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1 Armed forces
Although armed force has been a major factor in the development of the Portuguese nation-state, a standing army did not exist until after the War of Restoration (1641-48). During the 18th century, Portugal's small army was drawn into many European wars. In 1811, a combined Anglo-Portuguese army drove the French army of Napoleon out of the country. After Germany declared war on Portugal in March 1916, two Portuguese divisions were conscripted and sent to France, where they sustained heavy casualties at the Battle of Lys in April 1918. As Portugal and Spain were neutral in World War II, the Portuguese Army cooperated with the Spanish army to defend Iberian neutrality. In 1949, Portugal became a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). When the nationalist quest for independence began in Portugal's colonies in Africa ( Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau) in the 1960s, the military effort (1961-74) to suppress the nationalists resulted in an expansion of the Portuguese armed forces to about 250,000.Since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the number of personnel on active duty in the army, navy, and air force has been greatly reduced (43,200 in 2007) and given a more direct role in NATO. New NATO commitments led to the organization of the Brigada Mista Independente (Independent Composite Brigade), later converted into the Brigada Aero-Transportada. (Air-Transported Brigade) to be used in the defense of Europe's southern flank. The Portuguese air force and navy are responsible for the defense of the Azores-Madeira-Portugal strategic triangle.Chronic military intervention in Portuguese political life began in the 19th century. These interventions usually began with revolts of the military ( pronunciamentos) in order to get rid of what were considered by the armed forces corrupt or incompetent civilian governments. The army overthrew the monarchy on the 5 October 1910 and established Portugal's First Republic. It overthrew the First Republic on 28 May 1926 and established a military dictatorship. The army returned to the barracks during the Estado Novo of Antônio de Oliveira Salazar. The armed forces once again returned to politics when the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) overthrew the Estado Novo on 25 April 1974. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the armed forces again played a major role in Portuguese politics through the Council of the Revolution, which was composed of the president of the Republic, Chiefs of the general staff, three service chiefs, and 14 MFA officers. The Council of the Revolution advised the president on the selection of the prime minister and could veto legislation.The subordination of the Portuguese armed forces to civilian authority began in 1982, when revisions to the Constitution abolished the Council of the Revolution and redefined the mission of the armed forces to that of safeguarding and defending the national territory. By the early 1990s, the political influence of Portugal armed force had waned and civilian control was reinforced with the National Defense Laws of 1991, which made the chief of the general staff of the armed forces directly responsible to the minister of defense, not the president of the republic, as had been the case previously. As the end of the Cold War had eliminated the threat of a Soviet invasion of western Europe, Portuguese armed forces continues to be scaled back and reorganized. Currently, the focus is on modernization to achieve high operational efficiency in certain areas such as air defense, naval patrols, and rapid-response capability in case of terrorist attack. Compulsory military service was ended in 2004. The Portuguese armed forces have been employed as United Nations peacekeepers in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Lebanon. -
2 Armed forces
Since the phasing out of conscription in 2001, the French armed forces have become fully professional. In 2001, the total manpower of the French military was 516,112 people, 216,538 of them in the Armée de Terre(the land army), 70,802 in the Armée de l'Air (the Air Force), and 59,450 in the Marine Nationale (the navy). The total figure also includes 100,358 men and women in the Gendarmerie, which, though a police force, is considered as one of the armed forces in France. A further 65,964 people were employed in general military support and social services.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Armed forces
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3 Armed Forces Movement / Movimento das Forças Armadas
(MFA)The organization of career military who overthrew the Estado Novo in a virtually bloodless military coup or pronunciamento generating the Revolution of 25 April 1974. This organization began as a clandestine group of junior career officers, largely from the army, but later including air force and navy officers, who had a series of secret meetings in Évora and other cities beginning in the summer and fall of 1973. The general grievances of these officers, who tended to be junior officers in their thirties and forties with the ranks of lieutenant, captain, and major, centered on the colonial wars in Portugal's African Empire. By 1973, these conflicts were more than a decade old, and in two of the wars, namely Guinea- Bissau and Mozambique, the Portuguese forces were taking heavy losses and losing ground. The catalyst for organizing a formal protest at first was not political but professional and corporate: a July 1973 law passed by the Marcello Caetano government that responded to a shortage of officer candidates in the African wars by lowering the professional qualifications for officer candidates for militia officers, something deeply resented by the career officers. The MFA organized the military coup of 1974 that met little resistance.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Armed Forces Movement / Movimento das Forças Armadas
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4 Armed Forces
Military: AF -
5 Armed Forces Act
Military: AFA -
6 Armed Forces Africa (used with APO/FPO)
Abbreviation: AEУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Armed Forces Africa (used with APO/FPO)
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7 Armed Forces Air Intelligence Training Center
Military: AFAITCУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Armed Forces Air Intelligence Training Center
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8 Armed Forces Americas
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Armed Forces Americas
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9 Armed Forces Assistance to Korea
Military: AFAKУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Armed Forces Assistance to Korea
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10 Armed Forces Broadcasters Association
Abbreviation: AFBAУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Armed Forces Broadcasters Association
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11 Armed Forces Canada (used with APO/FPO)
Abbreviation: AEУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Armed Forces Canada (used with APO/FPO)
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12 Armed Forces Chemical Association
Military: AFCAУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Armed Forces Chemical Association
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13 Armed Forces Command Center
Military: AFCCУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Armed Forces Command Center
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14 Armed Forces Communications & Electronics Association
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Armed Forces Communications & Electronics Association
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15 Armed Forces Communications Association
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Armed Forces Communications Association
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16 Armed Forces Communications Electronics Association
Military: AFCEAУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Armed Forces Communications Electronics Association
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17 Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association
Military: AFCEAУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association
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18 Armed Forces Council
Military: AFCУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Armed Forces Council
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19 Armed Forces Courier Service
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Armed Forces Courier Service
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20 Armed Forces Day
Military: AFD
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