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1 BLAZE
(noun:) ruinë (“a fire, a blaze”), (verb:) urya- (The stem this verb is derived from was struck out in Etym. However, several words that must be derived from the same stem occur in LotR, indicating that Tolkien restored it.) BLAZING HOT úrin (Úrin also being a name of the Sun) –PE17:183, UR, LT1:271 -
2 FIERY
uruitë, úruva (The stem from which these words are derived was struck out in Etym. However, several words that must be derived from this stem occur in LotR, indicating that Tolkien restored it. LT1:248 also gives sára "fiery", but this word is probably obsoleted by sára "bitter" in Etym.) –UR -
3 FIRE
ruinë (“a [concrete] fire, a blaze”), also úr (the stem from which this word is derived was struck out in Etym. However, several words that must be derived from this stem occur in LotR, indicating that Tolkien restored it). A more general word for "fire" (as an element, PE17:183) is nár, nárë, which appear (with the masculine ending -o) in the following names:) SPIRIT OF FIRE Fëanáro (Fëanor), FELL FIRE Aicanáro (Sharp Flame, Aegnor) (so in Silm:435; MR:323 has Aicanár). LT1:265 has sá "fire", poetic form sai, also sairin "fiery"; cf. also Sáya "the fire-fay" in GL:66. LT:271 has the following "fire"-words: FIRE uru, FIERY uruvoitë, ON FIRE urwa, LIKE FIRE urúva. Cf. also FIREWOOD turu (but the word was also used of wood in general). BOWL OF FIRE tanyasalpë (evindently \#tanya "fire" + \#salpë "bowl") –PE17:183, UR/VT46:20, Silm:397, MR:217, LT1:265, 270, 271, 292 -
4 ILL
laiwa (sick, sickly). Since this is derived from a root in sl-, the spelling *hlaiwa may fit Tolkien's later system better: he derived Quenya forms in hl- from roots with this initial combination. (For noun “illness”, see SICKNESS under SICK.) BE ILL quama- (vomit) –SLIW, QL:76 -
5 SUN
Anar, Úrin (Úrind-) (the latter was a "name of the Sun"; in LT1:271 úrin is glossed "blazing hot", and the word for "Sun" is Úr ["Ûr"] or Úri, Úrinci, Urwen.The stem Úrin is derived from was struck out in Etym. However, several words that must be derived from the same stem occur in LotR, indicating that Tolkien restored it.) Naira ("the heart of flame"), Calavénë, Calaventë (other names for the Sun). Yet another term was Ancalë or "Radiant One", but it is unclear whether or not Tolkien rejected this form (see LR:362 s.v. KAL). NEW SUN AFTER SOLSTICE ceuranar (VT48:7). SUNLIGHT árë (older [MET] ázë); SUNRISE anarórë, ambaron/Ambarónë (uprising, Orient) (a similar but untranslated word, Ambaróna, occurs in LotR), rómen (glossed "uprising, sunrise, east" in Silm:437, but the normal meaning of the word is always "east"). SUNSET andúnë (west, evening). (Amuntë in LT2 is certainly obsolete in LotR-style Quenya.) RAY OF THE SUN firin (this may not be a valid word in LotR-style Quenya; in a later source, firin is the adjective "dead"). –ANÁR, UR, LotR:1157, LotR:254, ORO, AM, LotR:490, NDU, MR:198, Silm:428, LT2:335, 341 -
6 THY
(= singular YOUR) -lya, -tya (endings used on nouns, VT49:16, 48), e.g. *aldalya, *aldatya "thy tree". The semantic distinction between -lya and *-tya is that -lya is formal or polite, whereas -tya is intimate or familiar (see THOU). In UT:51 (cf. 22), -lya is translated "your" instead of "thy", following modern English usage (tielyanna "upon your path", with the allative ending -nna “upon” following -lya “your”). Independent words for “thy/thine” or “your/yours” (sg.) could possibly be *lyenya and *tyenya, derived from *lyen and *tyen as the theoretical dative forms of the independent pronouns lye, tye “thou” (compare ninya “my” and menya “our” as attested pronouns seemingly derived from the dative pronouns nin “for me”, men “for us”). -
7 BLESSED
