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121 ponderousness
Синонимический ряд:1. cumbersomeness (noun) cumbersomeness; cumbrousness2. ostentation (noun) affectation; ceremony; grandeur; magnificence; ostentation; pageantry; pomp; solemnity; splendor3. weight (noun) heaviness; heftiness; massiveness; weight; weightiness -
122 pageant
['pæ‹ənt]1) (a dramatic performance made up of different, usually historical scenes, often performed during a procession: The children performed a historical pageant.) spectacle historique2) (any fine show or display: a pageant of colour.) féerie• -
123 pageant
['pæ‹ənt]1) (a dramatic performance made up of different, usually historical scenes, often performed during a procession: The children performed a historical pageant.) quadro vivo2) (any fine show or display: a pageant of colour.) espetáculo• -
124 Bull-fighting
Until soccer ( futebol) assumed that role in the 20th century, bull-fighting was perhaps Portugal's most popular national sport. Portugal's variation of this blood sport, which is also pursued in Spain and a number of Latin American countries (as well as occasionally the United States), differs from that found in neighboring Spain. The contemporary Portuguese bullfight emphasizes pageantry, spectacle, horsemanship, and bull-jumping during a typical "program" of six bulls.The Portuguese participants wear 18th-century costumes, including plumed three-cornered hats, silk breeches, and buckled shoes and boots, and the bulls are not killed in the arena. In the early stages of each "fight," the bull is taunted and harassed by participants on foot or on horses. In the final stage of each bull's appearance, the bull is challenged to charge by a group of seven men called forcados, who proceed to incite the bull to charge the first man in front of the lined-up row of six other men. The object is to jump on the bull's head, hold the horns, and stop the bull's forward progress. Even though the bull's horns are cut and padded and horses wear padding, injuries to persons and horses do occur. In Portuguese tradition, it is said that the bull-jumping activity goes back to the ancient Phoenician or even Minoan customs of bull-jumping as a popular sport.In recent years, bullfight audiences have decreased in number while soccer has increasingly drawn greater crowds. During the 18th century, when killing the bull was part of the Portuguese bullfight, during one series of incidents a number of aristocratic bullfighters died in the arena. In 1928, the government of the day banned killing the bull and made such an act against the law. Matadores who killed the bull in the fight then were fined. In 2007, the matador Pedro de Portugal was fined 137,000 euros for killing a bull in the ring as an act of protest against the ban.The traditional bullfight season in Portugal runs from May into October each year. It was customary during the Estado Novo that after the bullfight the bulls, although not killed in the bullring, were slaughtered soon afterward and the meat donated to feed the poor. The supply of horses and bulls for this blood sport remains a business of some consequence in the Ribatejo district, north of the Tagus River, the "cowboy" and cattle section of central Portugal. -
125 Theater, Portuguese
There are two types of theater in Portugal: classical or "serious" theater and light theater, or the Theater of Review, largely the Revistas de Lisboa (Lisbon Reviews). Modern theater, mostly but not exclusively centered in Lisbon, experienced an unfortunate impact from official censorship during the Estado Novo (1926-74). Following laws passed in 1927, the government decreed that, as a cultural activity, any theatrical presentations that were judged "offensive in law, in morality and in decent customs" were prohibited. One consequence that derived from the risk of prohibition was that directors and playwrights began to practice self-censorship. This discouraged liberal and experimental theatrical work, weakened commercial investment in theater, and made employment in much theater a risky business, with indifferent public support.Despite these political obstacles and the usual risks and difficulties of producing live theater in competition first with emerging cinema and then with television (which began in any case only after 1957), some good theatrical work flourished. Two of the century's greatest repertory actresses, Amélia Rey-Colaço (1898-1990) and Maria Matos (1890-1962), put together talented acting companies and performed well-received classical theater. Two periods witnessed a brief diminution of censorship: following World War II (1945-47) and during Prime Minister Marcello Caetano's government (1968-74). Although Portuguese playwrights also produced comedies and dramas, some of the best productions reached the stage under the authorship of foreign playwrights: Shakespeare, George Bernard Shaw, Arthur Miller, and others.A major new phase of Portuguese serious theater began in the 1960s, with the staging of challenging plays by playwrights José Cardoso Pires, Luis Sttau Monteiro, and Bernardo Santareno. Since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, more funds for experimental theater have become available, and government censorship ceased. As in so much of Western European theater, however, the general public tended to favor not plays with serious content but techno-hits that featured foreign