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81 invent
[ɪn'vent]verbo transitivo inventare* * *[in'vent]1) (to be the first person to make or use (eg a machine, method etc): Who invented the microscope?; When was printing invented?) inventare2) (to make up or think of (eg an excuse or story): I'll have to invent some excuse for not going with him.) inventare•- inventive
- inventiveness
- inventor* * *[ɪn'vent]verbo transitivo inventare -
82 invent
transitive verb* * *[in'vent]1) (to be the first person to make or use (eg a machine, method etc): Who invented the microscope?; When was printing invented?) erfinden2) (to make up or think of (eg an excuse or story): I'll have to invent some excuse for not going with him.) erfinden•- academic.ru/39114/invention">invention- inventive
- inventiveness
- inventor* * *in·vent[ɪnˈvent]vt▪ to \invent sth1. (create) etw erfinden* * *[ɪn'vent]vterfinden* * *invent [ınˈvent] v/t1. erfinden2. ersinnen3. etwas Unwahres erfinden, erdichten* * *transitive verb* * *v.ausdenken v.erfinden v. -
83 invent
[ɪn'vɛnt]vtmachine, system wynajdywać (wynaleźć perf); game, phrase wymyślać (wymyślić perf); ( fabricate) zmyślać (zmyślić perf), wymyślać (wymyślić perf)* * *[in'vent]1) (to be the first person to make or use (eg a machine, method etc): Who invented the microscope?; When was printing invented?) wynaleźć2) (to make up or think of (eg an excuse or story): I'll have to invent some excuse for not going with him.) wymyślać•- inventive
- inventiveness
- inventor -
84 invent
[in'vent]1) (to be the first person to make or use (eg a machine, method etc): Who invented the microscope?; When was printing invented?) izgudrot2) (to make up or think of (eg an excuse or story): I'll have to invent some excuse for not going with him.) izdomāt•- inventive
- inventiveness
- inventor* * *izgudrot; sagudrot, izdomāt -
85 invent
[in'vent]1) (to be the first person to make or use (eg a machine, method etc): Who invented the microscope?; When was printing invented?) išrasti2) (to make up or think of (eg an excuse or story): I'll have to invent some excuse for not going with him.) sugalvoti•- inventive
- inventiveness
- inventor -
86 invent
v. hitta på; uppfinna* * *[in'vent]1) (to be the first person to make or use (eg a machine, method etc): Who invented the microscope?; When was printing invented?) uppfinna2) (to make up or think of (eg an excuse or story): I'll have to invent some excuse for not going with him.) hitta på, tänka ut•- inventive
- inventiveness
- inventor -
87 invent
[in'vent]1) (to be the first person to make or use (eg a machine, method etc): Who invented the microscope?; When was printing invented?) vynalézt2) (to make up or think of (eg an excuse or story): I'll have to invent some excuse for not going with him.) vymyslit si•- inventive
- inventiveness
- inventor* * *• vymyslit• vymýšlet• vynalézt• vymyslet• stvořit -
88 invent
[in'vent]1) (to be the first person to make or use (eg a machine, method etc): Who invented the microscope?; When was printing invented?) vynájsť2) (to make up or think of (eg an excuse or story): I'll have to invent some excuse for not going with him.) vymyslieť si•- inventive
- inventiveness
- inventor* * *• vynájst• vymysliet si -
89 invent
[in'vent]1) (to be the first person to make or use (eg a machine, method etc): Who invented the microscope?; When was printing invented?) a inventa2) (to make up or think of (eg an excuse or story): I'll have to invent some excuse for not going with him.) a inventa, a născoci•- inventive
- inventiveness
- inventor -
90 invent
[in'vent]1) (to be the first person to make or use (eg a machine, method etc): Who invented the microscope?; When was printing invented?) εφευρίσκω2) (to make up or think of (eg an excuse or story): I'll have to invent some excuse for not going with him.) επινοώ•- inventive
- inventiveness
- inventor -
91 word
слово; сообщение; замечание; пароль; "Ворд" (текстовой редактор); pl текст♦ banner word начальное слово; заголовок♦ bazz words штампы; стандартные приемы, используемые в рекламе♦ coined, concocted, made word см. invented word♦ direction, guide word колонтитул♦ invented word выдуманное, искуственно образованное слово -
92 Double Velvet