alya, almárëa (prosperous, rich, abundant), herenya (wealthy, fortunate, rich), manaquenta or manquenta, also aman ("blessed, free from evil" – Aman was "chiefly used as the name of the land where the Valar dwelt" [WJ:399], and as an adjective “blessed” the word may add an adjectival ending: amanya, VT49:41). Aman is the apparent Quenya equivalent of “the Blessed Realm” (allative Amanna is attested, VT49:26). The word calambar, apparently literally *“light-fated”, also seems to mean “blessed” (VT49:41). Cf. also BLESSED BEING Manwë (name of the King of the Valar). Alya, almárëa, and herenya are adjectives that may also have worldly connontations, apparently often used with reference to one who is "blessed" with material possessions or simply has good luck; on the other hand, the forms derived from the root man- primarily describe something free from evil: Cf. mána "blessed" in Fíriel's Song (referring to the Valar) and the alternative form manna in VT43:19 [cf. VT45:32] (in VT45 referring to the Virgin Mary; the form mána may be preferred for clarity, since manna is apparently also the question-word "whither?", "where to?") The forms manaquenta or manquenta also include the man- root, but it is combined with a derivative (passive participle?) of the verbal stem quet- "say, speak", these forms seemingly referring to someone who is "blessed" in the sense that people speak well of this person (a third form from the same source, manque, is possibly incomplete: read manquenta?) (VT44:10-11) The most purely "spiritual" term is possibly the word aistana, used for "blessed" in Tolkien's translation of the Hail Mary, where this word refers to the Virgin (VT43:27-28, 30). Aistana is apparently not an independent adjective (like alya, mána etc.), but rather the passive participle of a verb \#aista- "bless"; see above concerning its precise application. BLESSEDNESS vald- (so in LT1:272; nom. sg. must be either *val or *valdë) (happiness; but since this word comes from early material where it was intended to be related to Valar "Happy/Blessed Ones", its conceptual validity may be doubted because Tolkien later reinterpreted Valar as "the Powers" and dropped the earlier etymology). BLESSING (a boon, a good or fortunate thing), see BOON. "BLESSINGS", BLESSEDNESS, BLISS almië, almarë; FINAL BLISS manar, mandë (doom, final end, fate, fortune) –LotR:989 cf Letters:308; GAL, KHER, Letters:283, LT1:272, MAN/MANAD, VT43:19, 27-28, 30 -
8 FIRST
minya (cf. Minyar "Firsts", the first clan among the Elves), inga (this is also a noun "top"), *yesta (but this is a noun “beginning” according to a later source, PE17:120), FIRSTBORN (= the Elves) Minnónar, sg. \#Minnóna. (*Yesta is emended from the actual reading esta; see BEGINNING. For FIRSTBORN, Etym has Estanessi, which would similarly become *Yestanessi, but this word is propably obsoleted by the later [TLT] form Minnónar. Writers should use the latter word.) FIRST-BEGOTTEN Minyon (a personal name. The element yon, translated "begotten", may be a reduced form of yondo "son". Alternatively, and perhaps more likely, Minyon may be the adjective minya "first" turned into a masculine name by adding the masculine ending -on. In that case, the literal meaning is simply *"First One". But it is possible that on is actually derived from the stem ONO "beget", and that "First-begotten" really is the literal meaning.) FIRST FINGER lepetas (evidently lepetass-) (index finger), also tassa –MIN/Silm:434/WJ:420, ING, ESE, WJ:403, VT47:10, VT48:5 -
9 FORGIVE
