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1 indeed
indeed [ɪn'di:d](a) (used to confirm) effectivement, en effet;∎ there was indeed a problem il y avait effectivement ou bien un problème;∎ we are aware of the problem; indeed, we are already investigating it nous sommes conscients du problème; en fait, nous sommes déjà en train de l'étudier∎ the problem, if indeed there is one, is theirs c'est leur problème, si problème il y a;∎ it is difficult, indeed virtually impossible, to get in il est difficile, pour ne pas dire ou voire impossible, d'entrer(c) (used as intensifier) vraiment;∎ I'm very tired indeed je suis vraiment très fatigué;∎ thank you very much indeed merci beaucoup;∎ that's praise indeed! ça, c'est un compliment!, voilà ce qui s'appelle un compliment!(d) (in replies) en effet;∎ I believe you support their policy - I do indeed je crois que vous soutenez leur politique - en effet;∎ you've been to Venice haven't you? - indeed I have! tu es allé à Venise, n'est-ce pas? - oui, j'y suis allé;∎ you haven't been to Venice - indeed I have! tu n'es jamais allé à Venise - si, j'y suis déjà allé!;∎ yes indeed! mais certainement!, pour sûr!(e) (as surprised, ironic response)∎ he asked us for a pay rise - indeed! il nous a demandé une augmentation - eh bien! ou vraiment?;∎ I've bought a new car - have you indeed! j'ai acheté une nouvelle voiture - vraiment? -
2 if
if [ɪf](a) (supposing that) si;∎ if he comes, we'll ask him s'il vient, on lui demandera;∎ if possible si (c'est) possible;∎ have it done by Tuesday, if at all possible faites-le pour mardi si possible;∎ if necessary si (c'est) nécessaire, le cas échéant;∎ if so si c'est le cas;∎ if so, when? si oui, quand?;∎ if all goes well, we'll be there by midnight si tout va bien, nous y serons pour minuit;∎ if anyone wants me, I'm or I'll be in my office si quelqu'un veut me voir, je suis dans mon bureau;∎ if she hadn't introduced herself, I would never have recognized her si elle ne s'était pas présentée, je ne l'aurais pas reconnue;∎ if I'd known you were coming, I'd have bought some wine si j'avais su que tu venais, j'aurais acheté du vin;∎ if a child can do it, so can I si un enfant peut le faire, je peux le faire aussi;∎ if you'd told me the truth, this would never have happened si tu m'avais dit la vérité, ça ne serait jamais arrivé;∎ if I was older, I'd leave home si j'étais plus âgé, je quitterais la maison;∎ if you could have anything you wanted, what would you ask for? si tu pouvais avoir tout ce que tu désires, qu'est-ce que tu demanderais?;∎ if I were a millionaire, I'd buy a yacht si j'étais millionnaire, j'achèterais un yacht;∎ would you mind if I invited Angie too? ça te dérangerait si j'invitais aussi Angie?;∎ if he agrees and (if) we have time s'il est d'accord et que nous avons le temps(b) (whenever) si;∎ if you mix blue and yellow you get green si on mélange du bleu et du jaune, on obtient du vert;∎ if you ever come or if ever you come to London, do visit us si jamais tu passes à Londres, viens nous voir;∎ if you are "gratified" by something, you are pleased by it si (on dit que) quelque chose nous "satisfait", cela veut dire que ça nous fait plaisir;∎ he gets angry if I so much as open my mouth si j'ai seulement le malheur d'ouvrir la bouche, il se fâche(c) (given that) si;∎ if Paul was the brains in the family, then Julia was the organizer si Paul était le cerveau de la famille, Julia en était l'organisatrice∎ to ask/to know/to wonder if demander/savoir/se demander si;∎ it doesn't matter if he comes or not peu importe qu'il vienne ou (qu'il ne vienne) pas;∎ I'll see if she's up yet je vais voir si elle est levée∎ I'm sorry if I upset you je suis désolé si je t'ai fait de la peine;∎ if I gave you that impression, I apologize je m'excuse si c'est l'impression que je vous ai donnée;∎ we'd be so pleased if you could come ça nous ferait tellement plaisir si vous pouviez venir∎ few, if any, readers will have heard of him peu de lecteurs auront entendu parler de lui, ou même aucun;∎ modifications, if any, will have to be made later les modifications éventuelles devront être apportées plus tard;∎ he was intelligent if a little arrogant il était intelligent, mais quelque peu arrogant;∎ pleasant weather, if rather cold temps agréable, bien qu'un peu froid;∎ it is well-paid, if uninteresting work c'est un travail bien payé à défaut d'être intéressant∎ if I could just come in here... si je puis me permettre d'intervenir...;∎ it's rather good, if I say so myself c'est assez bon, sans fausse modestie;∎ I'll leave it there, if I may, and go on to my next point j'en resterai là, si vous voulez bien et passerai au point suivant;∎ I thought you were rather rude, if you don't mind my saying so je vous ai trouvé assez grossier, si je peux me permettre;∎ well, if you want my opinion or if you ask me, I thought it was dreadful eh bien, si vous voulez mon avis, c'était affreux;∎ if you think about it, it is rather odd si vous y réfléchissez, c'est plutôt bizarre;∎ if I remember rightly, she was married to a politician si j'ai bonne mémoire, elle était mariée à un homme politique;∎ if I know Sophie, she won't have done it! comme ou telle que je connais Sophie, elle ne l'aura pas fait!