Made by having the pile warp stretched between two layers of foundation cloths; a knife cuts the pile in the middle between the two layers. It is recorded that this idea was first worked in Zurich during the 18th century - Then in Lyons. Martin, a manufacturer at Tarare, applied the idea to plushes. During the early part of the 19th century Davis invented a double-velvet loom. In 1838 Guillot, Lyons, invented a double-velvet loom with vertical warp, the two layers of cloth being separated as the weaving progressed. -
93 invent
[in'vent]1) (to be the first person to make or use (eg a machine, method etc): Who invented the microscope?; When was printing invented?) inventer2) (to make up or think of (eg an excuse or story): I'll have to invent some excuse for not going with him.) inventer•- inventive - inventiveness - inventor -
94 invent
[in'vent]1) (to be the first person to make or use (eg a machine, method etc): Who invented the microscope?; When was printing invented?) inventar2) (to make up or think of (eg an excuse or story): I'll have to invent some excuse for not going with him.) inventar•- inventive - inventiveness - inventor -
95 Adams, William Bridges
[br]b. 1797 Madeley, Staffordshire, Englandd. 23 July 1872 Broadstairs, Kent, England[br]English inventory particularly of road and rail vehicles and their equipment.[br]Ill health forced Adams to live abroad when he was a young man and when he returned to England in the early 1830s he became a partner in his father's firm of coachbuilders. Coaches during that period were steered by a centrally pivoted front axle, which meant that the front wheels had to swing beneath the body and were therefore made smaller than the rear wheels. Adams considered this design defective and invented equirotal coaches, built by his firm, in which the front and rear wheels were of equal diameter and the coach body was articulated midway along its length so that the front part pivoted. He also applied himself to improving vehicles for railways, which were developing rapidly then.In 1843 he opened his own engineering works, Fairfield Works in north London (he was not related to his contemporary William Adams, who was appointed Locomotive Superintendent to the North London Railway in 1854). In 1847 he and James Samuel, Engineer to the Eastern Counties Railway, built for that line a small steam inspection car, the Express, which was light enough to be lifted off the track. The following year Adams built a broad-gauge steam railcar, the Fairfield, for the Bristol \& Exeter Railway at the insistance of the line's Engineer, C.H.Gregory: self-propelled and passenger-carrying, this was the first railcar. Adams developed the concept further into a light locomotive that could haul two or three separate carriages, and light locomotives built both by his own firm and by other noted builders came into vogue for a decade or more.In 1847 Adams also built eight-wheeled coaches for the Eastern Counties Railway that were larger and more spacious than most others of the day: each in effect comprised two four-wheeled coaches articulated together, with wheels that were allowed limited side-play. He also realized the necessity for improvements to railway track, the weakest point of which was the joints between the rails, whose adjoining ends were normally held in common chairs. Adams invented the fishplated joint, first used by the Eastern Counties Railway in 1849 and subsequently used almost universally.Adams was a prolific inventor. Most important of his later inventions was the radial axle, which was first applied to the leading and trailing wheels of a 2–4–2 tank engine, the White Raven, built in 1863; Adams's radial axle was the forerunner of all later radial axles. However, the sprung tyres with which White Raven was also fitted (an elastic steel hoop was interposed between wheel centre and tyre) were not perpetuated. His inventiveness was not restricted to engineering: in matters of dress, his adoption, perhaps invention, of the turn-down collar at a time when men conventionally wore standup collars had lasting effect.[br]BibliographyAdams took out some thirty five British patents, including one for the fishplate in 1847. He wrote copiously, as journalist and author: his most important book was English Pleasure Carriages (1837), a detailed description of coachbuilding, together with ideas for railway vehicles and track. The 1971 reprint (Bath: Adams \& Dart) has a biographical introduction by Jack Simmons.Further ReadingC.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allan, Ch. 1. See also England, George.PJGR -
