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(figure+shown)

  • 81 proiettare

    throw
    film screen, show
    fig project
    * * *
    proiettare v.tr.
    1 to project, to cast*, to throw*: ogni corpo proietta un'ombra, every solid body casts (o projects) a shadow; il sole proietta i suoi raggi sulla terra, the sun projects (o casts) its beams on the earth // nell'incidente fu proiettato fuori dall'auto, in the accident he was thrown out of the car // proiettare le proprie aspirazioni sui figli, (fig.) to project one's ambitions onto one's children
    2 (cinem.) to show*, to screen: il fim sarà proiettato la settimana ventura, the film will be shown next week; proiettare diapositive sul muro, to project slides on the wall
    3 (mat.) to project: proiettare una figura, to project a figure.
    ◘ proiettarsi v.intr.pron. to be projected, to be cast: un'ombra si proiettava sul muro, a shadow fell (o was cast) on the wall
    ◆ v.rifl. to throw* oneself.
    * * *
    [projet'tare]
    verbo transitivo
    1) to cast*, to throw* [ ombra, immagine]
    2) (scagliare) [ vulcano] to throw* out [lava, lapilli]; [ geyser] to spout [ getti d'acqua]; to project [ oggetto]
    3) cinem. to project, to screen, to show*, to unreel [ film]; to project [ diapositive] (su onto)
    4) psic. to project (su onto)
    * * *
    proiettare
    /projet'tare/ [1]
     1 to cast*, to throw* [ ombra, immagine]
     2 (scagliare) [ vulcano] to throw* out [lava, lapilli]; [ geyser] to spout [ getti d'acqua]; to project [ oggetto]
     3 cinem. to project, to screen, to show*, to unreel [ film]; to project [ diapositive] (su onto)
     4 psic. to project (su onto).

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > proiettare

  • 82 изображаться

    •

    This is depicted (or portrayed, or pictured, or sketched, or shown, or exhibited, or displayed, or illustrated) in Fig. 3.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > изображаться

  • 83 на прилагаемом рисунке

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > на прилагаемом рисунке

  • 84 в ретроспективном плане

    В ретроспективном плане-- In retrospect, the authors are somewhat surprised that the spread between theory and experiment was not greater than that shown in the figure.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в ретроспективном плане

  • 85 одинаковые ... дают разный

    Одинаковые... дают разный-- Nominally identical alloys yield varying machinability in different heats. (Номинально одинаковые сплавы дают разную обрабатываемость...) Одинаково - equally; alike, likewise, similar; in identical manner, in the same manner; the same
     This appeal ignores the self-serving financial and social pressures which motivate scientists and nonscientists alike.
     The boiling curves for all the surfaces deviate from the steady-state curves in the same manner.
     Display devisions and decimal point location must be configured the same for all channels.
     Not all lock rings are tapered as shown in figure, but they are removed likewise.
     The ICAD philosophy ensures that all engine manufacturers are treated equally.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > одинаковые ... дают разный

  • 86 проходить вниз

    Проходить вниз [вверх]-- As shown in the figure, the coolant enters at the top of the inner tube and passes axially downward [upward].

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > проходить вниз

  • 87 проходить вверх

    Проходить вниз [вверх]-- As shown in the figure, the coolant enters at the top of the inner tube and passes axially downward [upward].

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > проходить вверх

  • 88 разобрать ... и вновь собрать

    Разобрать... и вновь собрать-- Disassemble Bearing Assembly as shown in Figure. Reassemble with new bearings.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > разобрать ... и вновь собрать

  • 89 таким же образом

    Таким же образом-- Not all lock rings are tapered as shown in figure 10, but they are removed likewise.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > таким же образом

  • 90 чтобы избежать наложения экспериментальных точек и вызываемой этим путаницы

    Чтобы избежать наложения экспериментальных точек и вызываемой этим путаницы-- To avoid overlap and attendant confusion, only data for Re-5000 are shown in the figure.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > чтобы избежать наложения экспериментальных точек и вызываемой этим путаницы

  • 91 чтобы не загромождать

    Чтобы не загромождать-- The values of V for three profiles are not shown in Fig. in order to keep the figure clear.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > чтобы не загромождать

  • 92 минимальная конфигурация

    minimum configuration

    In a national network, as shown in Figure 29.5, the minimum configuration of star-connected exchanges is usually augmented by direct routes interconnecting exchanges where a high community of interest generates sufficient traffic. — В национальной сети, как показано на рис. 29.5, минимальная конфигурация соединённых звездой АТС обычно расширяется за счет прямых трасс, соединяющих АТС, на которых высокая общность интересов генерирует достаточный трафик.

    Дополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > минимальная конфигурация

  • 93 Справа

    The one-dimensional block-row (block-columns) distribution is shown on the right of Figure 1

    Русско-английский словарь по прикладной математике и механике > Справа

  • 94 показывать

    несовер. - показывать; совер. - показать
    1) (кого-л./что-л.; кому-л.) show (to)

    ясно показывать, что — to make it clear that

    как показано в/на — as illustrated in smth., as (is) shown in smth.; by smth., referring to smth.

    На рисунке показано... — The figure (re)presents...

    - показывать язык
    2) (кого-л./что-л.; обнаруживать)
    display, reveal; achieve (некоторый результат)
    - показывать себя
    3) (без доп.; о приборах) show, register, read
    4) (на что-л.) point (at, to)
    5) (что-л.; юр.) depose (against), testify, give evidence (of); bear witness (to); swear
    ••

    показывать кому-л. на дверь — to show smb. the door

    Русско-английский словарь по общей лексике > показывать

  • 95 Broche

    (1) A loom embroidered fabric where the figuring is produced by swivel shuttles. Made from all-silk yarns. The fabrics are very expensive. An example of a broche is shown in the illustration - woven with four swivel shuttles. There is thus no waste of figuring yam by this method. This cloth is of French make. (2) The French term for brocaded fabrics in which the ornament is produced by additional threads that do not form part of the structure itself. The extra threads float at the back when not used for figure, and the floats are removed during finishing

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Broche

  • 96 net present value

    Fin
    the value of an investment calculated as the sum of its initial cost and the present value of expected future cash flows.
    Abbr. NPV
    EXAMPLE
    A positive NPV indicates that the project should be profitable, assuming that the estimated cash flows are reasonably accurate. A negative NPV indicates that the project will probably be unprofitable and therefore should be adjusted, if not abandoned altogether.
         NPV enables a management to consider the time-value of money it will invest. This concept holds that the value of money increases with time because it can always earn interest in a savings account. When the time-value-of-money concept is incorporated in calculation of NPV, the value of a project’s future net cash receipts in “today’s money” can be determined. This enables proper comparisons between different projects.
         For example, if Global Manufacturing Inc. is considering the acquisition of a new machine, its management will consider all the factors: initial purchase and installation costs; additional revenues generated by sales of the new machine’s products, plus the taxes on these new revenues. Having accounted for these factors in its calculations, the cash flows that Global Manufacturing projects will generate from the new machine are:
    At first glance, it appears that cash-flows total 45% more than the $100,000 initial cost, a sound investment indeed. But time-value of NPV calculation money shrinks return on the project considerably, since future dollars are worth less than present dollars in hand. NPV accounts for these differences with the help of presentvalue tables, which list the ratios that express the present value of expected cash-flow dollars, based on the applicable interest rate and the number of years in question.
         In the example, Global Manufacturing’s cost of capital is 9%. Using this figure to find the corresponding ratios on the present value table, the $100,000 investment cost, expected annual revenues during the five years in question, the NPV calculation is shown below.
         NPV is still positive. So, on this basis at least, the investment should proceed.

