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1 History of volleyball
________________________________________William G. Morgan (1870-1942) inventor of the game of volleyball________________________________________William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in the State of New York, has gone down in history as the inventor of the game of volleyball, to which he originally gave the name "Mintonette".The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the summer of 1896, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became Director of Physical Education. In this role he had the opportunity to establish, develop, and direct a vast programme of exercises and sports classes for male adults.His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in numbers. He came to realise that he needed a certain type of competitive recreational game in order to vary his programme. Basketball, which sport was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary to find a less violent and less intense alternative for the older members.________________________________________________________________________________In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!The sport originated in the United States, and is now just achieving the type of popularity in the U.S. that it has received on a global basis, where it ranks behind only soccer among participation sports.Today there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. There are 800 million players worldwide who play Volleyball at least once a week.In 1895, William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game for his classes of businessmen which would demand less physical contact than basketball. He created the game of Volleyball (at that time called mintonette). Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6 feet 6 inches above the floor, just above the average man's head.During a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and perhaps "volleyball" would be a more descriptive name for the sport.On July 7, 1896 at Springfield College the first game of "volleyball" was played.In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.1900 - YMCA spread volleyball to Canada, the Orient, and the Southern Hemisphere.1905 - YMCA spread volleyball to Cuba1907 Volleyball was presented at the Playground of America convention as one of the most popular sports1909 - YMCA spread volleyball to Puerto Rico1912 - YMCA spread volleyball to Uruguay1913 - Volleyball competition held in Far Eastern Games1917 - YMCA spread volleyball to BrazilIn 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced. The Filipinos developed the "bomba" or kill, and called the hitter a "bomberino".1916 - The NCAA was invited by the YMCA to aid in editing the rules and in promoting the sport. Volleyball was added to school and college physical education and intramural programs.In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.1919 American Expeditionary Forces distributed 16,000 volleyballs to it's troops and allies. This provided a stimulus for the growth of volleyball in foreign lands.In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams from 11 states were represented.In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, the United States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.1930's Recreational sports programs became an important part of American lifeIn 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.In 1934, the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.Late 1940s Forearm pass introduced to the game (as a desperation play) Most balls played with overhand pass1946 A study of recreation in the United States showed that volleyball ranked fifth among team sports being promoted and organizedIn 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded in Paris.In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.In 1949, the first World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.1949 USVBA added a collegiate division, for competitive college teams. For the first ten years collegiate competition was sparse. Teams formed only through the efforts of interested students and instructors. Many teams dissolved when the interested