96 Allen, John F.
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 1829 Englandd. 2 October 1900 New York (?), USA[br]English inventor of the Allen valve used on his pioneering high-speed engines.[br]Allen was taken to the United States from England when he was 12 years old. He became an engineer on the Curlew, a freight boat running between New York and Providence. A defect which caused the engine to race in rough weather led Allen to invent a new valve gear, but he found it could not be fitted to the Corliss engine. In 1856 he patented an improved form of valve and operating gear to reduce back-pressure in the cylinder, which was in fact the reverse of what happened in his later engines. In 1860 he repaired the engines of a New York felt-hat manufacturer, Henry Burr, and that winter he was introduced to Charles Porter. Porter realized the potential of Allen's valves for his idea of a high-speed engine, and the Porter-Allen engine became the pioneer of high-speed designs.Porter persuaded Allen to patent his new valves and two patents were obtained in 1862. These valves could be driven positively and yet the travel of the inlet could be varied to give the maximum expansion at different cut-offs. Also, the valves allowed an exceptionally good flow of steam. While Porter went to England and tried to interest manufacturers there, Allen remained in America and continued work on the engine. Within a few years he invented an inclined watertube boiler, but he seemed incapable of furthering his inventions once they had been placed on the market. Although he mortgaged his own house in order to help finance the factory for building the steam engine, in the early 1870s he left Porter and built a workshop of his own at Mott Haven. There he invented important systems for riveting by pneumatic machines through both percussion and pressure which led into the production of air compressors and riveting machines.[br]Further ReadingObituaries appeared in engineering journals at the time of his death.Dictionary of American Biography, 1928, Vol. I, New York: C.Scribner's Sons. C.T.Porter, 1908, Engineering Reminiscences, New York: J.Wiley \& Sons, reprint 1985, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay Publications (provides details of Allen's valve design).R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (covers the development of the Porter-Allen engine).RLH -
97 Anderson, John
SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour[br]b. 1726 Roseneath, Dumbartonshire, Scotlandd. 13 January 1796[br]Scottish natural philosopher.[br]Born in Roseneath manse, son of the minister, he was educated after his father's death by an aunt, a Mrs Turner, to whom he later paid back the cost, and was later an officer in the corps that was raised to resist the rebellion of 1745. He studied at Glasgow, where in 1756 he became Professor of Oriental Languages and, in 1760, Professor of Natural Philosophy; he is notable for allowing artisans to attend his lectures in their working clothes. He planned the fortifications set up to defend Greenock in 1759, and was sympathetic with the French Revolution. He invented a cannon in which the recoil was counteracted by the condensation of air in the carriage. After unsuccessfully trying to interest the Government in this gun, he went to Paris in 1791 and offered it to the National Convention. While there he invented a means of smuggling French newspapers into Germany by the use of small balloons. He lost in a lawsuit with the other professors. In 1786 he published Institutes of Physics, which ran to five editions in ten years, and in 1800 he wrote on Roman antiquities. Upon his death he left all his library and apparatus to an educational institute, which was named after him but has now become the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.[br]Bibliography1786, Institutes of Physics.Further ReadingGlasgow Mechanics' Magazine.IMcN -
98 Armstrong, Edwin Howard
[br]b. 18 December 1890 New York City, New York, USAd. 31 January 1954 New York City, New York, USA[br]American engineer who invented the regenerative and superheterodyne amplifiers and frequency modulation, all major contributions to radio communication and broadcasting.