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1 violence
violence [vjɔlɑ̃s]feminine nouna. violenceb. [d'odeur, parfum] pungency ; [de douleur] intensity ; [de poison] virulence ; [d'exercice, effort] strenuousness ; [de remède] drastic naturec. ( = acte) act of violence► se faire violence to force o.s.* * *vjɔlɑ̃s1) (de personne, sentiment, d'événement) violencepar la violence — [imposer, soumettre] through violence; [répondre] with violence
2) ( acte) act of violence* * *vjɔlɑ̃s1. nfse faire violence — to force o.s
2. violences nfpl* * *violence nf1 (de personne, événement, sentiment) violence; la violence de la répression/du vent the violence of repression/of the wind; la violence dans les écoles/les stades violence in schools/the stadiums; violence armée armed violence; violence urbaine urban violence; violence verbale verbal abuse; d'une violence insoutenable [scène, film] unbearably violent; avec violence [agir, réagir] violently; avec une rare violence [agir, réagir] with extreme violence; par la violence [éprouvé, miné] by violence; [imposer, soumettre] through violence; [répondre, résister] with violence; répliquer à la violence par la violence to meet violence with violence; sous la violence du choc, elle s'est évanouie the violence of the impact made her faint; faire violence à qn fml to force sb (pour qu'il fasse to do); se faire violence fml to force oneself (pour faire to do); se faire une douce violence hum to force oneself hum;2 ( acte) act of violence; commettre/subir des violences to commit/suffer violence ou acts of violence; violences ethniques/policières/sexuelles ethnic/police/sexual violence; inculpé de violences à enfant charged with child abuse; inculpé de violences à l'égard de qn charged with violence against sb; violences et voies de fait Jur violent behaviourGB and common assault; elle n'avait subi aucune violence she hadn't suffered any assault.[vjɔlɑ̃s] nom féminin1. [brutalité - d'un affrontement, d'un coup, d'une personne] violence ; [ - d'un sport] roughness, brutalityavec violence with violence, violentlyobliger quelqu'un à faire quelque chose par la violence to force somebody to do something by violent meansa. [principes, sentiments] to do violence to, to go againstb. [texte] to do violence to, to distort the meaning ofviolence routière dangerous ou reckless driving3. [intensité - d'un sentiment, d'une sensation] intensity ; [ - d'un séisme, du vent etc] violence, fierceness -
2 dar un berrinche
(v.) = throw + a tantrumEx. During the course of the observation, the researcher witnessed the teacher deal once with physical violence by helping a particularly dangerous student to 'take time out' instead of throwing a tantrum.* * *(v.) = throw + a tantrumEx: During the course of the observation, the researcher witnessed the teacher deal once with physical violence by helping a particularly dangerous student to 'take time out' instead of throwing a tantrum.
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3 dar una rabieta
(v.) = throw + a tantrumEx. During the course of the observation, the researcher witnessed the teacher deal once with physical violence by helping a particularly dangerous student to 'take time out' instead of throwing a tantrum.* * *(v.) = throw + a tantrumEx: During the course of the observation, the researcher witnessed the teacher deal once with physical violence by helping a particularly dangerous student to 'take time out' instead of throwing a tantrum.
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4 emberrenchinarse
1 familiar to fly into a tantrum* * *= throw + a tantrum, throw + a wobbler, throw + a fit, throw + a hissy fit, throw + a wobbly.Ex. During the course of the observation, the researcher witnessed the teacher deal once with physical violence by helping a particularly dangerous student to 'take time out' instead of throwing a tantrum.Ex. Of course there are things they don't like, and sometimes one of them throws a wobbler -- which sets the other one off!.Ex. The diva then threw a fit when told they couldn't serve her a milkshake.Ex. Perhaps I should have thrown a hissy fit, but I just couldn't be bothered.Ex. The good thing about having it in writing is that you`re then well within your rights to throw a wobbly and demand you get what you paid for.* * *= throw + a tantrum, throw + a wobbler, throw + a fit, throw + a hissy fit, throw + a wobbly.Ex: During the course of the observation, the researcher witnessed the teacher deal once with physical violence by helping a particularly dangerous student to 'take time out' instead of throwing a tantrum.
Ex: Of course there are things they don't like, and sometimes one of them throws a wobbler -- which sets the other one off!.Ex: The diva then threw a fit when told they couldn't serve her a milkshake.Ex: Perhaps I should have thrown a hissy fit, but I just couldn't be bothered.Ex: The good thing about having it in writing is that you`re then well within your rights to throw a wobbly and demand you get what you paid for. -
5 emberrincharse
pron.v.1 to fly into a violent passion (niños).2 to go into a tantrum, to throw a tantrum.* * *1 familiar to fly into a tantrum* * *= throw + a tantrum, throw + a wobbler, throw + a fit, throw + a hissy fit, throw + a wobbly.Ex. During the course of the observation, the researcher witnessed the teacher deal once with physical violence by helping a particularly dangerous student to 'take time out' instead of throwing a tantrum.Ex. Of course there are things they don't like, and sometimes one of them throws a wobbler -- which sets the other one off!.Ex. The diva then threw a fit when told they couldn't serve her a milkshake.Ex. Perhaps I should have thrown a hissy fit, but I just couldn't be bothered.Ex. The good thing about having it in writing is that you`re then well within your rights to throw a wobbly and demand you get what you paid for.* * *= throw + a tantrum, throw + a wobbler, throw + a fit, throw + a hissy fit, throw + a wobbly.Ex: During the course of the observation, the researcher witnessed the teacher deal once with physical violence by helping a particularly dangerous student to 'take time out' instead of throwing a tantrum.
Ex: Of course there are things they don't like, and sometimes one of them throws a wobbler -- which sets the other one off!.Ex: The diva then threw a fit when told they couldn't serve her a milkshake.Ex: Perhaps I should have thrown a hissy fit, but I just couldn't be bothered.Ex: The good thing about having it in writing is that you`re then well within your rights to throw a wobbly and demand you get what you paid for. -
6 enrabietarse
VPR to throw a tantrum, get very cross* * *= throw + a tantrum.Ex. During the course of the observation, the researcher witnessed the teacher deal once with physical violence by helping a particularly dangerous student to 'take time out' instead of throwing a tantrum.* * *= throw + a tantrum.Ex: During the course of the observation, the researcher witnessed the teacher deal once with physical violence by helping a particularly dangerous student to 'take time out' instead of throwing a tantrum.
* * *enrabietarse vprto throw a tantrum -
7 montarse en cólera
(v.) = throw + a tantrum, throw + a fit, throw + a hissy fit, spit + feathers, lose + Posesivo + temperEx. During the course of the observation, the researcher witnessed the teacher deal once with physical violence by helping a particularly dangerous student to 'take time out' instead of throwing a tantrum.Ex. The diva then threw a fit when told they couldn't serve her a milkshake.Ex. Perhaps I should have thrown a hissy fit, but I just couldn't be bothered.Ex. It makes me laugh to think of you poor losers spitting feathers about the government.Ex. His father gave him a bag of nails, and told him to drive a nail in the fence in the backyard whenever he lost his temper.* * *(v.) = throw + a tantrum, throw + a fit, throw + a hissy fit, spit + feathers, lose + Posesivo + temperEx: During the course of the observation, the researcher witnessed the teacher deal once with physical violence by helping a particularly dangerous student to 'take time out' instead of throwing a tantrum.