imports, including musicals, or homegrown musicals on familiar themes. Nevertheless, after 1974, the theater scene was enlivened, not only in Lisbon, but also in Oporto, Coimbra, and other cities.The Theater of Review, or light theater, was introduced to Portugal in the 19th century and was based largely on French models. Adapted to the Portuguese scene, the Lisbon reviews featured pageantry, costume, comic skits, music (including the ever popular fado), dance, and slapstick humor and satire. Despite censorship, its heyday occurred actually during the Estado Novo, before 1968. Of all the performing arts, the Lisbon reviews enjoyed the greatest freedom from official political censorship. Certain periods featured more limited censorship, as cited earlier (1945-47 and 1968-74). The main venue of the Theater of Review was located in central Lisbon's Parque Mayer, an amusement park that featured four review theaters: Maria Vitória, Variedades, Capitólio, and ABC.Many actors and stage designers, as well as some musicians, served their apprenticeship in the Lisbon reviews before they moved into film and television. Noted fado singers, the fadistas, and composers plied their trade in Parque Mayer and built popular followings. The subjects of the reviews, often with provocative titles, varied greatly and followed contemporary social, economic, and even political fashion and trends, but audiences especially liked satire directed against convention and custom. If political satire was not passed by the censor in the press or on television, sometimes the Lisbon reviews, by the use of indirection and allegory, could get by with subtle critiques of some personalities in politics and society. A humorous stereotyping of customs of "the people," usually conceived of as Lisbon street people or naive "country bumpkins," was also popular. To a much greater degree than in classical, serious theater, the Lisbon review audiences steadily supported this form of public presentation. But the zenith of this form of theater had been passed by the late 1960s as audiences dwindled, production expenses rose, and film and television offered competition.The hopes that governance under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano would bring a new season of freedom of expression in the light theater or serious theater were dashed by 1970-71, as censorship again bore down. With revolution in the offing, change was in the air, and could be observed in a change of review show title. A Lisbon review show title on the eve of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, was altered from: 'To See, to Hear... and Be Quiet" to the suggestive, "To See, to Hear... and to Talk." The review theater experienced several difficult years after 1980, and virtually ceased to exist in Parque Mayer. In the late 1990s, nevertheless, this traditional form of entertainment underwent a gradual revival. Audiences again began to troop to renovated theater space in the amusement park to enjoy once again new lively and humorous reviews, cast for a new century and applied to Portugal today. -
126 heraldry
heraldry ['herəldrɪ]noun (UNCOUNT)(a) (system, study) héraldique f(b) (coat of arms) blason m(c) (pageantry) faste m, pompe f (héraldique)
См. также в других словарях:
Pageantry — Pag eant*ry ( r[y^]), n. Scenic shows or spectacles, taken collectively; spectacular quality; splendor. [1913 Webster] Such pageantry be to the people shown. Dryden. [1913 Webster] The pageantry of festival. J. A. Symonds. [1913 Webster] Syn:… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Pageantry — may refer to:*Beauty contest *Medieval pageant … Wikipedia
pageantry — (n.) 1650s; see PAGEANT (Cf. pageant) + RY (Cf. ry) … Etymology dictionary
pageantry — [n] flashy display affectation, array, ceremonial, ceremony, extravagance, fanfare, flourish, formality, glitter, grandeur, grandiosity, magnificence, ostentation, pageant, panoply, parade, pomp, pomposity, show, spectacle, splash, splendor;… … New thesaurus
pageantry — ► NOUN ▪ elaborate display or ceremony … English terms dictionary
pageantry — [paj′ən trē] n. pl. pageantries 1. pageants collectively 2. grand spectacle; gorgeous display 3. empty show or display … English World dictionary
pageantry — pag|eant|ry [ˈpædʒəntri] n [U] impressive ceremonies or events, involving many people wearing special clothes pageantry of ▪ the pageantry of a military ceremony … Dictionary of contemporary English
pageantry — [[t]pæ̱ʤəntri[/t]] N UNCOUNT People use pageantry to refer to the colourful and formal things that are done for special official or royal occasions, for example the wearing of special clothes and the playing of special music. He was greeted with… … English dictionary
pageantry — /paj euhn tree/, n., pl. pageantries. 1. spectacular display; pomp: the pageantry of a coronation. 2. mere show; empty display. 3. pageants collectively; pageants and the performance of pageants. [1600 10; PAGEANT + RY] Syn. 1. spectacle,… … Universalium
pageantry — noun /ˈpædʒəntɹi/ A pageant; a colourful show or display, as in a pageant. That you aptly will suppose / What pageantry, what feats, what shows, / What minstrelsy, and pretty din, / The regent made in Mytilene / To greet the king … Wiktionary
pageantry — noun (U) impressive ceremonies or events, involving many people wearing special clothes: the pageantry of a military ceremony … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