\#avatyar- (imperative avatyara and the pl. aorist avatyarir are attested). The matter that is forgiven is the direct object, whereas the person that is forgiven appears in the ablative case: avatyara mello lucassemmar, "forgive us [lit. from us] our debts". This verb \#avatyar- occurs in certain versions of Tolkien's Quenya rendering of the Lord's Prayer; in the latest version he introduced the verb apsene- "remit, release, forgive" instead, with a slightly different syntax: the matter forgiven is still the direct object, but the person forgiven now appears in the dative case. The exact etymology of apsene- is somewhat obscure; the prefix ap- is apparently derived from a root AB- in a meaning which Tolkien according to other sources abandoned (see VT43:18-19); also, it is unclear whether the final –e of apsene- is just the connecting vowel of the aorist (before endings we would rather expect *apseni-) or an integral part of the verbal stem, which would make this an "E-stem" verb otherwise hardly attested. The verb apsene- is once attested with the object ending -t "them" attached: apsenet "[as we] forgive them". The alternative verb \#avatyar- is for many reasons less problematic and may be preferred by writers. –VT43:8, 9, 18-20 -
10 BARK
(noun) – Tolkien originally thought that parma "book" really meant "skin, bark; parchment", with "book, writings" as the secondary meaning. But in Etym parma is derived from a stem meaning "compose, put together", obsoleting the old etymology. –LT2:346, contrast PAR -
11 BEGINNING
yesta (In the Etymologies there also appeared the word esse, derived from a stem ESE, ESET that was marked with a query by Tolkien because esse also means “name”. The later word yesta would suggest that he changed the stem in question to *YES, *YESET.) –PE17:120, ESE/ESET -
12 BEND
\#cúna- (derived from the adj. cúna "bent"; see MC:223. In menel acúna "the heavens bending" the word is used intransitively.) –MC:222/223 cf. 215 -
13 BENEFICIAL
asëa (Þ) (helpful, kindly) (so according to a late note where the word is derived from *ATHAYA). Also (as noun) used as the name of the healing plant called in Sindarin athelas. -
14 BRANCH
*olva (PM:340 actually gives olba, a form that can only occur in the variant of Quenya that uses lb for lv). Etym has olwa, but probably this should also be *olva according to the phonology Tolkien used later (notice that the w of the Etym form is to be derived from older b, since the root is GÓLOB; later Tolkien apparently presupposed that older lb becomes either lv or is preserved as lb in Quenya). TRUNCATED BRANCH, see STUB, STUMP. –PM:340, GÓLOB -
15 GANDALF
Olórin (his name in Valinor, derived from a stem meaning "dream" – not an actual translation of "Gandalf", meaning "Elf of the Wand", a name he was given by people who did not know that he was actually a Maia.) –LotR:391, UT:396 cf. 391 -
16 HARVEST
yávië (autumn) – evidently obsoleting yávan in LT1:273. In the Calendar of Imladris, yávië was a precisely defined period of 52 days, but the word was also used without any exact definition. Note: here yávië refers to harvest time, and it is unclear whether it can also mean "harvest" in the sense "harvested products", though it is derived from a stem meaning "fruit". –LotR:1142, 1145 -
17 HELPFUL
asëa (Þ) (beneficial, kindly) (so according to a late note where the word is derived from *ATHAYA). Also (as noun) used as the name of the healing plant called in Sindarin athelas. -
18 HUNT
(noun), HUNTING roimë (the misreading "raime" occurs in the Etymologies as printed in LR; see VT46:12 for this correction). No verb "to hunt" is given in Etym, but roita- "pursue" is derived from the same stem and can probably be translated *"hunt" as well. LT1:260 has rauta- "hunt". –ROY1 -
19 KINDLY
asëa (Þ) (beneficial, helpful) (so according to a late note where the word is derived from *ATHAYA). Also (as noun) used as the name of the healing plant called in Sindarin athelas. -
20 MIGHTY
taura, poldórëa (a title of Tulkas); MIGHTY-RISING Melkórë (> Melkor) (uprising of Power), THE MIGHTY Melko (an alternative form of Melkor, derived from an unattested adjective *melka, *melca "mighty", with connotations of violence.) –TUR, LT1:264/GL:64, MR:350
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