∎ if you could just write your name here... si vous voulez bien inscrire votre nom ici...;∎ if you could all just wait in the hall, I'll be back in a second si vous pouviez tous attendre dans l'entrée, je reviens tout de suite;∎ would you like me to wrap it for you? - if you would, please vous voulez que je vous l'emballe? - oui, s'il vous plaît(i) (expressing surprise, indignation) tiens, ça alors;∎ well, if it isn't my old mate Jim! tiens ou ça alors, c'est ce vieux Jim!2 nounsi m inv;∎ if you get the job - and it's a big if - you'll have to move to London si tu obtiens cet emploi, et je dis bien si, tu devras aller t'installer à Londres;∎ no ifs and buts, we're going il n'y a pas de "mais" qui tienne ou pas de discussions, on y va;∎ the agreement is full of ifs and buts l'accord n'est qu'une suite de conditionsau cas où;∎ if and when he phones, I'll simply tell him to leave me alone au cas où il appellerait, je lui dirais tout simplement de me laisser tranquilleplutôt;∎ he doesn't look any slimmer, if anything, he's put on weight il n'a pas l'air plus mince, il a même plutôt grossi;∎ I am, if anything, even keener to be involved j'ai peut-être encore plus envie d'y participer∎ there's a hopeless case if ever I saw one! voilà un cas désespéré s'il en est!;∎ if ever I saw a man driven by ambition, it's him si quelqu'un est poussé par l'ambition, c'est bien luià ta place;∎ if I were you I'd accept the offer si j'étais toi ou à ta place, j'accepterais la propositionsinon;∎ I'm happy to eat out if you want to, if not, I'll just rustle something up here on peut aller manger quelque part si tu veux, sinon je préparerai quelque chose ici;∎ are you going to read this book? if not, I will tu vas lire ce livre? sinon, je vais le lire moi;∎ did you finish on time? and if not, why not? avez-vous terminé à temps? sinon, pourquoi?;∎ hundreds, if not thousands des centaines, voire des milliers(a) (providing a reason) au moins;∎ I think I should come along too, if only to make sure you don't get into mischief je crois que je devrais venir aussi, ne serait-ce que pour m'assurer que vous ne faites pas de bêtises;∎ all right, I'll let you go to the party, if only to keep you quiet bon d'accord, tu peux aller à la fête, comme ça au moins, j'aurai la paix(b) (expressing a wish) si seulement;∎ if only! si seulement!;∎ if only I could drive si seulement je savais conduire;∎ if only someone would tell us what has happened si seulement quelqu'un nous disait ce qui s'est passé;∎ if only we'd known si seulement nous avions su -
3 least
least [li:st]le moins ⇒ 1 (a), 3 le/la moindre ⇒ 1 (b), 2 (b) le moins de ⇒ 2 (a) au moins ⇒ 4 (a)-(c) du moins ⇒ 4 (c), 4 (d)1 pronoun(a) (in quantity, size)∎ he's the one who drank the least c'est lui qui a bu le moins;∎ he's got the least c'est lui qui en a le moins∎ it was the least we could do c'était la moindre des choses;∎ that's the least of our worries c'est le moindre ou c'est le cadet de nos soucis;∎ proverb least said, soonest mended moins on en dit, mieux on se porte(a) (in quantity, size)∎ I ate the least chocolate c'est moi qui ai mangé le moins de chocolat;∎ she has the least money out of all of us c'est elle qui a le moins d'argent d'entre nous tous∎ I haven't the least idea je n'en ai pas la moindre idée;∎ the least thing upsets her un rien la contrarie;∎ the government clamps down on the least sign of opposition le gouvernement serre la vis au moindre signe d'opposition;∎ I'm not the least bit musical je ne suis pas musicien pour un sou;∎ I'm not the least bit interested cela ne m'intéresse pas le moins du monde3 adverb(le) moins;∎ which do you find (the) least useful? à votre avis, lequel est le moins utile?;∎ the least interesting film I've ever seen le film le moins intéressant que j'aie jamais vu;∎ it's what we least expected c'est ce à quoi nous nous attendions le moins;∎ it always happens when you are least expecting it ça arrive toujours au moment où tu t'y attends le moins(a) (not less than) au moins;∎ at least $500 au moins 500 dollars;∎ she's at least seventy elle a au moins soixante-dix ans;∎ he smokes at least forty cigarettes a day