-
1 DO
\#car- (make, build; see MAKE for various attested forms of this verb); NOT DO \#um- (cited in the form umin "I do not", 1st pers. aorist; also short uin) (pa.t. úmë, not to be confused with a noun meaning "collection, crowd"). This verb is also used = "not be", see BE concerning this and other verbs for “not do, not be”. DO NOT! (imperative) vá! (also = I will not); DON'T áva, avá, alalyë (the last form incorporates the ending -lyë "thou", hence "do not thou [do something]") DON'T DO IT! áva carë! SET VIGOROUSLY OUT TO DO horya- (be compelled to do something, have an impulse) DO BACK ahtar- or accar- (react; requite, avenge) –KAR, UGU/UMU, WJ:371, VT44:8, VT45:22, PE17:166 -
2 THEY, THEM
(3rd person pl. and dual forms): As the pronominal ending for “they”, Tolkien hesitated between -ltë and -ntë. For instance, a verb like “they do” is attested both as cariltë and carintë (VT49:16, 17). In one text, the ending -ltë is marked as archaic or poetic (VT49:17), but in other paradigms no such qualification occurs (VT49:51). The alternative form -nte- occurs in UT:317, with a second pronominal marker (-s “it”, denoting the object) following: Tiruvantes "they will keep it". General considerations of euphony may favour -ltë rather than -ntë (e.g. *quenteltë rather than *quententë for “they spoke” – in the past tense, many verbs end in -ntë even before any pronominal endings are supplied, like quentë “spoke” in this example). The ending -ltë (unlike -ntë) would also conform with the general system that the plural pronominal endings include the plural marker l (VT48:11). – In Tolkien’s early material, the ending -ltë appears as -lto instead (e.g. tulielto “they have come”, LT1:270). – A simple plural verb (with ending -r) can have “they” as its implied subject, as in the example quetir en “they still say” (PE17:167). – In the independent pronouns, distinct forms of may be used depending on whether “they, them” refers to living beings (persons, animals or even plants) or to non-living things or abstracts. The “personal” independent pronoun is te, which may have a long vowel when stressed (té, VT49:51). It is also attested in object position (laita te “bless them”, LotR:989 cf. Letters:308, VT43:20). It can receive case endings, e.g. dative ten (VT49:14; variant forms téna and tien, VT49:14, VT43:12, 21). As the “impersonal” they, them referring to non-living things, Tolkien in some sources used ta (VT43:20; 8, 9), but this apparently caused dissatisfaction because he also wanted ta to be the singular pronoun “that, it”. According to VT49:32, the form tai was introduced as the word for impersonal or inanimate “they, them” (in some places changed to te, apparently suggesting that Tolkien considered using te for both personal and impersonal “they/them”, abandoning the distinction). Another source (VT49:51) lists sa as the pl. impersonal form, but all other published sources use this pronoun for singular impersonal “it”, not pl. “they”. – The object “them” can also be expressed by the ending -t following another pronominal suffix (laituvalmet, “we shall bless [or praise] them", LotR:989 cf Letters:308). Presumably this ending -t makes no distinction between personal and impersonal forms. – Quenya also possesses special dual forms of “they, them”, used where only two persons or things are referred to (none of these pronouns distinguish between personal and impersonal forms). In VT49:16, the old ending for dual “they” is given as -stë (marked as archaic or poetic), but this would clash with the corresponding 2nd person ending. According to VT49:51, this ending was changed (also within the imaginary world) from -stë to -ttë, which seems the better alternative (*carittë, “the two of them do”). The independent dual pronoun is given as tú (ibid.) However, it may also be permissible to use te for “they, them” even where only two persons are involved (te is seemingly used with reference to Frodo and Sam in one of the examples above, laita te “bless them”). – Genitive forms, see THEIR; reflexive pronoun, see THEMSELVES. -
3 I
