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61 Vroom, Victor Harold
(b. 1932) Gen MgtCanadian academic. An authority on the psychological analysis of behavior in organizations, whose work includes contributions on motivation, leadership styles, and decision making. He described his expectancy theory in Work and Motivation (1964). -
62 Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)
[br]b. 14 June 1890 Little Shasta, California, USAd. 3 May 1969 California, USA[br]American pioneer of diesel rail traction.[br]Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.[br]Further ReadingP.M.Reck, 1948, On Time: The History of the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors Corporation, La Grange, Ill.: General Motors (describes Hamilton's career).PJGRBiographical history of technology > Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)
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63 Maiman, Theodore Harold
[br]b. 11 July 1927 Los Angeles, California, USA[br]American physicist who developed the laser.[br]The son of an electrical engineer, Theodore H. Maiman graduated with the degree of BS in engineering physics from the University of Colorado in 1949. He then went on to do postgraduate work at Stanford University, where he gained an MS in electrical engineering in 1951 and a PhD in physics in 1955 for work on spectroscopy using microwave-optical techniques. He then joined the Hughes Research Laboratories, where he worked on the stimulated emission of microwave energy. In this field Charles H. Townes had developed the maser (an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) and in a paper in 1958 with Arthur L. Schawlow he had suggested the possibility of a further development into optical frequencies, or, of an optical maser, later known as a laser (an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). Maiman was the first to achieve this when in May 1960 he operated a ruby laser and coherent light was produced for the first time. In 1962 he founded his own company, Korad Corporation, for research, development and manufacture of high-power lasers. He founded Maiman Associates in 1968, acting as consultant on lasers and optics. He was a co-founder of the Laser Video Corporation in 1972, and in 1976 he became Vice-President for advanced technology at TRW Electronics.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFranklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1962. American Electrical Society/American Astronautical Society Award 1965. American Physical Society Oliver E.Buckley Solid State Physics Prize 1966. Fannie and John Hertz Foundation Award for Applied Physical Science 1966. American Optical Society R.W.Wood Prize 1976.Bibliography1980, entry in McGraw-Hill Modern Scientists and Engineers, Part 2, New York, pp. 271–2 (autobiographical).RTSBiographical history of technology > Maiman, Theodore Harold
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64 Ridley, Nicholas Harold Lloyd
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 10 July 1906 Leicester, England[br]English ophthalmic surgeon, pioneer of intra-ocular lens implants.[br]Following a medical education at Cambridge and St Thomas's Hospital, London, he was appointed at an early age to the post of Surgeon to Moorfields Eye Hospital (Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital). During the Second World War he served abroad in Africa as an ophthalmic specialist and became an authority on onchocerciasis (river blindness) and filiariasis.His experience of the inertness of plastic material retained inside the eye in injured aircraft personnel led him to investigate the possibility of replacing cataractous lenses with intra-ocular plastic lenses. After his appointment as Consultant Ophthalmologist to St Thomas's in 1946, the first lens implant procedure was successfully carried out in 1949. The implantation of glass lenses in the treatment of myopia had been attempted in Germany at the end of the nineteenth century, but the weight of the material had militated against a successful outcome.It was some time before the new procedure, which owed much to his surgical dexterity, became widely accepted, but the work of Strampelli, Binkhorst and others led to its wider application; intra-ocular implants are now a standard element of the surgical treatment of cataract.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1986. Royal Society Galen Medal 1986; Crook Gold Medal 1988.Bibliography1951, "Intraocular acrylic lenses", Trans. Ophth. Soc. UK.1964, "Intraocular lenses—past, present and future", Trans. Ophth. Soc. UK.Further ReadingS.Duke-Elder, 1969, System of Ophthalmology, Vol. 9, London.MGBiographical history of technology > Ridley, Nicholas Harold Lloyd
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65 ethnomethodology
сущ.соц. этнометодология (направление в американской социологии, использующее методы этнографии и антропологии в качестве общей методологии социальной науки; предметом этнометодологии выступают процедуры интерпретаций, скрытые, неосознаваемые, нерефлексированные механизмы социальной коммуникации между людьми; основано Г. Гарфинкелем в 1960-х гг.; в дальнейшем распалось на ряд течений: анализ разговорной речи (Г. Сакс, Дж. Джеферсон), этнометодологическую герменевтику (А. Блюм, П. Мак-Хью), анализ обыденной повседневной жизни (Д. Циммерман, М. Поллнер), этнографическое исследование науки и достижения консенсуса в диалогах ученых (К. Д. Кнорр-Цетина, Б. Латур, С. Вулгар и др.))See: -
66 cost controversy
