(make+stronger)

strength·en [ʼstreŋ(k)ɵ^ən] vt

1) ( make stronger)

to \strengthen sth etw kräftigen [o stärken]; ( fortify) etw befestigen [o verstärken];

to \strengthen the defences [or (Am) defenses] die Abwehr verstärken;

to \strengthen one's muscles seine Muskeln kräftigen

2) ( increase)

to \strengthen sth etw [ver]stärken;

( intensify) etw intensivieren;

( improve) etw verbessern;

security has been \strengthened die Sicherheitsvorkehrungen wurden verstärkt;

the economy has been \strengthened die Wirtschaftslage hat sich verbessert;

to \strengthen sb's belief/ power jds Glauben/Macht stärken;

to \strengthen a currency eine Währung stabilisieren;

to \strengthen a democracy eine Demokratie stärken;

to \strengthen relations/ ties Beziehungen/Bindungen festigen [o intensivieren];

3) ( support)

to \strengthen sb jdn bestärken;

to \strengthen sth etw untermauern;

to \strengthen the case for sth gute Gründe für etw akk beibringen

to \strengthen one's grip on sth etw besser in den Griff bekommen;

to \strengthen sb's hand jdm mehr Macht geben;

the police want tougher laws to \strengthen their hand against drug traffickers die Polizei will härtere Gesetze, damit sie effizienter gegen Drogenhändler vorgehen kann vi

1) ( become stronger) stärker werden, erstarken ( geh) muscles kräftiger werden; wind auffrischen;

the wind \strengthened in the night der Wind hat über Nacht aufgefrischt

2) fin, stockex ( increase in value) stock market an Wert gewinnen; currency zulegen

du/ad. to strengthen, make... stronger da/ad. to become stronger, strengthen

(make vigorous) stärken; (physically) kräftigen

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- academic.ru/88318/invigorating">invigorating

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[ɪnˈvɪg^əreɪt, AM -gər-]

▪ to \invigorate sb/sth

1. (make stronger) jdn/etw stärken [o kräftigen]

to \invigorate the body den Körper stärken

to \invigorate the muscles/heart die Muskeln/das Herz kräftigen

2. ( fig: stimulate) jdn/etw beleben [o erfrischen] fig

a cup of coffee will \invigorate you eine Tasse Kaffee wird Sie beleben

she managed to \invigorate the sleepy class es gelang ihr, die müde Klasse aufzumuntern

to \invigorate the economy die Wirtschaft beleben [o ankurbeln]

to \invigorate sb's imagination jds Fantasie anregen

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invigorate [-reıt] v/t

a) stärken, kräftigen

b) beleben, anregen:

invigorate the imagination fig die Fantasie anregen

c) ermuntern, aufmuntern:

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(make vigorous) stärken; (physically) kräftigen

hard·en [ʼhɑ:d^ən, Am ʼhɑ:rd-] vt

1) ( make harder) etw härten; arteries etw verhärten

2) ( make tougher) attitude etw verhärten;

to \harden one's heart sein Herz verhärten;

if she could \harden her heart... wenn sie weniger sensibel wäre...;

to \harden sb [to sth] jdn [gegen etw akk] abstumpfen ( pej), jdn [gegen etw akk] unempfindlich machen;

the terrorists were \hardened to killing den Terroristen machte das Töten nichts mehr aus

3) ( make stronger) muscles etw kräftigen;

to \harden one's body seinen Körper stählen;

to \harden sb [to sth] jdn [gegen etw akk] abhärten vi

1) ( become hard) sich akk verfestigen, hart werden

2) ( become tough) sich akk verhärten; attitude unnachgiebig werden; face sich versteinern;

the government has \hardened to the view that... die Regierung ist zu der festen Ansicht gelangt, dass...

3) econ price sich akk festigen

in·crease vi [ɪnʼkri:s]

prices, taxes, interest rates [an]steigen; pain, troubles, worries stärker werden, zunehmen;

to \increase dramatically [or drastically] dramatisch [o drastisch] [an]steigen; population, wealth anwachsen;

to \increase tenfold/ threefold sich akk verzehnfachen/verdreifachen vt [ɪnʼkri:s];

to \increase sth ( make more) etw erhöhen;

( make stronger) etw verstärken;

( make larger) etw vergrößern;

gently \increase the heat die Hitze langsam erhöhen n [ʼɪnkri:s] Anstieg m, Zunahme f;

the \increase in the number of unemployed der Anstieg der Arbeitslosenzahlen;

an \increase in production eine Steigerung der Produktion;

the \increase in violence die zunehmende Gewalt;

the \increase in pollution die zunehmende Umweltverschmutzung;

price \increase Preisanstieg m;

tax \increase Steuererhöhung f;

to be on the \increase ansteigen; in numbers [mehr und] [o [immer]] mehr werden; in size [immer] größer werden

build [bɪld]

