6:13; 2 Ti 2:14; 4:1.—Such renderings as among, before, in the presence of are also appropriate for the following: γίνεται χαρὰ ἐ. τῶν ἀγγέλων Lk 15:10. ἔσται σοι δόξα ἐ. πάντων 14:10. εὑρίσκειν χάριν ἐ. τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 7:46 (cp. Gen 6:8 v.l. [ARahlfs, Genesis 1926, 61] al.). ἐ. τοῦ πάντων δεσπότου GJs 11:2.—προορώμην τ. κύριον ἐ. μου Ac 2:25 (Ps 15:8).—After verbs of remembering and forgetting: μνησθῆναι ἐ. τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 10:31; Rv 16:19. ἐπιλελησμένον ἐ. τοῦ θεοῦ Lk 12:6 (cp. ἐρωτηθῆναι ἐνώπιον τῆς ἁγίας δόξης σου TestAbr B 4 p. 108, 22 [Stone p. 64]).—For dat. auctoris: εἰσηκούσθη ἡ δέησις σου ἐ. κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ GJs 20:3 (cp. PsSol 1:2; GrBar 1:5).

③ pert. to exposure to value judgment, in the opinion/ judgment of ἐ. ἑαυτῶν B 4:11 (Is 5:21); ἐ. ἀνθρώπων Ro 12:17; 2 Cor 8:21b; Pol 6:1 (cp. Pr 3:4). As a rule (as 2 Cor 8:21a) of θεός or κύριος; so after τὰ ἀρεστά 1J 3:22; βδέλυγμα Lk 16:15; δίκαιος 1:6 v.l.; Ac 4:19; δικαιοσύνη Lk 1:75; δικαιοῦσθαι Ro 3:20; εὐάρεστος Hb 13:21; 1 Cl 21:1; 60:2 (cp. Dt 13:19); καλός, ἀπόδεκτος 1 Ti 2:3; 5:4; μέγας (4 Km 5:1) Lk 1:15; πολυτελής 1 Pt 3:4; πεπληρωμένος Rv 3:2. The combinations ἀρεστός and εὐάρεστος ἐ. τινος cited above form a transition to combinations in which ἐ. w. gen. stands simply for the dative: ἤρεσεν ὁ λόγος ἐ. παντὸς τ. πλήθους Ac 6:5 (cp. Dt 1:23 v.l.; 2 Km 3:36). φανεροῦσθαι ἐ. τοῦ θεοῦ 2 Cor 7:12; cp. Lk 24:11; Hb 4:13.—Prob. this is the place also for ἡ ἁμαρτία μου ἐνώπιόν μου ἐστίν 1 Cl 18:3 (Ps 50:5); ταπεινώθητε ἐ. κυρίου humble yourselves before the Lord Js 4:10.

④ special uses

ⓐ in relation to ἁμαρτάνειν ἐ. τινος sin against someone Lk 15:18, 21 (cp. Jdth 5:17; 1 Km 7:6; 20:1).

ⓑ by the authority of, on behalf of Rv 13:12, 14; 19:20. Also simply by Lk 3:7 D (but s. 2a).—Johannessohn, Präpositionen 194–97; 359–61; AWikenhauser, Ἐνώπιος—ἐνώπιον—κατενώπιον: BZ 8, 1910, 263–70.—DELG s.v. ἐνῶπα. M-M.

ἐπισιτισμός, οῦ, ὁ provisions (as stock of food, so X., An. 7, 1, 9; Polyb. 2, 5, 3; Herodian 6, 7, 1; OGI 200, 15; Sb 6949, 15; LXX; Jos., Bell. 3, 85) εὑρίσκειν ἐ. find or get some provisions Lk 9:12.—DELG s.v. σῖτος. M-M.