(1st pers. sg): This pronoun normally appears as the ending -n or -nyë (VT49:51) added to verbs, e.g. carin and carinyë “I do”, maruvan "I will abide". The long form -nye must be used if another pronominal ending is to be added after it: utúvienyes, "I [-nye-] have found it [-s]". Independent pronouns: ni (in the "Arctic" sentence, ni is translated "I"), stressed ní with long vowel (VT49:51), as in ní nauva tanomë “I will be there” (VT49:19; ní nauva puts more emphasis on “I” than nauvan, with the pronoun expressed as an ending). The dative pronoun nin "for me" is transparently ni + the dative ending -n; other case endings may also be added to ni. It may be that ni, ní can also function as object (“me”), though a distinct form nye has also been proposed. The longer pronoun inyë may also be used where “I” is emphatic, and presumably can also take case endings. –VT49:48, 50, LotR:1008/1003, Arct, LR:61
См. также в других словарях:
To come out with — Come Come, v. i. [imp. {Came}; p. p. {Come}; p. pr & vb. n. {Coming}.] [OE. cumen, comen, AS. cuman; akin to OS.kuman, D. komen, OHG. queman, G. kommen, Icel. koma, Sw. komma, Dan. komme, Goth. giman, L. venire (gvenire), Gr. ? to go, Skr. gam.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
To come up with — Come Come, v. i. [imp. {Came}; p. p. {Come}; p. pr & vb. n. {Coming}.] [OE. cumen, comen, AS. cuman; akin to OS.kuman, D. komen, OHG. queman, G. kommen, Icel. koma, Sw. komma, Dan. komme, Goth. giman, L. venire (gvenire), Gr. ? to go, Skr. gam.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
mop the floor up with someone — AND wipe the floor up with someone tv. o beat someone to a pulp. (Also with other verbs: clean, dust, etc.) □ One more crack like that, and I’ll have Sam wipe the floor up with you. CD Bruno’s job is dusting up the floor with people who don’t… … Dictionary of American slang and colloquial expressions
Middle High German verbs — Verbs in Middle High German are divided into strong or weak verbs. Strong verbs indicate tense by a change in the quality of a vowel, while weak verbs indicate tense by the addition of an ending. Further information: Germanic weak… … Wikipedia
Verbs (rapper) — Infobox musical artist Name = Img capt = Img size = Landscape = Background = solo singer Birth name = Michael Boyer II Alias = Knowdaverbs Born = flagicon|US Phoenix, Arizona, United States Died = Origin = Instrument = Genre = Hip hop, Gospel… … Wikipedia
With one voice — Voice Voice, n. [OE. vois, voys, OF. vois, voiz, F. voix, L. vox, vocis, akin to Gr. ? a word, ? a voice, Skr. vac to say, to speak, G. erw[ a]hnen to mention. Cf. {Advocate}, {Advowson}, {Avouch}, {Convoke}, {Epic}, {Vocal}, {Vouch}, {Vowel}.] 1 … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Spanish verbs — are one of the most complex areas of Spanish grammar. Spanish is a synthetic language with a moderate to high degree of inflection which shows up mostly in the verb conjugation.The Spanish verb system is separated into 14 distinct tenses (tense… … Wikipedia
Tigrinya verbs — In order to view the Tigrinya characters in this article, you will need a Unicode Ge ez font, such as GF Zemen Unicode. Unless otherwise indicated, Tigrinya verbs in this article are given in the usual citation form, the third person singular… … Wikipedia
Sesotho verbs — Notes: *The orthography used in this and related articles is that of South Africa, not Lesotho. For a discussion of the differences between the two see the notes on Sesotho orthography. *Hovering the mouse cursor over most H:title| [ɪ talɪk] |… … Wikipedia
French verbs — are a complex area of French grammar, with a conjugation scheme that allows for three finite moods (with anywhere from two to five synthetic tenses), three non finite moods, three voices, and three grammatical aspects. Conjugation French verbs… … Wikipedia
German verbs — may be classified as either weak , with a dental consonant inflection, or strong , showing a vowel gradation (ablaut). Both of these are regular systems. Most verbs of both types are regular, though various subgroups and anomalies do arise. The… … Wikipedia