Ex: The diva then threw a fit when told they couldn't serve her a milkshake.Ex: Perhaps I should have thrown a hissy fit, but I just couldn't be bothered.Ex: It makes me laugh to think of you poor losers spitting feathers about the government.Ex: His father gave him a bag of nails, and told him to drive a nail in the fence in the backyard whenever he lost his temper. -
8 fight
[faɪt] verb past tense, past participle fought [fɔːt]1.1) to act against (someone or something) with physical violence:يَتَشاجَر، يُقاتِلThe two boys are fighting over (= because of) some money they found.
2) to resist strongly; to take strong action to prevent:يُكافِح، يُقاوِمWe must fight against any attempt to deprive us of our freedom.
3) to quarrel:يَتَشاجَرHis parents were always fighting.
2. noun1) an act of physical violence between people, countries etc:شِجار، قِتالThere was a fight going on in the street.
2) a struggle; action involving effort:صِراع، نِضالthe fight against disease.
3) the will or strength to resist:إرادَه أو قُوَّه للقِتالThere was no fight left in him.
4) a boxing-match.مُباراه في المُلاكَمَه -
9 Kämpfen
I v/i fight ( für, um for) (auch fig.); (ringen, auch fig.) struggle ( mit with; gegen against), wrestle ( mit with); kämpfen gegen fight (against); fig. kämpfen mit auch fight (against), contend ( oder grapple) with; mit Schwierigkeiten: be up against, (have to) face; mit dem Schlaf kämpfen struggle to stay awake; mit den Tränen kämpfen fight back one’s tears; mit etw. zu kämpfen haben have to contend with s.th.; ( lange) mit sich kämpfen have a (long) struggle with o.s.III v/refl: sich durch etw. kämpfen auch fig. fight ( oder battle) one’s way through s.th.; fig. sich nach oben kämpfen fight ( oder claw) one’s way to the top* * *to combat; to tussle; to struggle; to fight; to contend* * *kạ̈mp|fen ['kɛmpfn]1. vito fight, to struggle (um, für for); (SPORT = angreifen) to attackdie Rangers-Elf kämpft morgen gegen Celtic — Rangers are playing (against) Celtic tomorrow
mit den Tränen kämpfen — to fight back one's tears
ich habe lange mit mir kämpfen müssen, ehe... — I had a long battle with myself before...
2. vt (usu fig)Kampf to fight* * *1) (to act against (someone or something) with physical violence: The two boys are fighting over (= because of) some money they found.) fight2) (to fight.) battle3) ((usually with with) to struggle against.) contend5) (to make great efforts or try hard: All his life he has been struggling with illness / against injustice.) struggle* * *kämp·fen[ˈkɛmpfn̩]I. vi1. MIL▪ [für/gegen jdn/etw] \kämpfen to fight [for/against sb/sth]bis auf den letzten Mann \kämpfen to fight to the last man2. SPORT▪ [gegen jdn] \kämpfen to fight [against sb], to contend [with sb]3. (sich angestrengt einsetzen)4. (ringen)mit einem Problem \kämpfen to struggle with a problem; s.a. TräneII. vr* * *1.intransitives Verb1) fight (um, für for)mit jemandem kämpfen — fight [with] somebody
gegen jemanden kämpfen — fight [against] somebody
mit den Tränen kämpfen — (fig.) fight back one's tears
mit dem Schlaf kämpfen — (fig.) struggle to keep awake
mit dem Tod kämpfen — (fig.) fight for one's life or to stay alive
mit etwas zu kämpfen haben — (fig.) have to contend with something
[lange] mit sich (Dat.) kämpfen — have a [long] struggle with oneself
2.gegen jemanden kämpfen — play/fight somebody
reflexives Verb (auch fig.) fight one's way3.transitives Verbeinen Kampf kämpfen — (auch fig.) fight a battle
* * ** * *1.intransitives Verb1) fight (um, für for)mit jemandem kämpfen — fight [with] somebody
gegen jemanden kämpfen — fight [against] somebody
mit den Tränen kämpfen — (fig.) fight back one's tears
mit dem Schlaf kämpfen — (fig.) struggle to keep awake
mit dem Tod kämpfen — (fig.) fight for one's life or to stay alive
mit etwas zu kämpfen haben — (fig.) have to contend with something
[lange] mit sich (Dat.) kämpfen — have a [long] struggle with oneself
2.gegen jemanden kämpfen — play/fight somebody
reflexives Verb (auch fig.) fight one's way3.transitives Verbeinen Kampf kämpfen — (auch fig.) fight a battle
* * *(gegen, mit) v.to strive (against, with) v. (um) v.to struggle (for) v. v.to battle v.to brawl v.to combat v.to fight v.(§ p.,p.p.: fought)to tussle v. -
10 kämpfen
I v/i fight ( für, um for) (auch fig.); (ringen, auch fig.) struggle ( mit with; gegen against), wrestle ( mit with); kämpfen gegen fight (against); fig. kämpfen mit auch fight (against), contend ( oder grapple) with; mit Schwierigkeiten: be up against, (have to) face; mit dem Schlaf kämpfen struggle to stay awake; mit den Tränen kämpfen fight back one’s tears; mit etw. zu kämpfen haben have to contend with s.th.; ( lange) mit sich kämpfen have a (long) struggle with o.s.III v/refl: sich durch etw. kämpfen auch fig. fight ( oder battle) one’s way through s.th.; fig. sich nach oben kämpfen fight ( oder claw) one’s way to the top* * *to combat; to tussle; to struggle; to fight; to contend* * *kạ̈mp|fen ['kɛmpfn]1. vito fight, to struggle (um, für for); (SPORT = angreifen) to attackdie Rangers-Elf kämpft morgen gegen Celtic — Rangers are playing (against) Celtic tomorrow
mit den Tränen kämpfen — to fight back one's tears
ich habe lange mit mir kämpfen müssen, ehe... — I had a long battle with myself before...