    The ultimate business dictionary > net present value

  • 97 Priestman, William Dent

    [br]
    b. 23 August 1847 Sutton, Hull, England
    d. 7 September 1936 Hull, England
    [br]
    English oil engine pioneer.
    [br]
    William was the second son and one of eleven children of Samuel Priestman, who had moved to Hull after retiring as a corn miller in Kirkstall, Leeds, and who in retirement had become a director of the North Eastern Railway Company. The family were strict Quakers, so William was sent to the Quaker School in Bootham, York. He left school at the age of 17 to start an engineering apprenticeship at the Humber Iron Works, but this company failed so the apprenticeship was continued with the North Eastern Railway, Gateshead. In 1869 he joined the hydraulics department of Sir William Armstrong \& Company, Newcastle upon Tyne, but after a year there his father financed him in business at a small, run down works, the Holderness Foundry, Hull. He was soon joined by his brother, Samuel, their main business being the manufacture of dredging equipment (grabs), cranes and winches. In the late 1870s William became interested in internal combustion engines. He took a sublicence to manufacture petrol engines to the patents of Eugène Etève of Paris from the British licensees, Moll and Dando. These engines operated in a similar manner to the non-compression gas engines of Lenoir. Failure to make the two-stroke version of this engine work satisfactorily forced him to pay royalties to Crossley Bros, the British licensees of the Otto four-stroke patents.
    Fear of the dangers of petrol as a fuel, reflected by the associated very high insurance premiums, led William to experiment with the use of lamp oil as an engine fuel. His first of many patents was for a vaporizer. This was in 1885, well before Ackroyd Stuart. What distinguished the Priestman engine was the provision of an air pump which pressurized the fuel tank, outlets at the top and bottom of which led to a fuel atomizer injecting continuously into a vaporizing chamber heated by the exhaust gases. A spring-loaded inlet valve connected the chamber to the atmosphere, with the inlet valve proper between the chamber and the working cylinder being camoperated. A plug valve in the fuel line and a butterfly valve at the inlet to the chamber were operated, via a linkage, by the speed governor; this is believed to be the first use of this method of control. It was found that vaporization was only partly achieved, the higher fractions of the fuel condensing on the cylinder walls. A virtue was made of this as it provided vital lubrication. A starting system had to be provided, this comprising a lamp for preheating the vaporizing chamber and a hand pump for pressurizing the fuel tank.
    Engines of 2–10 hp (1.5–7.5 kW) were exhibited to the press in 1886; of these, a vertical engine was installed in a tram car and one of the horizontals in a motor dray. In 1888, engines were shown publicly at the Royal Agricultural Show, while in 1890 two-cylinder vertical marine engines were introduced in sizes from 2 to 10 hp (1.5–7.5 kW), and later double-acting ones up to some 60 hp (45 kW). First, clutch and gearbox reversing was used, but reversing propellers were fitted later (Priestman patent of 1892). In the same year a factory was established in Philadelphia, USA, where engines in the range 5–20 hp (3.7–15 kW) were made. Construction was radically different from that of the previous ones, the bosses of the twin flywheels acting as crank discs with the main bearings on the outside.
    On independent test in 1892, a Priestman engine achieved a full-load brake thermal efficiency of some 14 per cent, a very creditable figure for a compression ratio limited to under 3:1 by detonation problems. However, efficiency at low loads fell off seriously owing to the throttle governing, and the engines were heavy, complex and expensive compared with the competition.
    Decline in sales of dredging equipment and bad debts forced the firm into insolvency in 1895 and receivers took over. A new company was formed, the brothers being excluded. However, they were able to attend board meetings, but to exert no influence. Engine activities ceased in about 1904 after over 1,000 engines had been made. It is probable that the Quaker ethics of the brothers were out of place in a business that was becoming increasingly cut-throat. William spent the rest of his long life serving others.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    C.Lyle Cummins, 1976, Internal Fire, Carnot Press.
    C.Lyle Cummins and J.D.Priestman, 1985, "William Dent Priestman, oil engine pioneer and inventor: his engine patents 1885–1901", Proceedings of the Institution of
    Mechanical Engineers 199:133.
    Anthony Harcombe, 1977, "Priestman's oil engine", Stationary Engine Magazine 42 (August).
    JB

    Biographical history of technology > Priestman, William Dent

  • 98 Psychology

       We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)
       The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)
       Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)
       It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)
       "Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,
       The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)
       The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)
       According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)
       At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.
       In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.
       The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.
       Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)
       As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)
       The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology

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