individuals left the college. Competitive teams were scattered, with no collegiate governing bodies providing leadership in the sport.1951 - Volleyball was played by over 50 million people each year in over 60 countries1955 - Pan American Games included volleyball1957 - The International Olympic Committee (IOC) designated volleyball as an Olympic team sport, to be included in the 1964 Olympic Games.1959 - International University Sports Federation (FISU) held the first University Games in Turin, Italy. Volleyball was one of the eight competitions held.1960 Seven midwestern institutions formed the Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA)1964Southern California Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (SCVIA) was formed in California1960's new techniques added to the game included - the soft spike (dink), forearm pass (bump), blocking across the net, and defensive diving and rolling.In 1964, Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.The Japanese volleyball used in the 1964 Olympics, consisted of a rubber carcass with leather panelling. A similarly constructed ball is used in most modern competition.In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.1968 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) made volleyball their fifteenth competitive sport.1969 The Executive Committee of the NCAA proposed addition of volleyball to its program.In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.In 1975, the US National Women's team began a year-round training regime in Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain Valley, CA in 1980, and San Diego, CA in 1985).In 1977, the US National Men's team began a year-round training regime in Dayton, Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA in 1981).In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.In 1984, the US won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The Men won the Gold, and the Women the Silver.In 1986, the Women's Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.In 1987, the FIVB added a Beach Volleyball World Championship Series.In 1988, the US Men repeated the Gold in the Olympics in Korea.In 1989, the FIVB Sports Aid Program was created.In 1990, the World League was created.In 1992, the Four Person Pro Beach League was started in the United States.In 1994, Volleyball World Wide, created.In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!In 1996, 2-person beach volleyball was added to the OlympicsThere is a good book, "Volleyball Centennial: The First 100 Years", available on the history of the sport.________________________________________Copyright (c)Volleyball World WideVolleyball World Wide on the Computer Internet/WWWhttp://www.Volleyball.ORG/ -
2 wait
[weit] v.,n. -v 1. pres; wait for sb/sth pres dikë/diçka; wait till 2 o'clock/until sb leaves pres deri në orën 2/derisa të iki ndonjëri; wait your turn prit radhën; just you wait! prit se ta tregoj unë qejfin! I can hardly wait! s'duroj dot, nuk më pritet! wait a moment! një minute!, prit pak! wait one's time pres çastin e duhur. 2. vonoj; we'll wait dinner for you do ta vonojmë darkën për të të pritur ty. 3. shërbej; wait (at) table shërbejnë tryezë /-n 1. pritje; have a long wait at the doctor's office pres gjatë te mjeku. 2. pritë; be/lie in wait for sb i bëj/i ngre pritë dikujt; rri në pritje të dikujt. 3. Br. the waits grup muzikantësh që shkojnë derë më derë (për Krishtlindjet).● wait about/around [weit ë'baut ë'raund] a) pres; rri në pritje; b) humbas kohë, sillem kot● wait behind [weit bi'haind] rri/mbetem pas të tjerëve● wait in [weit in] rri brenda/në sntëpi● wait on/upon [weit on/ë'pon] a) shërbej; b) paraqes nderimet e mia, i bëj një vizitë kortezie; c) vjen/rrjedh nga● wait out [weit aut] rri deri në fund● wait up [weit ap] a) rri vonë; b) rri zgjuar, pres pa rënë të fle (dikë); don't wait up for me tonight! mos rri të më presësh sonte! c) gj.fol. ndalem, pres: wait up! më prit!; ndalu pak!● waiter ['vveitë:] n 1. kamerier; waiter! kamerier! 2. pritës. 3. tabaka (për pjatat)● waiting ['weiting] n., adj. -n 1. pritje. 2. aut. qëndrim; 'no waiting' 'ndalohet qëndrimi'. 3. shërbim; be in waiting on sb jam me shërbim pranë dikujt● waiting game ['weiting geim] n. taktikë e qëndrimit në pritje; play a waiting game a) pres të vijë ora ime; b) luaj lojën e të priturit● waiting list ['weiting list] n. listë e personave në pritje● waiting maid ['weiting meid] n. shërbyese, grua shërbimi● waiting man ['weiting mæn] n. shërbyes, person shërbimi● waiting room ['weiting ru:m] n. dhomë/sallë pritjeje● wait-list [weitlist] vt. fus në listë; fus në listen rezervë (për biletë avioni etj)● waitress [weitris] n. kameriere* * *pres -