2. vt (usu fig)Kampf to fight* * *1) (to act against (someone or something) with physical violence: The two boys are fighting over (= because of) some money they found.) fight2) (to fight.) battle3) ((usually with with) to struggle against.) contend5) (to make great efforts or try hard: All his life he has been struggling with illness / against injustice.) struggle* * *kämp·fen[ˈkɛmpfn̩]I. vi1. MIL▪ [für/gegen jdn/etw] \kämpfen to fight [for/against sb/sth]bis auf den letzten Mann \kämpfen to fight to the last man2. SPORT▪ [gegen jdn] \kämpfen to fight [against sb], to contend [with sb]3. (sich angestrengt einsetzen)4. (ringen)mit einem Problem \kämpfen to struggle with a problem; s.a. TräneII. vr* * *1.intransitives Verb1) fight (um, für for)mit jemandem kämpfen — fight [with] somebody
gegen jemanden kämpfen — fight [against] somebody
mit den Tränen kämpfen — (fig.) fight back one's tears
mit dem Schlaf kämpfen — (fig.) struggle to keep awake
mit dem Tod kämpfen — (fig.) fight for one's life or to stay alive
mit etwas zu kämpfen haben — (fig.) have to contend with something
[lange] mit sich (Dat.) kämpfen — have a [long] struggle with oneself
2.gegen jemanden kämpfen — play/fight somebody
reflexives Verb (auch fig.) fight one's way3.transitives Verbeinen Kampf kämpfen — (auch fig.) fight a battle
* * *A. v/i fight (mit with;gegen against), wrestle (mit with);kämpfen gegen fight (against);figkämpfen mit auch fight (against), contend ( oder grapple) with; mit Schwierigkeiten: be up against, (have to) face;mit dem Schlaf kämpfen struggle to stay awake;mit den Tränen kämpfen fight back one’s tears;mit etwas zu kämpfen haben have to contend with sth;(lange) mit sich kämpfen have a (long) struggle with o.s.B. v/t:einen schweren Kampf kämpfen auch fig fight a hard battleC. v/r:figsich nach oben kämpfen fight ( oder claw) one’s way to the top* * *1.intransitives Verb1) fight (um, für for)mit jemandem kämpfen — fight [with] somebody
gegen jemanden kämpfen — fight [against] somebody
mit den Tränen kämpfen — (fig.) fight back one's tears
mit dem Schlaf kämpfen — (fig.) struggle to keep awake
mit dem Tod kämpfen — (fig.) fight for one's life or to stay alive
mit etwas zu kämpfen haben — (fig.) have to contend with something
[lange] mit sich (Dat.) kämpfen — have a [long] struggle with oneself
2.gegen jemanden kämpfen — play/fight somebody
reflexives Verb (auch fig.) fight one's way3.transitives Verbeinen Kampf kämpfen — (auch fig.) fight a battle
* * *(gegen, mit) v.to strive (against, with) v. (um) v.to struggle (for) v. v.to battle v.to brawl v.to combat v.to fight v.(§ p.,p.p.: fought)to tussle v. -
11 a large man, usually gang-related
Australian slang: standover man (who threatens people with physical violence in order to have his wishes carried out)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > a large man, usually gang-related
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12 violencia
f.1 violence.violencia doméstica domestic violence2 force.3 awkwardness.4 rough stuff, violent stuff.* * *1 (fuerza) violence2 (embarazo) embarrassment3 (situación embarazosa) embarrassing situation4 (violación) rape5 (injusticia) outrage* * *noun f.* * *SF1) (gen) violence; (=fuerza) force; (Jur) assault, violence; (Pol) rule by forceno se consigue nada con él usando la violencia — you will not achieve anything with him by using force, you won't get anywhere with him if you use force
amenazar violencia — to threaten violence; [turba] to turn ugly
apelar a la violencia — to resort to violence, use force
= violentar 1., 2)—
2) (=vergüenza) embarrassment; (=situación) embarrassing situationsi eso te causa violencia — if that makes you feel awkward o uncomfortable, if that embarrasses you
estar con violencia — to be o feel awkward
3)una violencia — a damaging act; (=atrocidad) an outrage
4) (Col)( Hist, Pol)* * *femenino violencerecurrir a la violencia — to resort to violence o force
* * *= violence, savagery, battery.Ex. Such power groups subsume the individual will as never before, and generate feelings of bewilderment, apathy, violence, alienation.Ex. Is there any ambiguity in this phrase which can excuse the ALA's failure to defend Cuba's independent libraries from the savagery being inflicted upon them?.Ex. The increasing frequency of notorious cases of conflicts between police officers & members of the general public (which in New York City has led to incidents of death, battery, & sexual assault) is cause for alarm.----* brote de violencia = outbreak of violence.* camapaña de violencia = campaign of violence.* con violencia = virulently.* golpear con violencia = smite.* incitar la violencia = incite + violence.* no violencia = nonviolence.* violencia al volante = road rage.* violencia callejera = street violence.* violencia de género = sexual violence, gender-related violence, gender violence, gender-based violence, domestic violence.* violencia doméstica = domestic violence.* violencia en el hogar = domestic violence.* violencia en la escuela = school violence.* violencia en la familia = family violence.* violencia en la pantalla = screen violence.* violencia escolar = school violence.* violencia étnica = ethnic violence.* violencia familiar = family violence, domestic violence.* violencia física = physical violence.* violencia intrafamiliar = domestic violence.* violencia matrimonial = spousal abuse.* violencia racial = racial violence.* violencia sexista = sexual violence, gender-based violence.* * *femenino violencerecurrir a la violencia — to resort to violence o force
* * *= violence, savagery, battery.Ex: Such power groups subsume the individual will as never before, and generate feelings of bewilderment, apathy, violence, alienation.
Ex: Is there any ambiguity in this phrase which can excuse the ALA's failure to defend Cuba's independent libraries from the savagery being inflicted upon them?.Ex: The increasing frequency of notorious cases of conflicts between police officers & members of the general public (which in New York City has led to incidents of death, battery, & sexual assault) is cause for alarm.* brote de violencia = outbreak of violence.* camapaña de violencia = campaign of violence.* con violencia = virulently.* golpear con violencia = smite.* incitar la violencia = incite + violence.* no violencia = nonviolence.* violencia al volante = road rage.* violencia callejera = street violence.* violencia de género = sexual violence, gender-related violence, gender violence, gender-based violence, domestic violence.* violencia doméstica = domestic violence.* violencia en el hogar = domestic violence.* violencia en la escuela = school violence.* violencia en la familia = family violence.* violencia en la pantalla = screen violence.* violencia escolar = school violence.* violencia étnica = ethnic violence.* violencia familiar = family violence, domestic violence.* violencia física = physical violence.* violencia intrafamiliar = domestic violence.* violencia matrimonial = spousal abuse.* violencia racial = racial violence.* violencia sexista = sexual violence, gender-based violence.* * *violencehubo que recurrir a la violencia they had to resort to violence o forceCompuestos:gender violence● violencia feminicida or femicidagender violence against a woman resulting in her death* * *
violencia sustantivo femenino
violence;
violencia sustantivo femenino violence
' violencia' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
brotar
- brote
- escalada
- estallido
- fuerte
- fuerza
- ímpetu
- impetuosidad
- agarrar
- extinguir
- no
- partidario
- repudiar
- señal
- torturar
English:
against
- break out
- clash
- domestic
- erupt
- flare up
- flare-up
- force
- gouge
- jam on
- mindless
- outbreak
- rough
- screen
- slam down
- tide
- untouched
- violence
- violently
- wanton
- resort
