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41 Tull, Jethro
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 30 March 1674 Basildon, Essex, Englandd. February 1741 Hungerford, Berkshire, England[br]English farmer who developed and publicized a system of row crop husbandry.[br]Jethro Tull was born into an English landowning family. He was educated at St John's College, Oxford, but left without a degree at the age of 17. He then spent three years on the Grand Tour before returning to study law at Gray's Inn in London. After six years he was admitted to the Bar, but he never practised, moving instead to one of his father's farms near Oxford.Because of labour problems he chose to plant sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia) as a forage crop because it required less frequent reseeding than grass. The seed itself was expensive and of poor fertility, so he began to experiment. He discovered that the depth of sowing as well as the planting rate influenced germination and the rate of growth, he found the optimum rate could be gained with one plant per ft2, a much lower density than could be achieved by broadcasting. His experiments created labour problems. He is traditionally and incorrectly credited with the invention of the seed drill, but he did develop and use a drill on his own farm to achieve the planting rate and depth he needed without having to rely on his workforce.In 1711 Tull became ill and went to France, having first sold his original farm and moved to "Properous", near Hungerford. In France he developed a husbandry technique that used a horse hoe to stir the soil between the rows of plants achieved with his drill. He incorrectly believed that his increased yields were the result of nutrients released from the soil by this method, whereas they were more likely to have been the result of a reduction in weed competition as a result of the repeated cultivation.[br]Bibliography1731, The New Horse-Hoeing Husbandry, or an Essay on the Principals of Tillage and Vegetation (sets out the ideas and innovations for which he was already well known).Further ReadingT.H.Marshall, 1929, "Jethro Tull and the new husbandry of the 18th century", Economic History Review 11:41–60 (the relevance and significance of Tull's work was already under discussion before his death; Marshall discusses the controversy).G.E.Fussell, 1973, Jethro Tull. His Influence on Mechanised Agriculture (presents a pro- Tull account).AP -
42 Recoil
v. intrans.Shrink: P. and V. ὀκνεῖν, κατοκνεῖν, P. ἀποκνεῖν.Recoil from ( doing a thing): P. and V. ὀκνεῖν (infin.), κατοκνεῖν (infin.), φεύγειν (infin.), V. ἀφίστασθαι (infin.).Make to recoil: P. and V. τρέπειν.Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Recoil
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43 Computer Metaphors
Within the AI community there is a growing dissatisfaction concerning the adequacy of sequential models to simulate the cognitive processes....For an example of the dissimilarity between computers and nervous systems, consider that in conventional computers... each piece of data [is] located in its own special space in the memory bank [and] can be retrieved only by a central processor that knows the address in the memory bank for each datum. Human memory appears to be organized along entirely different lines. For one thing, from a partial or a degraded stimulus human memory can "reconstruct" the rest, and there are associative relationships among stored pieces of information based on considerations of context rather than on considerations of location.... t now appears doubtful that individual neurons are so specific that they are tuned to respond to a single item and nothing else. Thus, connectionist models tend to devise and use distributed principles, which means that elements may be selective to a range of stimuli and there are no "grandmother cells."...Information storage, it appears, is in some ill-defined sense a function of connectivity among sets of neurons. This implies that there is something fundamentally wrong in understanding the brain's memory on the model of individual symbols stored at unique addresses in a data bank....A further source of misgivings about the computer metaphor concerns real-time constraints. Although the signal velocities in nervous systems are quite slow in comparison to those in computers, brains are nonetheless far, far faster than electronic devices in the execution of their complex tasks. For example, human brains are incomparably faster than any computer in word-nonword recognition tasks. (P. S. Churchland, 1986, pp. 458-459)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computer Metaphors