3 word
[wë:d] n.,v. -n 1. fjalë; in your own words me fjalët e tua. 2. njoftim, fjalë; lajm; send word that... i çoj fjalë se..; she brought us word from Roni na solli lajm nga Roni. 3. premtim, fjalë, fjalë e nderit; keep one's word e mbaj fjalën; we've only got his word for it s'kemi asnjë provë veç sa thotë ai. 4. urdhër, porosi; the word of command urdhri; his word is law ai bën ligjin, atij s'ia bën njeri fjalën dysh. 5. parullë. 6. fet. the Word ( of God) Fjala e Zotit; Bibla.● be as good as one's word jam njeri që e mbaj fjalën; by word of mouth me gojë, gojarisht; eat one's words marr fjalët mbrapsht; tërhiqem; have the last word i vë kapakun; in a word shkurt, me pakfjalë; in so many words saktësisht; pikërisht; man of his word njeri që e mban fjalën; mince words vij vërdallë, përtypem; my word! heu!, saçudi! take sb at his word e zë në fjalë dikë; take the words out of sb's mouth ia marr fjalën nga goja dikujt; the last word fig. fjala e fundit; arritja më e fundit (në një fushë); upon my word! a) jap fjalën; për fjalë të nderit! b) heu!, sa çudi! word for word fjaië për fjalë.- vt. shpreh me fjalë; formuloj; I don't know how to word it nuk di si ta shpreh/ta formuloj.● wordbook ['wë:dbuk] n. fjalës; fjalor● word element ['wë:d 'elimënt] n. gjuh. element fjalëformues● word formation ['wë:d fo:meishën] n. gjuh. fjalëformim● word-for-word ['wë:dfo:wë:d] adj. fjalë për fjalë● word game ['wë:d geim] n. lojë me fjalë● wordiness ['wë:dinis] n. fjalëtepri, ujë i tepërt● wording ['welding] n. formulim; mënyrë të shprehuri● wordlessly ['wë:dlisli] adv. pafjalë, në heshtje● word of God ['wë:d ëv gad] n. Bibla● word of hono(u)r ['wë:d ëv 'onë:(r)] n. fjalë e nderit● word-of-mouth ['wë:dëvmauth] adj. gojor, me gojë● word order ['wë:d 'o:dë:(r)] n. gjuh. rend i fjalëve● wordperfect [wë:d'pë:fikt] adj.,n. -adj 1. i mësuar përmendsh (fjalim etj). 2. i zoti i fjalës; be wordperfect in sth e di diçka në majë të gishtave./-n. kmp. Wordperfect program për përpunim teksti, Uordperfekt● word picture ['wë:d 'pikçë:(r)] n. përshkrim me fjalë● word-play ['wë:dplei] n. lojë fjalësh● word processing ['wë:d 'prousesing] n. kmp. përpunim teksti● word processor ['wë:d 'prousesë:(r)] n. përpunues teksti (kompjuter, person)● wordsmith ['wë:dsmith] n. mjeshtër i fjalës● word-type ['wë:dtaip] n. gjuh. fjalë* * *fjalë -
4 worth
[wë:th] adj.,n. -adj 1. i vlefshëm; me vlerë; the car is worth \$3000 makina vlen 3000 dollarë; what/how much is it worth? sa vlen? 2. që e vlen, që e meriton; Albania is a country worth visiting Shqipëria është një vend që e vlen ta vizitosh; it's worth reading ia vlen ta lexosh; it is not worth while/the trouble/it nuk ia vlen mundimi. 3. që kap, që ka, që i arrin pasuria; the old man is worth millions plaku t'i ka disa milionë.● for all one is worth me të gjitha forcat, me sa i mban takati. -n 1. vlerë; a book/a man of great worth libër/ njeri me vlera. 2. sasi; 10 dollars worth, please më jep/më pesho 10 dollarë, të lutem (benzinë, fruta etj).● worthlessness ['wë:thlisnis] n. mungesë vlere; kotësi; mungesë vlerash (te personi)● worthwhile ['wë:thwail] adj. që e vlen; që e meriton● worthy ['wë:dhi] adj.,n. -adj 1. i denjë; i merituar; worthy of praise që meriton të lavdërohet; worthy of respect i denjë për respekt. 2. i lavdërueshëm./-n. njeri me vlera; njeri i admirueshëm* * *i vlefshëm -
5 credit
['kredit] n.,v. -n 1. kredi, besim; place credit in sth i besoj, besoj në diçka. 2. kredi, mirëbesim; get credit for a purchase blej diçka në mirëbesim, veresije; buy on credit blej me kredi. 3.kredi, depozitë bankare; have a credit of \$1000 kam 1000 dollarë në librezë. 4. emër i mirë; a man of credit burrë i mirë. 5. nder, nderim; this does you credit kjo ju nderon. 6. pl. listë e pjesëmarrësve (në një film, emision).● give sb credit for ia besoj; on credit me kredi, veresije./-v 1. besoj, i zë besë. 2. shtoj si depozitë (para në një llogari). 3. ia shënoj në librezë (provimin studentit). 4. i atribuoj; credit sb with ia njoh (meritën)creditor ['kreditë:] n. huadhënës, kreditor* * *kredit; besoj -