* * *violencia nf1. [agresividad] violence;reaccionó con violencia she reacted violently;emplear la violencia contra la población desarmada to use violence against an unarmed populationviolencia callejera street violence;violencia doméstica domestic violence;violencia física physical violence;violencia de género [contra mujeres] violence against women2. [de viento, pasiones] force3. [incomodidad] awkwardnessLA VIOLENCIAOn 9th April 1948, the leftist Liberal Party leader of Colombia, Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, was murdered in Bogotá. Popular outrage led to an outburst of violent street rioting (known as “el bogotazo”), which was put down within a few days. However, this sparked off ten years of virtual civil war in the countryside between supporters of the Liberal and Conservative parties in which some 300,000 people died. This period is known as la Violencia, and only ended when the two parties, united by their opposition to the dictatorship of General Rojas Pinilla (1953-7), agreed to form a Frente Nacional under which they alternated in power over the next 16 years.* * *f violence* * *violencia nf: violence* * *violencia n violence -
13 zor
1. trouble, difficulty, worry, problem: Hiçbir zoru yok. He´s got nothing troubling him. 2. bodily ailment or disorder: Zekâvet´in aklından zoru var galiba. It looks like Zekâvet´s touched in the head. Hilmi´nin midesinden zoru var. Hilmi´s got a stomach complaint. 3. compulsion, constraint, obligation, necessity: Bunu yapmak zorunda değilim. I´m not obliged to do this. Ne zorun vardı bunu yapmaya? What made you feel obliged to do this? 4. physical violence or the threat of physical violence, force: Zoru görünce direnmekten vazgeçti. When threatened with force he stopped holding out. Beni zor kullanmaya mecbur etme! Don´t make me use force! 5. pressure, coercion (exerted upon a person´s mind): Onları ancak zor kullanarak hizaya getirebilirsin. The only way you can get them to fall into line is to pressure them. 6. difficult, hard. 7. with difficulty. 8. barely, just. Z-! You´re going to have some trouble doing that! (often said tauntingly). -la 1. by force, by main force. 2. by exerting pressure. - bela 1. with great difficulty, with the greatest of difficulty. 2. just barely. -unda bırakmak /ı/ to leave (someone) no choice but (to do something). -a dağlar dayanmaz. proverb Even the mighty yield when threatened with violence. -a düşmek to get in a difficult position, get in a tight spot, get in a bind. -a gelememek to be unable to stand stress, be unable to endure pressure. - gelmek /a/ (for something) to be difficult for (someone). -la güzellik olmaz. proverb If you try to bring something about by force, the results will be unsatisfactory. -unda kalmak to be left no choice but (to do something). -a koşmak /ı/ to make things difficult for (someone), make difficulties for (someone). - kullanmak to use force. -un ne? What´s making you (do something)?: Zorun ne ki beni öyle sorguya çekiyorsun? What´s making you give me the third degree like this? -unda olmak to have to, be obliged to (do something). - yaparsın! You´re going to have some trouble doing that (often said tauntingly). - zar see zar zor. -/-u zoruna 1. with very great difficulty, with the greatest of difficulty. 2. just barely. -
14 Jacquard, Joseph-Marie
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 7 July 1752 Lyons, Franced. 7 August 1834 Oullines, France[br]French developer of the apparatus named after him and used for selecting complicated patterns in weaving.[br]Jacquard was apprenticed at the age of 12 to bookbinding, and later to type-founding and cutlery. His parents, who had some connection with weaving, left him a small property upon their death. He made some experiments with pattern weaving, but lost all his inheritance; after marrying, he returned to type-founding and cutlery. In 1790 he formed the idea for his machine, but it was forgotten amidst the excitement of the French Revolution, in which he fought for the Revolutionists at the defence of Lyons. The machine he completed in 1801 combined earlier inventions and was for weaving net. He was sent to Paris to demonstrate it at the National Exposition and received a bronze medal. In 1804 Napoleon granted him a patent, a pension of 1,500 francs and a premium on each machine sold. This enabled him to study and work at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers to perfect his mechanism for pattern weaving. A method of selecting any combination of leashes at each shoot of the weft had to be developed, and Jacquard's mechanism was the outcome of various previous inventions. By taking the cards invented by Falcon in 1728 that were punched with holes like the paper of Bouchon in 1725, to select the needles for each pick, and by placing the apparatus above the loom where Vaucanson had put his mechanism, Jacquard combined the best features of earlier inventions. He was not entirely successful because his invention failed in the way it pressed the card against the needles; later modifications by Breton in 1815 and Skola in 1819 were needed before it functioned reliably. However, the advantage of Jacquard's machine was that each pick could be selected much more quickly than on the earlier draw looms, which meant that John Kay's flying shuttle could be introduced on fine pattern looms because the weaver no longer had to wait for the drawboy to sort out the leashes for the next pick. Robert Kay's drop box could also be used with different coloured wefts. The drawboy could be dispensed with because the foot-pedal operating the Jacquard mechanism could be worked by the weaver. Patterns could be changed quickly by replacing one set of cards with another, but the scope of the pattern was more limited than with the draw loom. Some machines that were brought into use aroused bitter hostility. Jacquard suffered physical violence, barely escaping with his life, and his machines were burnt by weavers at Lyons. However, by 1812 his mechanism began to be generally accepted and had been applied to 11,000 draw-looms in France. In 1819 Jacquard received a gold medal and a Cross of Honour for his invention. His machines reached England c.1816 and still remain the basic way of weaving complicated patterns.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFrench Cross of Honour 1819. National Exposition Bronze Medal 1801.Further ReadingA.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London.C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press.R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (covers the introduction of pattern weaving and the power loom).RLH -
15 Kampf
m; -(e)s, Kämpfe fight; (Schlacht) battle; fig. fight, battle; schwerer: struggle ( alle um for; gegen against); (Konflikt) conflict (auch POL.); (Fehde) feud; (Rivalität) rivalry; (innerer, seelischer Kampf) struggle, battle (with o.s.), inner conflict; (sportlicher Wettstreit) contest; (Spiel) match; (Boxen) fight; Kampf ums Dasein fight for survival; Kampf dem Hunger etc. war on hunger etc.; Kampf auf Leben und Tod life-and-death struggle; jemandem / einer Sache den Kampf ansagen declare war on s.o. / s.th.; es kam zum Kampf fighting broke out; im Kampf fallen die in battle, be killed in action; auf in den Kampf! hum. once more unto the breach!* * *der Kampf(Gefecht) combat; struggle; battle; fighting; fight;(Wettkampf) contest* * *Kạmpf [kampf]m -(e)s, -e['kɛmpfə] fight, struggle (um for); (MIL AUCH) combat; (MIL = Gefecht) battle; (MIL = Feindbegegnung) engagement, encounter; (= Boxkampf) fight, bout, contestjdm/einer Sache den Kampf ansagen (fig) — to declare war on sb/sth
den Kampf ( gegen jdn/etw) aufnehmen — to commence battle (against sb/sth); (fig) to take up the fight or struggle (against sb/sth)
den Kampf/die Kämpfe einstellen — to stop fighting
den Kampf um etw verloren geben — to abandon the struggle for sth
es kam zum Kampf — clashes occurred, fighting broke out
auf in den Kampf! (hum) — once more unto the breach! (hum)
er ist im Kampf gefallen — he fell in action or battle
innere Kämpfe — inner conflicts
