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1 protestante
adj.1 Protestant.2 protesting.f. & m.Protestant.* * *► adjetivo1 Protestant1 Protestant* * *noun mf. adj.* * *ADJ, SMF Protestant* * *adjetivo/masculino y femenino Protestant* * *= Protestant.Ex. The trustee was generally male, 'past his prime', white, Protestant, well educated, wealthy, a member of the social elite, and usually a member of a profession or a business executive.----* blanco protestante anglosajón americano = WASP.* de la clase blanca, protestante y anglosajona americana = WASPish.* * *adjetivo/masculino y femenino Protestant* * *= Protestant.Ex: The trustee was generally male, 'past his prime', white, Protestant, well educated, wealthy, a member of the social elite, and usually a member of a profession or a business executive.
* blanco protestante anglosajón americano = WASP.* de la clase blanca, protestante y anglosajona americana = WASPish.* * *adj/mfProtestant* * *
protestante adjetivo, masculino y femenino
Protestant
protestante adjetivo & mf Rel Protestant
' protestante' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
clérigo
- evangélico
English:
clergy
- clergyman
- evangelist
- Protestant
- reverend
- WASP
* * *♦ adjProtestant♦ nmfProtestant* * *m/f & adj Protestant* * *protestante adj & nmf: Protestant* * *protestante adj n Protestant -
2 Adam, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 3 July 1728 Kirkcaldy, Scotlandd. 3 March 1792 London, England[br]Scottish architect, active mostly in England, who led the neo-classical movement between 1760 and 1790.[br]Robert Adam was a man of outstanding talent, immense energy dedicated to his profession, and of great originality, who utilized all sources of classical art from ancient Greece and Rome as well as from the Renaissance and Baroque eras in Italy. He was also a very practical exponent of neo-classicism and believed in using the latest techniques to produce fine craftsmanship.Of particular interest to him was stucco, the material needed for elegant, finely crafted ceiling and wall designs. Stucco, though the Italian word for plaster, refers architecturally to a specific form of the material. Known as Stucco duro (hard plaster), its use and composition dates from the days of ancient Rome. Giovanni da Udine, a pupil of Raphael, having discovered some fine stucco antico in the ruins of the Palace of Titus in Rome, carried out extensive research during the Italian Renaissance in order to discover its precise composition; it was a mixture of powdered crystalline limestone (travertine), river sand, water and powdered white marble. The marble produced an exceptionally hard stucco when set, thereby differentiating it from plaster-work, and was a material fine enough to make delicate relief and statuary work possible.In the 1770s Robert Adam's ceiling and wall designs were characterized by low-relief, delicate, classical forms. He and his brothers, who formed the firm of Adam Brothers, were interested in a stucco which would be especially fine grained and hard setting. A number of new products then appearing on the market were easier to handle than earlier ones. These included a stucco by Mr David Wark, patented in 1765, and another by a Swiss clergyman called Liardet in 1773; the Adam firm purchased both patents and obtained an Act of Parliament authorizing them to be the sole vendors and makers of this stucco, which they called "Adam's new invented patent stucco". More new versions appeared, among which was one by a Mr Johnson, who claimed it to be an improvement. The Adam Brothers, having paid a high price for their rights, took him to court. The case was decided in 1778 by Lord Mansfield, a fellow Scot and a patron (at Kenwood), who,[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the Society of Arts 1758. FRS 1761. Architect to the King's Works 1761.Bibliography1764, Ruins of the Palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro.1773, Works in Architecture of Robert and James Adam.Further ReadingA.T.Bolton, 1922, The Architecture of Robert and James Adam, 1758–1794, 2 vols, Country Life.J.Fleming, 1962, Robert Adam and his Circle, Murray. J.Lees-Milne, 1947, The Age of Adam, Batsford.J.Rykwert and A.Rykwert, 1985, The Brothers Adam, Collins. D.Yarwood, 1970, Robert Adam, Dent.DY -
3 Mansfield, Charles Blachford
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 8 May 1819 Rowner, Hampshire, Englandd. 26 February 1855 London, England[br]English chemist, founder of coal-tar chemistry.[br]Mansfield, the son of a country clergyman, was educated privately at first, then at Winchester College and at Cambridge; ill health, which dogged his early years, delayed his graduation until 1846. He was first inclined to medicine, but after settling in London, chemistry seemed to him to offer the true basis of the grand scheme of knowledge he aimed to establish. After completing the chemistry course at the Royal College of Chemistry in London, he followed the suggestion of its first director, A.W.von Hofmann, of investigating the chemistry of coal tar. This work led to a result of great importance for industry by demonstrating the valuable substances that could be extracted from coal tar. Mansfield obtained pure benzene, and toluene by a process for which he was granted a patent in 1848 and published in the Chemical Society's journal the same year The following year he published a pamphlet on the applications of benzene.Blessed with a private income, Mansfield had no need to support himself by following a regular profession. He was therefore able to spread his brilliant talents in several directions instead of confining them to a single interest. During the period of unrest in 1848, he engaged in social work with a particular concern to improve sanitation. In 1850, a description of a balloon machine in Paris led him to study aeronautics for a while, which bore fruit in an influential book, Aerial Navigation (London, 1851). He then visited Paraguay, making a characteristically thorough and illuminating study of conditions there. Upon his return to London in 1853, Mansfield resumed his chemical studies, especially on salts. He published his results in 1855 as Theory of Salts, his most important contribution to chemical theory.Mansfield was in the process of preparing specimens of benzene for the Paris Exhibition of 1855 when a naphtha still overflowed and caught fire. In carrying it to a place of safety, Mansfield sustained injuries which unfortunately proved fatal.[br]Bibliography1851, Aerial Navigation, London. 1855, Theory of Salts, London.Further ReadingE.R.Ward, 1969, "Charles Blachford Mansfield, 1819–1855, coal tar chemist and social reformer", Chemistry and Industry 66:1,530–7 (offers a good and well-documented account of his life and achievements).LRDBiographical history of technology > Mansfield, Charles Blachford
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