il fume au moins quarante cigarettes par jour;∎ she's at least as tall as you elle est au moins aussi grande que toi(b) (as a minimum) au moins;∎ I can at least try je peux toujours essayer;∎ you could at least have phoned vous auriez pu au moins téléphoner;∎ at the very least he might have warned us la moindre des choses aurait été de nous avertir(c) (indicating an advantage) au moins, du moins;∎ at least we've got an umbrella au moins ou du moins on a un parapluie(d) (used to qualify) du moins;∎ I didn't like him, at least not at first il ne m'a pas plu, en tout cas ou du moins pas au début;∎ I understand now, at least I think I do ça y est, je comprends, du moins je crois(with negative) not in the least pas du tout, pas le moins du monde;∎ am I boring you? - not in the least je t'ennuie? - pas du tout;∎ she's not in the least angry elle n'est pas du tout fâchée;∎ she didn't seem to mind in the least ça ne semblait pas la déranger le moins du mondesurtout pas, encore moins;∎ nobody could understand it, Liz least of all or least of all Liz personne ne comprenait, surtout pas Liz ou Liz encore moins que les autres;∎ we didn't expect to win any prizes, least of all this one nous ne nous attendions pas à gagner un prix, et en tout cas, certainement pas celui-là∎ many politicians, not least the Foreign Secretary, are in favour de nombreux hommes politiques y sont favorables, notamment le ministre des Affaires étrangères►► British the least common denominator le plus petit dénominateur commun;Ornithology least sandpiper bécasseau m minuscule -
4 his
his [hɪz]• my hands are clean, his are dirty mes mains sont propres, les siennes sont sales► of his* * *Note: In French determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they qualify. So his when used as a determiner is translated by son + masculine singular noun (son chien), by sa + feminine singular noun (sa maison) BUT by son + feminine noun beginning with a vowel or mute h (son assiette) and by ses + plural noun (ses enfants)In French possessive pronouns reflect the gender and number of the noun they are standing for. When used as a possessive pronoun his is translated by le sien, la sienne, les siens or les siennes according to what is being referred to[hɪz] 1.determiner son/sa/ses2.all the drawings were good but his was the best — tous les dessins étaient bons mais le sien était le meilleur
the blue car is his — la voiture bleue est la sienne, la voiture bleue est à lui
I'm a colleague of his — je suis un/-e de ses collègues
that dog of his — péj son sale chien (colloq)
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5 his
❢ In French determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they qualify. So his when used as a determiner is translated by son + masculine singular noun (son chien), by sa + feminine singular noun (sa maison) BUT by son + feminine noun beginning with a vowel or mute h (son assiette) and by ses + plural noun (ses enfants).When his is stressed, à lui is added after the noun: his house = sa maison à lui. For his used with parts of the body ⇒ The human body. In French possessive pronouns reflect the gender and number of the noun they are standing for. When used as a possessive pronoun his is translated by le sien, la sienne, les siens or les siennes according to what is being referred to. For examples and particular usages see the entry below.A det son/sa/ ses.B pron all the drawings were good but his was the best tous les dessins étaient bons mais le sien était le meilleur ; the blue car is his la voiture bleue est la sienne, la voiture bleue est à lui ; it's not his ce n'est pas à lui ; which house is his? sa maison c'est laquelle? ; I'm a colleague of his je suis un/-e de ses collègues ; I saw him with that dog of his péj je l'ai vu avec son sale chien ○ ; his was not an easy task fml sa tâche n'était pas facile ; the money was not his to give away il n'avait pas à donner cet argent. -
6 Usage note : her
When used as a direct object pronoun, her is translated by la (l’ before a vowel). Note that the object pronoun normally comes before the verb in French and that, in compound tenses like perfect and past perfect, the past participle agrees with the pronoun:I know her= je la connaisI’ve already seen her= je l’ai déjà vueIn imperatives, the direct object pronoun is translated by la and comes after the verb:catch her!= attrape-la!(note the hyphen)I’ve given her the book= je lui ai donné le livreI’ve given it to her= je le lui ai donnéIn imperatives, the indirect object pronoun is translated by lui and comes after the verb:phone her= téléphone-luigive them to her= donne-les-lui(note the hyphens)he did it for her= il l’a fait pour elleit’s her= c’est elleWhen translating her as a determiner ( her house etc.) remember that in French possessive adjectives, like most other adjectives, agree in gender and number with the noun they qualify ; her is translated by son + masculine singular noun ( son chien), sa + feminine singular noun ( sa maison) BUT son + feminine noun beginning with a vowel or mute ‘h’ ( son assiette), and ses + plural noun ( ses enfants).For her used with parts of the body ⇒ The human body. -