* * *der1) (an act of physical violence between people, countries etc: There was a fight going on in the street.) fight2) (a struggle; action involving effort: the fight for freedom of speech; the fight against disease.) fight3) (a (usually boxing) contest: a bout of fifteen five-minute rounds.) bout5) (any contest between two people or two sides: a duel for first place.) duel6) (an act of struggling, or a fight: The struggle for independence was long and hard.) struggle* * *<-[e]s, Kämpfe>[kampf, pl ˈkɛmpfə]mden \Kampf aufnehmen to go into battleden \Kampf [o die Kämpfe] einstellen (geh) to cease fightingim \Kampf fallen to fall in battle, to be killed in actionzum \Kampf kommen a fight breaks out, clashes occurin den \Kampf [gegen jdn/etw] ziehen to take up arms [against sb/sth]; (eine Herausforderung annehmen) to accept a challenge2. SPORT fightden \Kampf abbrechen to stop the fighteinen \Kampf kämpfen to put up a fightinnere Kämpfe inner strugglesder \Kampf der Geschlechter the battle of the sexesein \Kampf auf Leben und Tod a life and death struggle4. (das Ringen)der \Kampf ums Dasein the struggle for existenceden \Kampf aufgeben to give up the struggle5.▶ jdm/etw den \Kampf ansagen to declare war on sb/sth* * *der; Kampf[e]s, Kämpfe1) (militärisch) battle (um for)nach wochenlangen erbitterten Kämpfen — after weeks of bitter fighting
er ist im Kampf gefallen — he fell or was killed in action or combat
2) (zwischen persönlichen Gegnern) fight; (fig.) struggle3) (WettKampf) contest; (Boxen) contest; fight; boutsich einen spannenden Kampf liefern — produce an exciting contest
4) (fig.) struggle, fight (um, für for; gegen against)jemandem/einer Sache den Kampf ansagen — declare war on somebody/something
* * *um for;gegen against); (Konflikt) conflict ( auch POL); (Fehde) feud; (Rivalität) rivalry; (innerer, seelischer Kampf) struggle, battle (with o.s.), inner conflict; (sportlicher Wettstreit) contest; (Spiel) match; (Boxen) fight;Kampf ums Dasein fight for survival;Kampf auf Leben und Tod life-and-death struggle;jemandem/einer Sache den Kampf ansagen declare war on sb/sth;es kam zum Kampf fighting broke out;im Kampf fallen die in battle, be killed in action;auf in den Kampf! hum once more unto the breach!* * *der; Kampf[e]s, Kämpfe1) (militärisch) battle (um for)er ist im Kampf gefallen — he fell or was killed in action or combat
2) (zwischen persönlichen Gegnern) fight; (fig.) struggle3) (WettKampf) contest; (Boxen) contest; fight; bout4) (fig.) struggle, fight (um, für for; gegen against)jemandem/einer Sache den Kampf ansagen — declare war on somebody/something
* * *¨-e (Sport) m.match n.(§ pl.: matches) ¨-e m.battle n.campaign n.contest n.fight n.struggle n. -
16 rouge
n. m.1. Du rouge: Red wine. Vous prendrez bien un petit rouge? How about a glass of red wine? Gros rouge: 'Plonk', cheap and rough red wine. (The appellation du gros rouge qui tache gives a good idea of the coarse nature of this 'vino'.)2. 'Commie', 'Red', Communist. Les rouges, c'est son obsession, il en voit partout! He seems obsessed with 'Reds under the bed' ideas!3. Mettre le rouge: To 'kick up some aggro', to create a disturbance (usually through sheer physical violence. The expression le rouge est mis belongs either to the language of horseracing where it indicates that no more oncourse betting is possible, or to the world of T.V. and film productions where it means that a scene is being shot in a studio). -
17 сила
1. strength, force(мощ) power, might(степен на сила) intensity, vehemence, violence(енергия) energy, vigour, stamina(насилие) force, violenceсила на вятъра strength of the windсила на светлината/на електрически ток intensity of light/of an electric currentсила на притеглянето физ. attractionсила на сцеплението физ. cohesionсила на съпротивлението физ. resistanceсила на тежестта физ. gravityгравитационна сила attraction of gravityсила на глас carrying power of a voiceсила на звук volume/intensity of a soundсила на удар shock of a blowсила на експлозия force/shock of an explosionсила на мускулите muscular strengthсила на болест virulence of a diseaseсилата на слънцето the power of the sunдвигателна/електродвижеща/ударна сила rootive/electromotive/striking powerсилата на младостта the vigour of youthсила на волята will-power, strength of willсила на духа strength of mind, fortitudeсилата на паметта the tenacity of memoryсилата на примера the power of exampleвътрешни сили internal resourcesскрити сили hidden forces, latent powersупотреба на сила use of forceсъс сила by main force, ( насилствено) forcibly, through violenceс все/всичка сила, с всички сили violently; with all o.'s might, with might and main; for all one is worthразг. with tooth and nail(за звук) full blastвикам с все сила cry at the top of o.'s voiceполитика от позиция на сила a-position-of-strength policyпослужвам си със сила use force, take violent actionзащитни сили на организма staying powers, forces/powers of resistanceтворчески сили creative powersтъмни сили dark/sinister forcesсъс собствени сили by o.'s own effortsспоред силите си, доколкото ми стигат силите as much as one is able, according to o.'s powers, to the best of o.'s power/ability, to the utmost of o.'s capacity; as far as o.'s powers go, to the extent of o.'s powersправя всичко, което ми е по силите do everything within o.'s powerнапълно по силите на well within the reach ofне но силите на beyond the powers of; too much forтова не ми е по силите I am not equal to/not up to this, it is beyond my powers, it is too much for meразг. this beats me(не съм компетентен) it is beyond my reach/scopeнямам вече сили, не са ми оставали сили, на края на силите си съм have no strength left, разг. be at the end of o.'s tetherнямам сили да be too weak toне ми останаха сили разг. I am quite knocked upгубя сили lose strength, grow weaker, break upсилите ми ме напускат my strength is failing me/is giving wayнамирам сили в себе си find the strength, find enough strength in o.s., trust o.s., have it in one, find it in one (да to)не мога да намеря сили да I can't bring myself toнапрягам всички сили strain every muscleхабя силите си spend/waste o.'s strength, dissipate o.'s energy/energiesпоглъщам всичките сили на някого absorb all o.'s energiesизчерпвам силите на exhaust the power/strength ofвъзстановявам силите си restore o.'s forces/energies, recover o.'s strengthсъбирам сили work up/gather/muster strengthпазя силите си keep o.'s strengthпестя силите си save o.'s energiesчерпя сили от draw o.'s strength fromс последни сили by a last effortнапрягам силите си, работя свръх силите си strain o.s* * *сѝла,ж., -и 1. strength, force; forcefulness; ( мощ) power, might; ( степен на сила) intensity, vehemence, violence; ( енергия) energy, vigour, stamina; ( насилие) force, violence; бягам/тътря с все \силаа run/set off at full pelt; викам с все \силаа cry at the top of o.’s voice; възстановявам \силаите си restore o.’s forces/energies, recover o.’s strength; вътрешни \силаи internal resources; гравитационна \силаа физ. attraction of gravity; груба \силаа brute force; губя \силаи lose strength, grow weaker, break up; двигателна/електродвижеща/ударна \силаа motive/electromotive/striking power; жизнена \силаа vigour, vitality; защитни \силаи на организма staying power, forces/powers of resistance; изчерпвам \силаите на exhaust the power/strength of; конска \силаа horse power, съкр. h.p.; намирам \силаи в себе си find the strength, find enough strength in o.s., trust o.s., have it in one, find it in one (да to); напрягам всички \силаи да strain every muscle; напрягам \силаите си, работя свръх \силаите си strain o.s. (to the utmost), overtax o.s.; напълно по \силаите на well within the reach of; не ми останаха \силаи разг. I am quite knocked up; не мога да намеря \силаи да I can’t bring myself to; нямам \силаи да be too weak to; пазя \силаите си keep o.’s strength; пестя \силаите си save o.’s energies; политика от позиция на \силаата a-position-of-strength policy; правя всичко, което е по \силаите ми do everything within o.’s power; с все/всичка \силаа, с всички \силаи violently; with all o.’s might, with might and main; for all one is worth; разг. with tooth and nail, flat out; (за звук) full blast; с последни \силаи by a last