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44 Cheshires
CHESHIRES, CHESHIRE PRINTERSA good quality plain cloth used for printing. A Cheshire printer has come to be recognised in the trade as being super quality. The cloth is made in Glossop, Mottram, Stalybridge, and other Cheshire and Derbyshire towns. The manufacturers are also spinners, and use their own yarns. A fair sample is 36-in. wide, 125 yards long, 72 X 84 per inch, 30's/30's (full particulars always given) -
45 Cheshire Printers
CHESHIRES, CHESHIRE PRINTERSA good quality plain cloth used for printing. A Cheshire printer has come to be recognised in the trade as being super quality. The cloth is made in Glossop, Mottram, Stalybridge, and other Cheshire and Derbyshire towns. The manufacturers are also spinners, and use their own yarns. A fair sample is 36-in. wide, 125 yards long, 72 X 84 per inch, 30's/30's (full particulars always given) -
46 non-household customers
небытовые потребители
Означают любых физических или юридических лиц, закупающих электроэнергию не для собственного бытового использования, и включают производителей и оптовых потребителей (Директива 2003/54/ЕС).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]EN
non-household customers
Means any natural or legal persons purchasing electricity which is not for their own household use and shall include producers and wholesale customers (Directive 2003/54/EC).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > non-household customers
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47 at the local level
1) Общая лексика: на местах2) Социология: на местном уровне (Marxist theory fails at the local level because it does not take its own distinction between "exchange value" and "use value"...) -
48 cleanskin
['kliːnskɪn(z)]1) Общая лексика: не состоящий на учете в полиции человек, неклеймёное животное, человек, не состоящий на учёте в полиции, бутылка вина cо "слепой" этикеткой (без указания марки и производителя -- только год урожая, сорт винограда и место изготовления; обычно в такой форме реализуются излишки марочного вина)2) Австралийский сленг: cattle that have not been branded, earmarked or castrated, bottle of wine without a label (usually bought in bulk by companies who then add their own personalised label and use the wine as e.g. gifts to clients) -
49 plagiarize
(to copy texts or take ideas from someone else's work and use them as if they were one's own.) plagiartr['pleɪʤəraɪz]1 plagiarplagiarize (US/UK)v.• fusilar v.• hurtar v.• plagiar v.'pleɪdʒəraɪztransitive verb plagiar['pleɪdʒɪǝraɪz]VT plagiar* * *['pleɪdʒəraɪz]transitive verb plagiar -
50 plagiarize
(to copy texts or take ideas from someone else's work and use them as if they were one's own.) plagiereverb \/ˈpleɪdʒjəraɪz\/ eller plagiariseplagiere -
51 plagiarise
(to copy texts or take ideas from someone else's work and use them as if they were one's own.) plagiartr['pleɪʤəraɪz]1→ link=plagiarize plagiarize{v.• fusilar v.• hurtar v.• plagiar v. -
52 plagiarise
(to copy texts or take ideas from someone else's work and use them as if they were one's own.) -
53 plagiarize
(to copy texts or take ideas from someone else's work and use them as if they were one's own.) -
54 plagiarise
(to copy texts or take ideas from someone else's work and use them as if they were one's own.) -
55 plagiarize
plagizál* * *(to copy texts or take ideas from someone else's work and use them as if they were one's own.) -
56 plagiarize
(to copy texts or take ideas from someone else's work and use them as if they were one's own.)* * *pla.gia.rize[pl'eidʒəraiz] vt plagiar. -
57 plagiarise
(to copy texts or take ideas from someone else's work and use them as if they were one's own.) -
58 plagiarise
(to copy texts or take ideas from someone else's work and use them as if they were one's own.) eser hırsızlığı yapmak; aşırmak -
59 plagiarize
v. çalıntı yapmak, eser hırsızlığı yapmak, izinsiz alıntı yapmak (eser)* * *çalıntı yap* * *(to copy texts or take ideas from someone else's work and use them as if they were one's own.) eser hırsızlığı yapmak; aşırmak -
60 plagiarize
(to copy texts or take ideas from someone else's work and use them as if they were one's own.) narediti plagiat* * *[pléidžiəraiz]transitive verbnapraviti plagiat
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