[br]Interested from childhood in anything mechanical, as a teenager Armstrong constructed a variety of wireless equipment in the attic of his parents' home, including spark-gap transmitters and receivers with iron-filing "coherer" detectors capable of producing weak Morse-code signals. In 1912, while still a student of engineering at Columbia University, he applied positive, i.e. regenerative, feedback to a Lee De Forest triode amplifier to just below the point of oscillation and obtained a gain of some 1,000 times, giving a receiver sensitivity very much greater than hitherto possible. Furthermore, by allowing the circuit to go into full oscillation he found he could generate stable continuous-waves, making possible the first reliable CW radio transmitter. Sadly, his claim to priority with this invention, for which he filed US patents in 1913, the year he graduated from Columbia, led to many years of litigation with De Forest, to whom the US Supreme Court finally, but unjustly, awarded the patent in 1934. The engineering world clearly did not agree with this decision, for the Institution of Radio Engineers did not revoke its previous award of a gold medal and he subsequently received the highest US scientific award, the Franklin Medal, for this discovery.During the First World War, after some time as an instructor at Columbia University, he joined the US Signal Corps laboratories in Paris, where in 1918 he invented the superheterodyne, a major contribution to radio-receiver design and for which he filed a patent in 1920. The principle of this circuit, which underlies virtually all modern radio, TV and radar reception, is that by using a local oscillator to convert, or "heterodyne", a wanted signal to a lower, fixed, "intermediate" frequency it is possible to obtain high amplification and selectivity without the need to "track" the tuning of numerous variable circuits.Returning to Columbia after the war and eventually becoming Professor of Electrical Engineering, he made a fortune from the sale of his patent rights and used part of his wealth to fund his own research into further problems in radio communication, particularly that of receiver noise. In 1933 he filed four patents covering the use of wide-band frequency modulation (FM) to achieve low-noise, high-fidelity sound broadcasting, but unable to interest RCA he eventually built a complete broadcast transmitter at his own expense in 1939 to prove the advantages of his system. Unfortunately, there followed another long battle to protect and exploit his patents, and exhausted and virtually ruined he took his own life in 1954, just as the use of FM became an established technique.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitution of Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1917. Franklin Medal 1937. IERE Edison Medal 1942. American Medal for Merit 1947.Bibliography1922, "Some recent developments in regenerative circuits", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 10:244.1924, "The superheterodyne. Its origin, developments and some recent improvements", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 12:549.1936, "A method of reducing disturbances in radio signalling by a system of frequency modulation", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 24:689.Further ReadingL.Lessing, 1956, Man of High-Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong, pbk 1969 (the only definitive biography).W.R.Maclaurin and R.J.Harman, 1949, Invention \& Innovation in the Radio Industry.J.R.Whitehead, 1950, Super-regenerative Receivers.A.N.Goldsmith, 1948, Frequency Modulation (for the background to the development of frequency modulation, in the form of a large collection of papers and an extensive bibliog raphy).KFBiographical history of technology > Armstrong, Edwin Howard
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99 Barlow, Edward
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]baptized 15 December 1636 near Warrington, Cheshire, England d. 1716[br]English priest and mechanician who invented rack striking, repeating mechanisms for clocks and watches and, with others, patented a horizontal escapement for watches.[br]Barlow was the son of Edward Booth, but he adopted the surname of his godfather, the Benedictine monk Ambrose Barlow, as a condition of his will. In 1659 he entered the English College at Lisbon, and after being ordained a priest he was sent to the English mission. There he resided at Parkhall in Lancashire, the seat of Mr Houghton, with whom he later collaborated on the horizontal escapement.At a time when it was difficult to produce a light to examine the dial of a clock or watch at night, a mechanism that would indicate the hours and subdivisions of the hour audibly and at will was highly desirable. The count wheel, which had been used from the earliest times to control the striking of a clock, was unsuitable for this purpose as it struck the hours in sequence. If the mechanism was set off manually to determine the time, the strike would no longer correspond with the indications on the dial. In 1675 Barlow invented rack striking, where the hour struck was determined solely by the position of the hour hand. With this mechanism it was therefore possible to repeat the hour at will, without upsetting the sequence of striking. In 1687 Barlow tried to patent a method of repeating for watches, but it was rejected by James II in favour of a system produced by the watchmaker Daniel Quare and which was simpler to operate. He was successful in obtaining a patent for a horizontal escapement for watches in 1695, in collaboration with William Hough ton and Thomas Tompion. Although this escapement was little used, it can be regarded as the forerunner of the cylinder escapement that George Graham introduced c. 1725.