(verb: preterite, past participle built)

1. noun

( = physique) corpulence f

• of medium build de corpulence moyenne

• of slim build fluet

2. transitive verb

construire ; [+ nest] faire ; [+ empire, company] bâtir

• the hotel was still being built l'hôtel était encore en construction

• this car was not built for speed cette voiture n'était pas conçue pour la vitesse

• the house was built into the hillside la maison était à flanc de colline

3. intransitive verb

• to build on a piece of land construire sur un terrain

• it's a good start, something to build on c'est une base solide sur laquelle on peut bâtir

► build in separable transitive verb

[+ safeguards] intégrer ( into à)

► build on separable transitive verb

[+ room, annex] ajouter (to à)

► build up

1. intransitive verb

[business connection] se développer ; [tension, pressure, excitement] monter

2. separable transitive verb

   a. [+ reputation] bâtir ; [+ business] monter ; [+ production, forces, tension, excitement] augmenter

   b. ( = make stronger) donner des forces à

   c. ( = make much of) [+ story] faire du battage (inf) autour de

• they built him up as some kind of star ils en ont fait une sorte de vedette

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noun carrure f

transitive verb (prét, pp built)

1) ( construct) construire [factory, city, railway]; édifier [church, monument]

2) ( assemble) construire [engine, ship]

3) Computing créer [software, interface]

4) ( establish) bâtir [career, future]; établir [relations, relationship]; fonder [empire]; créer [prosperity]; former [team]

5) Games former [sequence, set, word]

intransitive verb (prét, pp built)

1) ( construct) construire

2) fig ( use as a foundation)

•

- build in

- build up

empower [ɪmˈpaʊə^r]

   a. ( = authorize) to empower sb to do sth autoriser qn à faire qch ; (legally) habiliter qn à faire qch

   b. to empower sb ( = make stronger) rendre qn plus fort ; ( = make more independent) permettre à qn de s'assumer

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transitive verb ( legally)

v. concentrate, focus, pay attention; collect in one place; make stronger, make more intense

toughen vtr

1 ( make stronger) renforcer [leather, plastic] ; tremper [glass, steel] ; durcir [skin] ; consolider [wall] ; endurcir [person] ;

2 ( make stricter) ( also toughen up) renforcer [law, regulation, penalty] ; durcir [stance, position].

■ toughen up:

▶ toughen up [person] s'endurcir ;

▶ toughen [sb] up, toughen up [sb] endurcir [person] ;

▶ toughen [sth] up, toughen up [sth] durcir [legislation].

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Soon after graduating from the Ecole des Mines at St-Etienne in 1910, Chevenard joined the Société de Commentry Fourchambault et Decazeville at their steelworks at Imphy, where he remained for the whole of his career. Imphy had for some years specialized in the production of nickel steels. From this venture emerged the first austenitic nickel-chromium steel, containing 6 per cent chromium and 22–4 per cent nickel and produced commercially in 1895. Most of the alloys required by Guillaume in his search for the low-expansion alloy Invar were made at Imphy. At the Imphy Research Laboratory, established in 1911, Chevenard conducted research into the development of specialized nickel-based alloys. His first success followed from an observation that some of the ferro-nickels were free from the low-temperature brittleness exhibited by conventional steels. To satisfy the technical requirements of Georges Claude, the French cryogenic pioneer, Chevenard was then able in 1912 to develop an alloy containing 55–60 per cent nickel, 1–3 per cent manganese and 0.2–0.4 per cent carbon. This was ductile down to −190°C, at which temperature carbon steel was very brittle.

By 1916 Elinvar, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with an elastic modulus that did not vary appreciably with changes in ambient temperature, had been identified. This found extensive use in horology and instrument manufacture, and even for the production of high-quality tuning forks. Another very popular alloy was Platinite, which had the same coefficient of thermal expansion as platinum and soda glass. It was used in considerable quantities by incandescent-lamp manufacturers for lead-in wires. Other materials developed by Chevenard at this stage to satisfy the requirements of the electrical industry included resistance alloys, base-metal thermocouple combinations, magnetically soft high-permeability alloys, and nickel-aluminium permanent magnet steels of very high coercivity which greatly improved the power and reliability of car magnetos. Thermostatic bimetals of all varieties soon became an important branch of manufacture at Imphy.