effort; \силаа на болест virulence of a disease; \силаа на волята will-power, strength of will; \силаа на вятъра strength of the wind; \силаа на глас carrying power of a voice; \силаа на духа strength of mind, fortitude; \силаа на експлозия force/shock of an explosion; \силаа на звук volume/intensity of a sound; \силаа на мускулите muscular strength; \силаа на притеглянето физ. attraction; \силаа на светлината/на електрическия ток intensity of light/of an electric current; \силаа на сцеплението физ. cohesion; \силаа на съпротивлението физ. resistance; \силаа на тежестта физ. gravity; \силаа на удар shock of a blow; \силаата на паметта the tenacity of memory; \силаата на слънцето the power of the sun; \силаите ми ме напускат my strength is failing me/is giving way; скрити \силаи hidden forces, latent powers; според \силаите си, доколкото ми стигат \силаите as much as one is able, according to o.’s powers, to the best of o.’s power/ability, to the utmost of o.’s capacity; as far as o.’s powers go, to the extent of o.’s power; събирам \силаи work up/gather/muster strength; със \силаа by main force, ( насилствено) forcibly, through violence; със собствени \силаи by o.’s own efforts; това не ми е по \силаите I am not equal to/not up to this, it is beyond my powers, it is too much for me; разг. this beats me; I can’t hack this; (не съм компетентен) it is beyond my reach/scope; тъмни \силаи dark/sinister forces; употреба на \силаа use of force; физическа \силаа physical force, bodily strength; разг. beef; elbow-grease; хабя \силаите си spend/waste o.’s strength, dissipate o.’s energy/energies; черпя \силаи от draw o.’s strength from;2. юр. effect; force; validity; в \силаа съм (за закон и пр.) hold; be valid; be in force; влизам в \силаа come into force/effect, become effective/operative, take effect; законът е в \силаа от днес the law is effective from today; заповедта е в \силаа the order stands; нямам законна \силаа be null and void; оставам в \силаа remain valid, continue in force; по \силаата на закона on the strength of the law, under the law; по \силаата на съдебно решение/споразумение under a court order/an agreement; със законна \силаа legally binding;4. само мн. ( група с влияние) forces; враждебни \силаи hostile powers; разпределение на \силаи alignment of forces; революционни/демократически \силаи revolutionary/democratic forces;5. само мн. воен. forces; военновъздушни \силаи air-force, ( английски) Royal Air Force, съкр. RAF; въоръжени \силаи armed forces; главните \силаи the main body; морски/сухопътни \силаи naval/land forces; превъзхождащи \силаи superior force(s); сухопътни, морски и въздушни \силаи the fighting forces; съсредоточаване на \силаи build-up; • в \силаата си at o.’s height, (за човек и пр.) in o.’s prime; Великите \силаи истор., полит. the great powers; договарящи се \силаи contracting powers; по \силаата на by/in virtue of, on the strength of; по \силаата на обстоятелствата owing to the force of circumstances, by force of circumstances; по \силаата на това on that ground; according; by implication; производителни \силаи productive forces; работна \силаа икон. labour.* * *force: use сила against - използвам сила срещу, democratic силаs - демократични сили, air-сила - военновъздушни сили; strength: He found the сила to overcome the pain. - Той намери сили да преодолее болката., You need a vacation to recover your сила. - Трябва да отидеш на почивка, за да възстановиш силите си., draw сила from - черпя сили от; power: horse сила - конска сила, She obtains inner сила.- Тя притежава вътрешна сила., staying силаs - защитни сили, electric сила - електрическа сила; might (мощ); (степен на сила): intensity; violence; vehemence; manitou (природна); acuteness; effect (юр.); energy: He works with inexhaustible сила. - Той работи с неизчерпаема сила.; impetus; medium; mightiness; muscle (мускулна); pith; potency; stringency (на довод); verve; vigour; vim (разг.); virility; virtue: by сила of the circumstances - по силата на обстоятелствата; volume (на звук)* * *1. (енергия) energy, vigour, stamina 2. (за звук) full blast 3. (мощ) power, might 4. (насилие) force, violence 5. (не съм компетентен) it is beyond my reach/scope 6. (степен на сила) intensity, vehemence, violence 7. strength, force 8. СИЛА на болест virulence of a disease 9. СИЛА на волята will-power, strength of will 10. СИЛА на вятъра strength of the wind 11. СИЛА на глас carrying power of a voice 12. СИЛА на духа strength of mind, fortitude 13. СИЛА на експлозия force/shock of an explosion 14. СИЛА на звук volume/intensity of a sound 15. СИЛА на мускулите muscular strength 16. СИЛА на притеглянето физ. attraction 17. СИЛА на светлината/ на електрически ток intensity of light/of an electric current 18. СИЛА на сцеплението физ. cohesion 19. СИЛА на съпротивлението физ. resistance 20. СИЛА на тежестта физ. gravity 21. СИЛА на удар shock of a blow 22. СИЛАта на младостта the vigour of youth 23. СИЛАта на паметта the tenacity of memory 24. СИЛАта на примера the power of example 25. СИЛАта на слънцето the power of the sun 26. викам с все СИЛА cry at the top of o.'s voice 27. възстановявам силите си restore o.'s forces/energies, recover o.'s strength 28. вътрешна СИЛА inner power 29. вътрешни сили internal resources 30. гравитационна СИЛА attraction of gravity 31. грубаСИЛА brute force 32. губя сили lose strength, grow weaker, break up 33. давамСИЛА на lend force/strength to 34. двигателна/електродвижеща/ ударна СИЛА rootive/elеctromotive/striking power 35. жизнена СИЛА vigour, vitality 36. защитни сили на организма staying powers, forces/powers of resistance 37. изчерпвам силите на exhaust the power/strength of 38. конска СИЛА horse power (съкр. h. p.) 39. намирам сили в себе си find the strength, find enough strength in o.s., trust o.s., have it in one, find it in one (да to) 40. напрягам всички сили strain every muscle 41. напрягам силите си, работя свръх силите си strain o.s. 42. напълно по силите на well within the reach of 43. не ми останаха сили разг. I am quite knocked up 44. не мога да намеря сили да I can't bring myself to 45. не но силите на beyond the powers of;too much for 46. нямам вече сили, не са ми оставали сили, на края на силите си съм have no strength left, разг. be at the end of o.'s tether 47. нямам сили да be too weak to 48. пазя силите си keep o.'s strength 49. пестя силите си save o.'s energies 50. поглъщам всичките сили на някого absorb all o.'s energies 51. политика от позиция на СИЛА a-position-of-strength policy 52. послужвам си със СИЛА use force, take violent action 53. правя всичко, което ми е по силите do everything within o.'s power 54. разг. this beats me 55. разг. with tooth and nail 56. с все/всичка СИЛА, с всички сили violently;with all o.'s might, with might and main;for all one is worth 57. с последни сили by a last effort 58. силите ми ме напускат my strength is failing me/is giving way 59. скрита СИЛА hidden strength 60. скрити сили hidden forces, latent powers 61. според силите си, доколкото ми стигат силите as much as one is able, according to o.'s powers, to the best of o.'s power/ability, to the utmost of o.'s capacity;as far as o.'s powers go, to the extent of o.'s powers 62. събирам сили work up/gather/ muster strength 63. със СИЛА by main force, (насилствено) forcibly, through violence 64. със собствени сили by о.'s own efforts 65. творчески сили creative powers 66. това не ми е по силите I am not equal to/not up to this, it is beyond my powers, it is too much for me 67. тъмни сили dark/sinister forces 68. употреба на СИЛА use of force 69. физическа СИЛА physical force, bodily strength 70. хабя силите си spend/waste o.'s strength, dissipate o.'s energy/energies 71. черпя сили от draw o.'s strength from -
18 culture
culture [kyltyʀ]1. feminine nouna. ( = connaissances) la culture culture• culture biologique/conventionnelle organic/conventional farmingc. ( = espèce cultivée) crop2. plural feminine nouncultures ( = terres cultivées) arable land3. compounds► culture d'entreprise corporate or company culture* * *kyltyʀ
1.