эк. дискуссия о затратах* (дискуссия 1920-х гг., направленная на поиск целостной теории затрат и рыночных структур и, в частности, решения противоречия между совершенной конкуренцией и возрастающей отдачей от масштаба, которое присутствовало в теории А. Маршалла; была спровоцирована статьей Дж. Клэпхема "Пустые коробки экономической теории" (1922 г.); в дискуссии участвовали А. Янг, Ф. Найт, Дж. М. Кларк, Д. Робертсон, Л. Роббинс, Дж. Вайнер, Р. Харрод, Й. Шумпетер, Г. Хотеллинг, П. Сраффа, А. С. Пигу, Дж. Робинсон и др.; одним из ключевых достижений этой дискуссии стала статья П. Сраффы 1926 г., в которой утверждалось, что реальные фирмы воздерживались от увеличения масштаба не потому, что опасались увеличения средних затрат, а потому, что опасались падения цены; это означало, что кривая спроса для отдельной конкурентной фирмы имеет отрицательный наклон — эта идея была позже использована Э. Чемберлином и Дж. Робинсоном при разработке теории несовершенной конкуренции)See:Clapham, John Harold, Clapham, John Harold, Clapham, John Harold, Clapham, John Harold, Clapham, John Harold, Clapham, John Harold, Clapham, John Harold, Clapham, John Harold, Clapham, John Harold, Clapham, John Harold, Clapham, John Harold, Clapham, John Harold, Clapham, John Harold, Clapham, John Harold -
67 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
псих., соц., упр. иерархия потребностей (по) А. Маслоу (классификация потребностей, разработанная А. Маслоу; в классификации выделяется пять групп потребностей, которые располагаются по иерархическому принципу в порядке возрастания их значимости: физиологические потребности, потребность в безопасности, социальные потребности, потребность в признании и самоутверждении, потребность в реализации своего потенциала; графическое изображение этой иерархии часто называют "пирамидой Маслоу")Syn:See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > Maslow's hierarchy of needs
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68 hierarchy of needs model
соц., псих. модель иерархии потребностей, иерархия потребностей (по Маслоу) (предложенная А. Маслоу теория поведения человека, в соответствии с которой человек мотивируется пятью природными потребностями; в порядке приоритетности к ним относятся физиологические потребности, потребность безопасности, социальные потребности, потребность чувства собственного достоинства и потребность самовыражения; потребности начинают мотивировать поведение только после того, как удовлетворены потребности всех предыдущих уровней)Syn:See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > hierarchy of needs model
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69 coping behaviour
псих. копинг-поведение (форма поведения, открытая А.Маслоу, проявляющаяся в готовности индивида решать жизненные проблемы, направленная на приспосабливание к трудным обстоятельствам; предполагает сформированное умение использовать определенные средства для преодоления эмоционального стресса)See: -
70 Dodge-Romig sampling plan
упр. план выборки Доджа-Ромига (четыре набора таблиц: таблицы допуска для однократной выборки, таблицы допуска для двойной выборки, таблицы пределов среднего выходящего качества для однократной выборки и таблицы пределов среднего выходящего качества для двойной выборки)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > Dodge-Romig sampling plan
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71 garrison state
пол. гарнизонное государство (темин, введенный Г. Лассуэлом, означающий общество, наиболее мощной группой которого являются специалисты по осуществлению насилия, использующие современные технические возможности осуществления власти)See: -
72 Hal
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73 agency cost
эк., обычно мн. агентские издержки [затраты\]а) (затраты, которые несет принципал, когда нанимает агента для выполнения какой-л. задачи, а не выполняет ее сам; включают в себя три элемента: затраты на контроль агента, затраты агента на предоставление информации для контроля, отклонение прибыли или полезности принципала от потенциально достижимого уровня при самостоятельном выполнении принципалом функций агента)See:б) (затраты, связанные с наличием агентских конфликтов; напр., в случае агентского конфликта между собственниками и менеджерами, это затраты на контроль действий менеджеров, затраты на реструктуризацию управленческой структуры, чтобы пресечь нежелательные действия менеджеров, издержки упущенных возможностей, связанные с ограничением действий менеджеров и т. п.)See: -
74 Chamberlin, Edward Hastings
перс.эк. Чемберлин, Эдвард Хастингс (1899-1967; выдающийся американский экономист; наибольшую известность приобрел благодаря разработке концепции монополистической конкуренции)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > Chamberlin, Edward Hastings
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75 Hotelling rule
эк. прир. правило Хотеллинга (правило оптимального использования исчерпаемого ресурса, согласно которму нетто-цена — цена за вычетом затрат на добычу — ресурса, остающегося в недрах земли, должна постепенно расти с темпом, равным ставке процента; другими словами, текущая дисконтированная ценность единицы ресурса должна быть независимой от времени ее извлечения из земли)See: -
76 Pigou, Arthur Cecil
перс.эк. Пигу, Артур Сесил (1877-1959; британский экономист, наиболее известный работами по теории общественного благосостояния; участвовал в "дискуссии о затратах", возражая на критику Дж. Клэпхема по поводу "пустых коробок" и защищая ценность аналитических инструментов)See: -