6 best
[best] adj., adv., n. - adj. (shkallë sipërore e good, well), më i miri; the best thing to do gjëja më e mirë që (mund të bëhet); make the best use of one's time e shfrytëzoj kohën si s'ka më mirë; put one's best foot forward eci me të gjithë shpejtësinë; the best part of shumica, pjesa më e madhe e.- adv. më mirë; the best dressed woman femra e veshur më mirë; you know best ti e di më mirë (këtë punë); he had best më e mira për të do të ishte.-n. më i miri, më e mira; maksimumi; we want the best ne duam më të mirën; I did my best to finish the work in time unë bëra maksimumin për ta mbaruar punën në kohë; be all for the best përfundon mirë; be/dress in one's best vishem me rrobat më të mira; all the best! gjithë të mirat! the best of it/the joke më e bukura (ishte); at best të shumtën, shumë-shumë, në rastin më të mirë; at its best në gjendjen më të mirë; get the best of mund, fitoj mbi; make the best of bëj sa mundem; make the best of things jam i kënaqur; to the best of my knowledge/belief/ recollection me sa di unë, nga sa besoj/më kujtohet.● best man [best mæn] nun, kumbarë (në martesë)* * *më i mirë -
7 voluntarily
['volënterëli] adv. me dashje, vullnetarisht● voluntary ['volëntëri/ 'volëntri] adj.,n. -adj 1. i vullnetshëm; me dashje; jo i detyruar; voluntary manslaughter vrasje me dashje. 2. vullnetar, pa pagesë; voluntary help punë vullnetare. 3. fakultativ, me dëshirë (frekuentim)● voluntary agency/body ['volëntëri/ 'volëntri 'eixhënsi/'bodi] n. agjenci/organizatë mbi baza vullnetare● voluntary hospital ['volëntëri/ 'volëntri 'hospitël] n. amer.mjek. spital i asistencës publike● voluntary organization ['volëntëri/ 'volëntri o:gënai'zeishën] n. organizatë mbi baza vullnetare● voluntary school ['volëntëri/ 'volëntri sku:l] n. Br. shkollë e lirë● voluntary work ['volëntëri/ 'volëntri wë:k] n. punë vullnetare● voluntary worker ['volëntëri/ 'volëntri wë:kë:(r)] n. punonjës vullnetar/papagesë● volunteer [volën'tië:] n., adj.,v. -n. usht., adm. vullnetar / - adj. vullnetar; vullnetarësh. ? the Volunteer State shteti Tenesi /-v 1. jap vullnetarisht; volunteer information jap të dhëna vullnetarisht. 2. usht. dal vullnetar; volunteer for sth dal vullnetar për diçka* * *vullnetarisht -
8 volunteer
● the Volunteer State shteti Tenesi /-v 1. jap vullnetarisht; volunteer information jap të dhëna vullnetarisht. 2. usht. dal vullnetar; volunteer for sth dal vullnetar për diçka● voluntarily ['volënterëli] adv. me dashje, vullnetarisht● voluntary ['volëntëri/ 'volëntri] adj.,n. -adj 1. i vullnetshëm; me dashje; jo i detyruar; voluntary manslaughter vrasje me dashje. 2. vullnetar, pa pagesë; voluntary help punë vullnetare. 3. fakultativ, me dëshirë (frekuentim)● voluntary agency/body ['volëntëri/ 'volëntri 'eixhënsi/'bodi] n. agjenci/organizatë mbi baza vullnetare● voluntary hospital ['volëntëri/ 'volëntri 'hospitël] n. amer.mjek. spital i asistencës publike● voluntary organization ['volëntëri/ 'volëntri o:gënai'zeishën] n. organizatë mbi baza vullnetare● voluntary school ['volëntëri/ 'volëntri sku:l] n. Br. shkollë e lirë● voluntary work ['volëntëri/ 'volëntri wë:k] n. punë vullnetare● voluntary worker ['volëntëri/ 'volëntri wë:kë:(r)] n. punonjës vullnetar/papagesë* * *vulnetar -
9 young
[jang] adj.,n. -adj 1. i ri; young lady a) vajzë e re; zonjushë; b) grua e re; her young man i dashuri i saj; in my young days në rininë time; Young Mister Jones zoti Xhons, i Riu. 2. i hershëm, i porsafilluar; the night is young nata sapo ka filluar; kemi gjithë natën përpara /-n 1. këlysh; cat with young mace barsë. 2. pl. të rinj, rini; books for the young libra për të rinjtë/ për rininë● youngling ['jangling] n., adj. -n 1. riosh. 2. këlysh. 3. filiz. 4. fig. rishtar, fillestar /- adj. i ri; rinor● youngster ['jangstë:] n 1. fëmijë. 2. i ri, djalë● younker [jankë:] n. vjet. riosh* * *i ri
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