1) ( action de cultiver) cultivation2) ( espèce cultivée) crop3) Biologie culture4) ( d'une civilisation) culture5) ( connaissances) knowledge6) ( arts) arts (pl)
2.
cultures nom féminin pluriel ( terres cultivées) cultivated land [U]Phrasal Verbs:* * *kyltyʀ1. nf1) (= connaissances) knowledgeIl avait acquis une certaine culture. — He had acquired a certain amount of knowledge.
2) (spécifique à une société, une organisation) cultureIls consacrent des budgets importants à la culture. — They devote a great deal of money to culture.
le ministre de la culture — the minister for culture, the culture minister
4) fig5) (activité agricole) farmingIls subsistaient grâce à la chasse et à la culture. — They survive by hunting and farming.
6) [légume, fruit] growing, cultivationSee:7) BIOLOGIE, [cellules, tissus] culture2. cultures nfpl(= champs) farmland sg* * *A nf1 Agric ( action de cultiver) cultivation; la culture du blé wheat growing; culture d'un champ cultivation of a field; mettre en culture to bring [sth] under cultivation; petite/moyenne/grande culture small-scale/medium-scale/large-scale farming; aire/terre de culture farming area/land;2 Agric ( espèce cultivée) crop; culture d'hiver winter crop; culture d'exportation export crop; culture céréalière cereal crop;3 Biol culture; culture in vitro in vitro culture;4 Anthrop, Sociol culture; la culture européenne/chinoise European/Chinese culture; culture de masse mass culture; culture d'entreprise/de groupe corporate/group culture;5 ( connaissances) knowledge; culture encyclopédique/générale/musicale encyclopedic/general/musical knowledge; vaste culture wide knowledge; culture classique classical education; femme/homme de (grande) culture woman/man of (great) learning; avoir de la culture to be cultured; ne pas avoir de culture to be uncultured;culture extensive extensive farming; culture intensive intensive farming; culture physique Scol physical education; Sport physical exercise; culture de rapport commercial farming; cultures vivrières subsistence crops.[kyltyr] nom fémininculture intensive/extensive intensive/extensive farming2. [terrains] arable land3. [espèce] crop4. [connaissance]a. [candidat] to be well up on general knowledgeb. [étudiant] to have had a broadly-based educationculture physique physical education, PE————————en culture locution adverbiale[terres] under cultivation -
19 agresión
f.1 aggression.2 attack, assault, battery, offensive.* * *1 aggression, attack* * *noun f.1) aggression2) assault, attack* * *SF (=acometida) aggression; [contra persona] attack, assault* * *femenino aggressionse lo acusa de agresión — (Der) he's charged with assault
* * *= attack, aggression, assault, act of aggression, battery, aggressive incident.Ex. The incentive to make library services more relevant to the community became increasingly urgent from the mid-seventies as the attacks on local government finance gathered momentum.Ex. This article describes the contents of a help pack, produced by Bradford Public Library to help library staff when dealing with violence and aggression at work.Ex. Crimes against the person include homicide, rape, assault and robbery.Ex. The study was designed to determine if players felt remorse if an opposing player was injured as a result of their act of aggression.Ex. The increasing frequency of notorious cases of conflicts between police officers & members of the general public (which in New York City has led to incidents of death, battery, & sexual assault) is cause for alarm.Ex. Data on 9318 aggressive incidents were collected from official game reports.----* agresión a mano armada = armed assault.* agresión brutal = vicious attack, brutal attack.* agresión con ensañamiento = vicious attack.* agresión con lesiones = assault and battery.* agresión física = physical assault, physical aggression.* agresión sexual = sexual assault, molestation.* agresión verbal = verbal aggression, verbal assault, verbal abuse.* * *femenino aggressionse lo acusa de agresión — (Der) he's charged with assault
* * *= attack, aggression, assault, act of aggression, battery, aggressive incident.Ex: The incentive to make library services more relevant to the community became increasingly urgent from the mid-seventies as the attacks on local government finance gathered momentum.
Ex: This article describes the contents of a help pack, produced by Bradford Public Library to help library staff when dealing with violence and aggression at work.Ex: Crimes against the person include homicide, rape, assault and robbery.Ex: The study was designed to determine if players felt remorse if an opposing player was injured as a result of their act of aggression.Ex: The increasing frequency of notorious cases of conflicts between police officers & members of the general public (which in New York City has led to incidents of death, battery, & sexual assault) is cause for alarm.Ex: Data on 9318 aggressive incidents were collected from official game reports.* agresión a mano armada = armed assault.* agresión brutal = vicious attack, brutal attack.* agresión con ensañamiento = vicious attack.* agresión con lesiones = assault and battery.* agresión física = physical assault, physical aggression.* agresión sexual = sexual assault, molestation.* agresión verbal = verbal aggression, verbal assault, verbal abuse.* * *aggressionel ejército responderá a toda agresión por parte extranjera the army will respond to any foreign aggressionfue víctima de una agresión brutal he was the victim of a brutal attack o assaultCompuesto:sex attack, sexual assault* * *
agresión sustantivo femenino
aggression;
agresión sustantivo femenino aggression
' agresión' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
herida
- pacto
- valor
- defender
- herido
- repeler
English:
aggression
- assault
- cheek
- sexual assault
- aggressive
- road
* * *agresión nf[ataque] act of aggression, attack;sufrir una agresión to be the victim of an attackagresión sexual sex attack* * *f aggression;una agresión an assault, an attack* * *1) : aggression2) ataque: attack* * *agresión n aggression -
20 vis
vīs, vis, f., plur. vīres, ĭum (class. only in nom., acc. and abl. sing. and in plur.; gen. sing. very rare; Tac. Or. 26; Dig. 4, 2, 1; Paul. Sent. 5, 30; dat. sing. vi, Auct. B. Afr. 69, 2; C. I. L. 5, 837; collat. form of the nom. and acc. plur. vis, Lucr. 3, 265; 2, 586; Sall. ap. Prisc. p. 707, or H. 3, 62 Dietsch; Messala ap. Macr. S. 1, 9, 14) [Gr. is, Wis, sinew, force; iphi, with might], strength, physical or mental; force, vigor, power, energy, virtue (cf. robur).I.Lit.1.In gen.(α).Sing.:(β).celeritas et vis equorum,
Cic. Div. 1, 70, 144:magna vis eorum (urorum) et magna velocitas,
Caes. B. G. 6, 28:contra vim atque impetum fluminis,
id. ib. 4, 17:tempestatis,
id. B. C. 2, 14:venti,
Lucr. 1, 271:solis,
id. 4, 326 (301):horrida teli,
id. 3, 170:acris vini,
id. 3, 476:ferri aerisque,
id. 5, 1286:veneni,
Cic. Cael. 24, 58 et saep.—Plur. (most freq. of physical strength):2.non viribus aut velocitatibus aut celeritate corporum res magnae geruntur,
Cic. Sen. 6, 17:nec nunc vires desidero adulescentis, non plus quam adulescens tauri aut elephanti desiderabam,
id. ib. 9, 27:hoc ali vires nervosque confirmari putant,
Caes. B. G. 6, 21:me jam sanguis viresque deficiunt,
id. ib. 7, 50 fin.:perpauci viribus confisi transnatare contenderunt,
id. ib. 1, 53:nostri integris viribus fortiter repugnare,
id. ib. 3, 4:lacertis et viribus pugnare,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:omnibus viribus atque opibus repugnare,
id. Tusc. 3, 11, 25:non animi solum vigore sed etiam corporis viribus excellens,
Liv. 9, 16, 12:validis viribus hastam contorquere,
Verg. A. 2, 50:quicquid agas, decet agere pro viribus,
with all your might, Cic. Sen. 9, 27; so,supra vires,
Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 22:et neglecta solent incendia sumere vires,
id. ib. 1, 18, 85:seu virium vi seu exercitatione multā cibi vinique capacissimus,
Liv. 9, 16, 13; cf.:in proelii concursu abit res a Consilio ad vires vimque pugnantium,
Nep. Thras. 1, 4 dub. (Siebel. vires usumque).— Poet., with inf.:nec mihi sunt vires inimicos pellere tectis,
Ov. H. 1, 109.—In partic.a.Energy, virtue, potency (of herbs, drugs, etc.):b.in radices vires oleae abibunt,
Cato, R. R. 61, 1:vires habet herba?
Ov. M. 13, 942:egregius fons Viribus occultis adjuvat,
Juv. 12, 42. —Vis, personified, the same as Juno, Aus. Idyll. de Deis; cf. Verg. A. 7, 432 Serv. —c.Hostile strength, force, violence, = bia: EA POENA, QVAE EST DE VI, S. C. ap. Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 5:d.cum vi vis illata defenditur,
Cic. Mil. 4, 9; cf.:celeri rumore dilato Dioni vim allatam,
Nep. Dion, 10, 1:ne vim facias ullam in illam,
Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 37:sine vi facere,
id. ib. 4, 7, 20:vim afferre alicui,
Cic. Caecin. 21, 61; id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 62; 2, 4, 66, § 148:adhibere,
id. Off. 3, 30, 110; id. Cat. 1, 8, 19:praesidio tam valido et armato vim adferre,
Liv. 9, 16, 4:iter per vim tentare,
by force, forcibly, Caes. B. G. 1, 14; so,per vim,
id. B. C. 2, 13; Cic. Att. 7, 9, 4:ne id quidem satis est, nisi docet, ita se possedisse nec vi nec clam nec precario possederit,
id. Caecin. 32, 92; so the jurid. formula in Lex Thoria ap. Grut. 202, 18; Dig. 41, 1, 22; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 28:vis haec quidem hercle est, et trahi et trudi simul,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 92; Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 20:naves totae factae ex robore ad quamvis vim et contumeliam perferendam (shortly afterwards: tantas tempestates Oceani tantosque impetus ventorum sustineri),
violence, shock, Caes. B. G. 3, 13:caeli,
a storm, tempest, Plin. 18, 28, 69, § 278.—To avoid the gen. form (v. supra):de vi condemnati sunt,
Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 4: de vi reus; id. Sest. 35, 75; id. Vatin. 17, 41:ei qui de vi itemque ei qui majestatis damnatus sit,
id. Phil. 1, 9, 23; cf. id. ib. 1, 9, 21 sq. Halm ad loc.; Tac. A. 4, 13.—In mal. part., force, violence: pudicitiam cum eriperet militi tribunus militaris... interfectus ab eo est, cui vim adferebat, Cic. Mil. 4, 9:B.matribus familias vim attulisse,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 62:vis allata sorori,
Ov. A. A. 1, 679:victa nitore dei vim passa est,
id. M. 4, 233:vim passa est Phoebe,
id. A. A. 1, 679.—Transf., concr.1.Quantity, number, abundance (cf.: copia, multitudo); with gen.:2.quasi retruderet hominum me vis invitum,
Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 66:innumerabilis servorum,
Cic. Har. Resp. 11, 22:in pompā cum magna vis auri argentique ferretur,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 91:vis magna pulveris,
Caes. B. C. 2, 26:vis maxima ranunculorum,
Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 3:argenti,
id. Prov. Cons. 2, 4:vim lacrimarum profudi,
id. Rep. 6, 14, 14:odora canum vis,
Verg. A. 4, 132; cf. absol.:et nescio quomodo is, qui auctoritatem minimam habet, maximam vim, populus cum illis facit,
Cic. Fin. 2, 14, 44.—Vires, military forces, troops:3.praeesse exercitui, ut praeter auctoritatem vires quoque ad coërcendum haberet,
Caes. B. C. 3, 57:satis virium ad certamen,
Liv. 3, 60, 4:undique contractis viribus signa cum Papirio conferre,
id. 9, 13, 12:robur omne virium ejus regni,
the flower, id. 33, 4, 4:concitet et vires Graecia magna suas,
Ov. H. 15 (16), 340.—Vires, the virile forces or organs, Arn. 5, 158; 5, 163; Inscr. Orell. 2322; 2332:II.veluti castratis viribus,
Plin. 11, 18, 19, § 60; cf.:vis (= vires) multas possidere in se,
Lucr. 2, 586.—Rarely sing.:vis genitalis,
Tac. A. 6, 18.—Trop.A.Mental strength, power, force, vigor:B.vis illa divina et virtus oratoris,
Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 120:vis ac facultas oratoris,
id. ib. 1, 31, 142:suavitatem Isocrates... sonitum Aeschines, vim Demosthenes habuit,
id. ib. 3, 7, 28:summa ingenii,
id. Phil. 5, 18, 49:magna vis est conscientiae in utramque partem,
id. Mil. 23, 61:magna vis est in fortunā in utramque partem,
id. Off. 2, 6, 19:patriae,
id. de Or. 1, 44, 196:quod ostentum habuit hanc vim, ut, etc.,
power, effect, id. Div. 1, 33, 73:qui indignitate suā vim ac jus magistratui quem gerebat dempsisset,
Liv. 26, 12, 8:hujus conventionis,
Dig. 43, 25, 12.— Plur. (post-Aug.):eloquentiae,
Quint. 5, 1, 2:facilitatis,
id. 12, 9, 20:ingenii,
id. 1, 2, 23; 12, 1, 32:orationis,
id. 8, 3, 87.—Transf., of abstr. things, force, notion, meaning, sense, import, nature, essence (cf. significatio):id, in quo est omnis vis amicitiae,
Cic. Lael. 4, 15:eloquentiae vis et natura,
id. Or. 31, 112:vis honesti (with natura),
id. Off. 1, 6, 18; cf. id. Fin. 1, 16, 50:virtutis,
id. Fam. 9, 16, 5:quae est alia vis legis?
id. Dom. 20, 53:vis, natura, genera verborum et simplicium et copulatorum,
i.e. the sense, signification, id. Or. 32, 115:vis verbi,
id. Inv. 1, 13, 17; id. Balb. 8, 21:quae vis insit in his paucis verbis, si attendes, si attendes, intelleges,
id. Fam. 6, 2, 3:quae vis subjecta sit vocibus,
id. Fin. 2, 2, 6:nominis,
id. Top. 8, 35: metônumia, cujus vis est, pro eo, quod dicitur, causam, propter quam dicitur, ponere, Quint. 8, 6, 23.
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