77 Romig, Harry G.
перс.упр. Ромиг, Гарри (американский специалист по управлению качеством, разрабатывал подходы к составлению плана для приемочного выборочного контроля; работал совместно с Г. Доджем в Bell Laboratories; впоследствии работал консультантом и преподавал в нескольких университетах)See: -
78 herald
n. härold, förebud, budbärare--------v. förkunna* * *['herəld] 1. noun(formerly, a person who carries and reads important messages and notices (eg from a king): The king sent out heralds to announce the new law.) härold2. verb(to announce or be a sign of: A sharp wind often heralds a storm.) proklamera, förebåda- heraldic- heraldry -
79 log cabin
Традиционное жилище на Фронтире [ Frontier]. Строилось без использования гвоздей, щели между бревнами замазывались глиной или землей. До выхода книги "Миф о бревенчатой хижине" ["The Log Cabin Myth"] (1939) Г. Шартлеффа [Shurtleff, Harold Harold R.] считалось, что первые хижины такого типа строили колонисты Вирджинии и Массачусетса, но историк доказал, что первыми их начали строить выходцы из Скандинавии на берегах р. Делавэр [ Delaware River]. Со временем бревенчатая хижина стала символом происхождения государственного деятеля из народа. -
80 GENERAL REFERENCES
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См. также в других словарях:
Harold — is an Old English name, meaning army leader , same as the title herald. A diminutive of Harold is Harry. *Several kings of Denmark, England and Norway were named Harald or Harold *Harold Arroyo, Puerto Rican boxer * [http://www.adb.online.anu.edu … Wikipedia
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HAROLD II — (1022 env. 1066) roi d’Angleterre (1066) À la mort, en 1053, de son père Godwin, comte de Wessex et de Kent, Harold, qui avait reçu le comté d’Est Anglie en 1044, devint l’homme puissant d’Angleterre. En 1057, il obtint des comtés pour ses trois… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Harold — ist eine Vornamensvariante von Harald, die insbesondere im englischsprachigen Raum verbreitet ist. Harold ist der Familienname folgender Personen: Dave Harold (* 1966), englischer Snooker Spieler Gale Harold (* 1969), US amerikanischer… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Harold — [englisch hærld], Könige von England: 1) Harold I., genannt Harold Harefoot [ heərfʊt, »Hasenfuß«], König (seit 1037), ✝ Oxford 17. 3. 1040; illegitimer Sohn Knuts des Großen Nach dessen Tod 1035 zum Regenten für Hardknut ernannt und 1037… … Universal-Lexikon
Harold II — (or Harald II) can refer to several people:*Harald II of Norway *Harold II of Denmark *Harold II of England … Wikipedia
Harold I — Harold (or Harald) can refer to several people:*Harald I of Norway *Harold I of Denmark *Harold I of England … Wikipedia
Harold — Harold1 [her′foot΄har′əld] n. [OE Hereweald & Harald < ON Haraldr, both < Gmc * Hariwald, lit., army chief < * harja , army (OE here, OHG heri) + * waldan, to rule: see WIELD] a masculine name: dim. Hal Harold2 [har′əld] 1. died 1040;… … English World dictionary
Harold — m English: from an Old English personal name composed of the elements here army + weald ruler, reinforced before the Norman Conquest by the Scandinavian cognate Haraldr, introduced by Norse settlers. The name was not common in the later Middle… … First names dictionary
Harold — Harold, eine katholische, in Baiern angesessene, 1813 in den dortigen Adel aufgenommene u. 1820 in den Freiherrnstand erhobene Familie, welche schon 883 aus Dänemark nach Irland gekommen war, wo einige ihrer Mitglieder auf den westlichen irischen … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Harold — Harold, s. Harald (engl. Könige) … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon