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1 HIMSELF
(reflexive pronoun) immo (a general sg. reflexive pronoun, covering English "myself, him/herself, yourself"). A specific 3rd person reflexive pronoun "him/herself" is insë (for older imse; it is unclear whether the latter form was in use in later Quenya). A reflexive ending “he…himself” (and *”she…herself”) in -ssë existed at one conceptual stage (melissë, “he loves himself”), but it is uncertain how lasting this idea was, and the ending seems prone to confusion with other, similar endings. Another reflective ending is -xë (spelt “-kse” in the source), plural -xer, dual -xet. –VT47:37, VT49:21, 48 -
2 THEMSELVES
(reflexive pronoun) intë (for older imte, asterisked by Tolkien). A reflexive ending -ttë “they…themselves” existed at one conceptual stage (melittë, “they love themselves”), but it is uncertain how lasting this idea was; elsewhere, -ttë is explained as being ending for dual “they” instead. –VT47:37, VT49:21 -
3 ALTHOUGH
(or "nothwithstanding") – Christopher Gilson argues that the word ómu occurring in an untranslated "Qenya" text could have this meaning (PE15:32, 37). If this interpretation is regarded as too uncertain, the idea expressed by phrases involving "(al)though" may be rephrased using ananta "and yet" (e.g. "although the house is small, we love it" > *i coa pitya ná, ananta melilmes = "the house is small, and yet we love it"). -
4 WITH
For the purpose of Neo-Quenya writing, the best translation of "with" (in the sense of "together with") is probably \#as, attested with a pronominal suffix (see below). A string of various prepositional elements meaning "with" are attested, but all are probably not meant to coexist in the same form of Quenya; rather Tolkien often changed his mind about the details. The preposition lé, le found in early material (QL:52) is probably best avoided in LotR-style Quenya (in which langauge le is rather the pronoun "you"). Tolkien later seems to be experimenting with yo and ó/o as words for "with"; yo hildinyar in SD:56 probably means *"with my heirs", and VT43:29 reproduces a table where various pronouns are suffixed to ó-, probably meaning "with" (óni *"with me", ólë *"with you", etc.) In the essay Quendi and Eldar, Tolkien assigns a dual meaning to ó- as a prefix; it was used "in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units" (WJ:367; cf. 361 regarding the underlying stem WO, said to be a dual adverb "together"). The plural equivalent of dual ó- is yo- (as in yomenië, WJ:407 cf. 361 regarding the underlying root JŌ), and it may seem to be this yo that occurs as an independent preposition in yo hildinyar in SD:56. The idea that ó- is a distinctly dual form does not appear in all sources; in VT43:29 we have forms like *ómë *"with us", implying at least three persons. In Tolkien's drafts for a Quenya rendering of the Hail Mary, he experimented with various prepositional elements for the phrase "with thee" (see VT43:29). A form carelyë was replaced with aselyë in the final version. Removing the ending -lyë "thee" and the connecting vowel before it leaves us with \#as as the word (or a word) for "with"; this is ultimately related to the conjunction ar "and" (see VT43:30, 47:31). – In English, the preposition "with" may also have an instrumental force, which is best rendered by the Quenya instrumental case (e.g. *nambanen "with [= using] a hammer"). -
5 WILL
(\#1) (noun) níra (= "will" as a potential or faculty, while "act of will" is nirmë), *selma (Þ) ("a fixed idea, will". In WJ:319, the word is given as Þelma, but Þ (th) would become s in the Noldorin Quenya. Cf. Þindë, sindë in WJ:384) Other words for "will" turn up in Tolkien's various translations of "thy will be done" in the Lord's Prayer: indómë, replacing \#mendë (mendelya "thy will"); according to VT43:16, Tolkien in his notes defined indómë as "settled character, also used of the 'will' of Eru". –VT39:30/VT41:6, 17; WJ:319, VT43:15-16 (\#2) (verb) – as part of English circumlocutions expressing futurity, this verb will be rendered by the Quenya future tense in –uva, e.g. \#maruva "will abide". WILL BE, see BE.
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