During the remainder of his career at Imphy, Chevenard brilliantly elaborated the work on nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys to make stronger pressure vessels for the Haber and other chemical processes. Another famous alloy that he developed, ATV, contained 35 per cent nickel and 11 per cent chromium and was free from the problem of stress-induced cracking in steam that had hitherto inhibited the development of high-power steam turbines. Between 1912 and 1917, Chevenard recognized the harmful effects of traces of carbon on this type of alloy, and in the immediate postwar years he found efficient methods of scavenging the residual carbon by controlled additions of reactive metals. This led to the development of a range of stabilized austenitic stainless steels which were free from the problems of intercrystalline corrosion and weld decay that then caused so much difficulty to the manufacturers of chemical plant.

Chevenard soon concluded that only the nickel-chromium system could provide a satisfactory basis for the subsequent development of high-temperature alloys. The first published reference to the strengthening of such materials by additions of aluminium and/or titanium occurs in his UK patent of 1929. This strengthening approach was adopted in the later wartime development in Britain of the Nimonic series of alloys, all of which depended for their high-temperature strength upon the precipitated compound Ni3Al.

In 1936 he was studying the effect of what is now known as "thermal fatigue", which contributes to the eventual failure of both gas and steam turbines. He then published details of equipment for assessing the susceptibility of nickel-chromium alloys to this type of breakdown by a process of repeated quenching. Around this time he began to make systematic use of the thermo-gravimetrie balance for high-temperature oxidation studies.

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- reinforcement

tr[riːɪn'fɔːs]

transitive verb

1 reforzar

\

reinforced concrete hormigón nombre masculino armado

reinforce [.ri:ən'fors] vt, - forced ; - forcing : reforzar

• adminicular v.

• armar v.

• rebatir v.

• reforzar v.

a) \<\<material/structure\>\> reforzar*

b) \<\<argument/prejudice\>\> reafirmar

[ˌriːɪn'fɔːs]

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a) \<\<material/structure\>\> reforzar*

b) \<\<argument/prejudice\>\> reafirmar

- reinforcement

forsterke

verb \/ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs\/

1) ( militærvesen) forsterke

2) (om klær, musikk e.l.) forsterke

3) underbygge

• you will have to reinforce your accusations

4) ( arkitektur) armere

reinforced concrete armert betong, jernbetong

कचः [कच्यन्ते बध्यन्ते इति कचः, कच्-अच्]

1 Hair (especially of the head); कचेषु च निगृह्यैतान् Mb.; see ˚ग्रह below; अलिनीजिष्णुः कचानां चयः Bh.1.5.

-2 A dry or healed sore, scar.

-3 A binding, band.

-4 The hem of a garment.

-5 A cloud.

-6 N. of a son of Brihaspati. [In their long warfare with the demons, the gods were often times defeated, and rendered quite helpless. But such of the demons as would be slain in battle were restored to life by Śukrāchārya, their preceptor, by means of a mystic charm which he alone possessed. The gods resolved to secure, if possible, this charm for themselves, and induced Kacha to go to Śukrāchārya and learn it from him by becoming his disciple. So Kacha went to the preceptor, but the demons killed Kacha twice lest he should succeed in mastering the lore; but on both occasions he was restored to life by the sage at the intercession of Devayānī, his daughter, who had fallen in love with the youth. Thus discomfited the Asuras killed him a third time, burnt his body, and mixed his ashes with Śukra's wine; but Devayānī again begged her father to restore to life the youth. Not being able to resist his daughter's importunities, Śukra once more performed the charm, and, to his surprise, heard the voice of Kacha issuing from his own belly. To save his own life the sage taught him the much- coveted charm, and, on the belly of Śukra being ripped open, Kacha performed the charm and restored his master to life. Devayānī thence forward began to make stronger advances of love to him, but he steadily resisted her proposals, telling her that she was to him as a younger sister. She thereupon cursed him that the great charm he had learnt would be powerless; he, in return, cursed her that she should be sought by no Brāhmaṇa, but would become a Kṣatriya's wife.]

-चा 1 A female elephant; करिण्यां तु कचा स्त्रियाम् । मेदिनी.

-2 Beauty, splendour.

-Comp. -अग्रम् curls, end of hair.

-आचित a. having dishevelled hair; कचाचितौ विष्वगिवागजौ गजौ Ki.1.36.

-आमोदः a. fragrant ointment of the hair (वाळा).

-ग्रहः seizing the hair, seizing (one) by the hair; Mb.5.155.5; R.1.47, पलायनच्छलान्यञ्जसेति रुरुधुः कचग्रहैः R.19.31.

-पः 1 'cloud drinker', grass.

-2 a leaf. (

-पम्) a vessel for vegetables.

-पक्षः, -पाशः, -हस्तः thick or orna- mented hair; (according to Ak. these three words denote a collection; पाशः, पक्षश्च हस्तश्च कलापार्थाः कचात्परे).

-मालः smoke.

a) (Mil) ‹lugar/plaza› to fortify

b) ( dar fuerza) to strengthen, make … stronger

- reinforcement