[br]Bibliography1695 (with William Houghton and Thomas Tompion), British patent no. 344 (a horizontal escapement).Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography, 1885, Vol. 1, Oxford, S.V.Barlow.Britten's Old Clocks \& Watches and Their Makers, 1982, rev. Cecil Clutton, 9th edn, London, pp. 148, 310, 313 (provides a technical description of rack striking, repeating work and the horizontal escapement).DV -
100 Bruce, David
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. c.1801 USAd. 13 September 1892 USA[br]American inventor of the first successful typecaster.[br]He was the son of David Bruce, typefounder, who introduced stereotyping into the USA. As a boy, he was employed on various tasks about the typefoundry and printing works of D. \& G. Bruce until 1819, when he was apprenticed to William Fry of Philadelphia, at that time the most eminent printer in America. However, he ran away from Fry and returned to his father, from whom he continued to learn the typefounder's trade. Around 1828 he moved to Albany, where he took charge of a typefoundry. Two years later he was back in New York and joined the firm of George Bruce \& Co. In 1834 he moved to New Jersey, where he set about producing the improved form of typecasting machine for which he is chiefly known. Having achieved success, he set up in business again in New York and remained there until his retirement some twenty-five years before his death. Bruce in fact invented the first effective typecasting machine in New York in 1838 and patented it the same year. His machine incorporated a force pump to drive the molten metal from the pot into the mould. The machine, operated by a wheel turned by hand, could produce forty sorts of various sizes per minute. The machine speeded up the production of type: between 3,000 and 7,000 pieces of type could be cast by hand, whereas these figures were raised to between 12,000 and 20,000 by the casting machine. The Bruce caster was not introduced into Britain until 1853. It was later supplanted by improved machines, notably that invented by Wicks.[br]Bibliography1887, letter, Inland Printer (September) (provides some biographical details).Further ReadingObituary, 1892, Inland Printer (November): 150.James Moran, 1965, The Composition of Reading Matter, London: Wace (provides some details of the Bruce machine).LRD
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invented — index assumed (feigned), fictitious, illusory, mendacious, unfounded, untrue Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton … Law dictionary
Invented — Invent In*vent , v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Invented}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Inventing}.] [L. inventus, p. p. of invenire to come upon, to find, invent; pref. in in + venire to come, akin to E. come: cf. F. inventer. See {Come}.] [1913 Webster] 1. To come… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
invented — adjective fictional, made up, imaginary. The invented alibi didnt stand up long … Wiktionary
Invented Here — is an opposite of Not Invented Here that occurs when management of an organisation is uncomfortable with innovation or development conducted in house. Reasons why this might be the case are varied, and range from a lack of confidence in the staff … Wikipedia
invented — Synonyms and related words: coined, conceived, concocted, cooked up, discovered, fabricated, fabulous, fancied, fantasied, fantastic, fictional, fictitious, figmental, forged, hatched, legendary, made up, manufactured, minted, mythical, new… … Moby Thesaurus
invented — (Roget s Thesaurus II) adjective Consisting or suggestive of fiction: fanciful, fantastic, fantastical, fictional, fictitious, fictive, made up. See REAL … English dictionary for students
invented — adj. created, designed; fabricated, concocted in·vent || ɪn vent v. originate, create, design; fabricate, concoct … English contemporary dictionary
INVENTED — … Useful english dictionary