7 Usage note : your
In French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they qualify. So your, when addressing one person, is translated by votre, or more familiarly ton, + masculine singular noun ( votre chien or ton chien), by votre or ta + feminine singular noun ( votre maison or ta maison) and by vos or tes + plural noun ( vos enfants or tes enfants). Note that ton is used with a feminine noun beginnning with a vowel or mute ‘h’ ( ton adresse).When addressing more than one person, the translation is votre + singular noun and vos + plural noun. When your is stressed, à vous or à toi is added after the noun:your house= votre maison à vousWhen used impersonally to mean one’s, your is translated by son, sa or ses when you is translated by on:you buy your tickets at the door= on prend ses billets à l’entréeThe translation after an impersonal verb in French is son, sa, ses:you have to buy your tickets at the door= il faut prendre ses billets à l’entréeNote, however, the following:sweets are bad for your teeth= les bonbons sont mauvais pour les dentsyour average student= l’étudiant moyenFor your used with parts of the body ⇒ The human body. -
8 one's
Note: In French determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they qualify. So when one's is used as a determiner it is translated by son + masculine singular noun ( son argent), by sa + feminine noun ( sa voiture) BUT by son + feminine noun beginning with a vowel or mute h ( son assiette) and by ses + plural noun ( ses enfants)When one's is used as a reflexive pronoun it is translated by se (or s' before a vowel or mute h): to brush one's teeth = se brosser les dents[wʌnz] 1.= one is, one has2.determiner son/sa/sesone's books/friends — ses livres/amis
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9 one's
❢ In French determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they qualify. So when one's is used as a determiner it is translated by son + masculine singular noun ( son argent), by sa + feminine noun ( sa voiture) BUT by son + feminine noun beginning with a vowel or mute h ( son assiette) and by ses + plural noun ( ses enfants).When one's is stressed, à soi is added after the noun. When one's is used as a reflexive pronoun it is translated by se or s' before a vowel or mute h: to brush one's teeth = se brosser les dents ; ⇒ The human body. For examples and particular usages see the entry below.A = one is, one has.B det son/sa/ses ; to wash one's hands se laver les mains ; one's books/friends ses livres/amis ; one tries to do one's best on essaye de faire de son mieux ; it upsets one's concentration ça perturbe la concentration ; it limits one's options ça limite les choix ; a house/car of one's own une maison/voiture à soi. -
10 its
its [ɪts]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► its is translated by son, sa or ses, according to whether the noun it qualifies is masculine, feminine or plural. Note that son must also be used with feminine nouns beginning with a vowel or silent h.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━* * *[ɪts]Note: In French determiners agree in number and gender with the noun they qualify. its is translated by son + masculine noun: its nose = son nez; by sa + feminine noun: its tail = sa queue; BUT by son + feminine noun beginning with a vowel or mute h: its ear = son oreille; and by ses + plural noun: its ears = ses oreillesdeterminer son/sa/ses -
11 our
our [ˈaʊər]* * *['aʊə(r), ɑː(r)]Note: In French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they qualify. So our is translated by notre + masculine or feminine singular noun (notre chien, notre maison) and nos + plural noun (nos enfants)determiner notre/nos -
12 our
❢ In French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they qualify. So our is translated by notre + masculine or feminine singular noun (notre chien, notre maison) and nos + plural noun (nos enfants).When our is stressed, à nous is added after the noun: our house = notre maison à nous. For our used with parts of the body ⇒ The human body. det notre/nos ; our mother notre mère ; our children nos enfants.
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