ἔλεος, ους, τό (Hom.+, but in later Gk. almost always ὁ ἔλεος; so also in Diod S 12, 18, 4; Herm. Wr. 13, 3; SIG 814, 21 [67 A.D.]; PMagd 18, 6=PEnteux 43, 6 [III B.C.]; Is 64:3; En 12:6; ApcMos13; ApcrEzk P 1 recto 9; EpArist 208; Philo; Jos., Bell. 1, 560, Ant. 4, 239 ἐξ ἐλέου; POxy 2754, 5 [111 A.D.].—Neut., Polyb. 1, 88, 2 and Diod S 3, 18, 5 [v.l. in latter pass.]; Ps.-Callisth. 1, 46a, 2; Herm. Wr. 13, 8a; gravestone: Sb 6650, 4; pap; Just.; sim. predom. in LXX [Thackeray 158; Helbing 47]; En 5:6; 27:4; TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 11 and 15 [Stone p. 36]; TestJob; Test12Patr; JosAs 23:4; ApcEsdr 2, 8 p. 25, 29 Tdf. [pl.]; ApcSed 5:8 [pl.]; and always in our lit. [B-D-F §51, 2; W-S. §8, 11; Mlt. 60; for the Apost. Fathers s. Reinhold 54], where the masc. appears now and then as v.l.: Mt 9:13; 12:7; 23:23; Tit 3:5; Hb 4:16) kindness or concern expressed for someone in need, mercy, compassion, pity, clemency

ⓐ of humans toward humans (Did., Gen. 180, 2) mercy Mt 9:13; 12:7 (both Hos 6:6); 23:23; Js 3:17; ποιεῖν ἔ. show mercy (Gen 24:44, 49; 1 Km 15:6 al.) Js 2:13; show compassion, do good μετά τινος to someone (Judg 1:24; 8:35; 1 Km 20:8 al.) Lk 10:37.

ⓑ of God toward humans (Timocles Com. [IV B.C.] 31 τοῖς τεθνεῶσιν ἔλεος ἐπιεικὴς θεός; LXX), gener. Lk 1:50 (cp. Ps 102:17), 54 (cp. Ps 97:3); (w. εἰρήνη as En 5:5) Gal 6:16; B 15:2; Hv 3, 9, 8; Hs 4:2. ἔλεος κυκλώσει τινά compassion will surround someone (for protection) 1 Cl 22:8 (Ps 31:10). In greetings (w. εἰρήνη; cp. Tob 7:12 S) Pol ins; (w. χάρις [cp. Wsd 3:9; 4:15], εἰρήνη) 1 Ti 1:2; 2 Ti 1:2; 2J 3; cp. ISm 12:2; (w. εἰρήνη, ἀγάπη [cp. PsSol 18:3]) Jd 2; MPol ins; ἐν παντὶ ἐ. IPhld ins. Hebraistic: ἐμεγάλυνεν κύριος τὸ ἔ. αὐτοῦ μετʼ αὐτῆς the Lord had showed great kindness to her Lk 1:58. δῴη ἔ. ὁ κύριος τῷ Ὀνησιφόρου οἴκῳ may the Lord show kindness to the house of Onesiphorus 2 Ti 1:16. ἔχειν ἔ. find mercy Hv 2, 2, 3. Cp. also 1 Cl 9:1; 28:1; 50:2; 56:5 (Ps 140:5); ITr 12:3.—Esp. the mercy shown by God in Christ to humans Ro 15:9; Tit 3:5; Hv 3, 9, 1. πλούσιος ἐν ἐλέει rich in mercy Eph 2:4. κατὰ τὸ πολὺ αὐτοῦ ἔ. acc. to his great mercy 1 Pt 1:3 (cp. Ps 50:3; 24:7.—κατʼ ἔλεον of Zeus: Lucian, Deor. 13, 1; of Hera: Παραδοξογράφοι ed. AWestermann 1839 p. 222, 7; of Athena ibid. 227, 17 and 19); cp. 1 Cl 18:2 (Ps 50:3); λαμβάνειν ἔ. (TestLevi 15:4) receive mercy Hb 4:16; εὑρίσκειν ἔ. find mercy 2 Ti 1:18; ποιεῖν ἔ. μετά τινος show kindness to someone Lk 1:72. σπλάγχνα ἐλέους merciful heart vs. 78 (TestZeb 7:3; 8:2). σκεύη ἐλέους vessels of mercy (opp. σκεύη ὀργῆς; s. σκεῦος 3) Ro 9:23. τῷ ὑμετέρῳ ἐλέει because of the mercy shown to you (dat. of cause; s. ἀπιστία 1) 11:31.—of Christ toward humans τὸ ἔλεος τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ Jd 21.—AKlocker, Wortgeschichte von ἔλεος u. οἶκτος, etc., diss. Innsbruck, ’53; NGlueck, Das Wort Ḥesed im AT, Beih. ZAW, ’61.—S. ἐλεέω end.—Schmidt, Syn. III 572–83. DELG. M-M. TW. Spicq.