(etsi)

(ETSI) <Comp, Komm> European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

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* * *

 

Европейский институт телекоммуникационных стандартов
Европейский институт телекоммуникационных стандартов, создан в 1988 г. Основу его деятельности составляет разработка стандартов в области связи.
ETSI официально признан Еврокомиссией и отвечает за стандартизацию информационных и телекоммуникационных технологий (ICT) в Европе - сюда включаются телекоммуникации, вещание, а также смежные области, вроде интеллектуальных транспортных систем и медицинской электроники.
ETSI объединяет 655 членов из 59 стран как внутри, так и за пределами Европы.
ETSI играет важную роль в разработке широкого спектра стандартов и технической документации. При участии ETSI, в частности, разрабатывались стандарты для вещания: DRM, DAB, DVB.
[ http://www.morepc.ru/dict/]

Тематики

• информационные технологии в целом

EN

• ETSI
• European Telecommunications Standards Institute

tămen, adv. [perh. from tam and en, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 842; but cf. Rib. Lat. Part. p. 27 sqq.], notwithstanding, nevertheless, for all that, however, yet, still, etc.

In gen.

With a corresp. concessive or conditional particle ( quamquam, quamvis, etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, licet, si, ut, cum, etc.; tamen stands at the beginning of the clause or after a prominent word; cf.: certe, nihilo minus).

With quamquam:

verumtamen, quamquam abest a culpā, suspitione tamen non caret,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 55:

quamquam me vester honos vigilare jubet, tamen, etc.,

id. Agr. 2, 28, 77; id. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1; 12, 34; id. Cat. 2, 9, 19; 3, 12, 29.—

With quamvis:

quamvis sit magna (exspectatio), tamen eam vinces,

Cic. Rep. 1, 23, 37.—

With etsi:

etsi abest maturitas aetatis, jam tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 6, 18, 4; cf.:

sed tamen etsi omnium causā, quos commendo, velle debeo, tamen, etc.,

id. ib. 13, 71.—

With tametsi:

tametsi miserum est, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 55:

tametsi ille venerit, tamen,

id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 13; 17, 51; Sall. C. 3, 2; Caes. B. G. 1, 30; 7, 43, and v. tametsi, II.—

With etiam si:

etiamsi natura abripuit, virtus tamen, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25; id. Caecin. 21, 59; id. Div. 2, 64, 131:

etiam si ab hoste defendant, tamen,

id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 13.—

With licet:

licet tibi significarim, ut ad me venires: tamen intellego, etc.,

Cic. Att. 3, 12, 3.—

With ut:

equidem, ut verum esset... tamen arbitrarer, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 6, 11.—

With si:

si taceo, interii tamen,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 36:

si Massilienses per delectos cives... reguntur, inest tamen in eā conditione, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 27, 43:

si ipsa minus honestas, contumelia tamen, etc.,

id. Part. Or. 26, 92:

si omnes deos hominesque celare possimus, nihil tamen, etc.,

id. Off. 3, 8 fin.; id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; id. Cat. 3, 3, 7:

si nullus erit pulvis, tamen excute nullum,

Ov. A. A. 1, 151; Curt. 5, 8, 15; 7, 5, 42.—

With cum:

cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Rep. 1, 10, 16:

cui (senatus auctoritati) cum Cato et Caninius intercessissent, tamen est perscripta,

id. Fam. 1, 2, 4.—

Without correl. particle:

retraham ad me illud argentum tamen,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 2, 11: Divitiacus dixit, scire se illa esse vera;

sese tamen amore fraterno commoveri,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20: expellitur ex oppido Gergoviā;

non destitit tamen,

id. ib. 7, 4:

equites conflixerunt, tamen ut nostri superiores fuerint,

id. ib. 5, 15:

propterea quod reliquis tamen fugae facultas daretur, Sequanis vero, etc.,

at least, id. ib. 1, 32; so,

neque recordatur illi ipsi tam infelici imperatori patuisse tamen portus Africae,

Liv. 28, 43, 17:

quo, defendente nullo, tamen armatis adscendere esset difficile,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 33; Sall. C. 20, 12; Curt. 4, 4, 21; 4, 6, 28:

semper Ajax fortis, fortissimus tamen in furore,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 23, 52:

qui plusque fore dicant in pluribus consilii quam in uno, et eandem tamen aequitatem,

id. Rep. 1, 35, 55:

id ipsum tam mite ac tam moderatum imperium tamen, quia unius esset, deponere eum in animo habuisse quidam auctores sunt,

Liv. 1, 48, 9:

et Philippus minime, quin rebellandum esset, dubius, quia tamen inmaturae ad id vires erant, ad moram, etc.,

id. 39, 35, 2 Weissenb. (dub.): haec e pectoribus altis et eruditis orta sunt;

illud tamen non minus admirabile, quod servilis animus cepit,

Val. Max. 3, 3, 7.—Emphat., beginning a sentence:

tamen contemptus abs te, haec habui in memoriā,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 90:

tamen aliquid nullius est... tanta copia quae enarrare tuas res gestas possit. Tamen adfirmo, etc.,

Cic. Marcell. 2, 4; Liv. 21, 55, 10.—

Esp.

With sed, in transitions, in resuming the thought after a parenthesis, or in limiting or correcting something already said, or some inference from it, but yet, but nevertheless, but still:

hi non sunt permolesti: sed tamen insident et urgent,

Cic. Att. 1, 18, 2:

sed tamen velim scire, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 30, 46:

difficile factu est, sed conabor tamen,

id. ib. 1, 43, 66:

ipse ad me non venisset... sed tamen,

id. Fam. 4, 3, 1:

quicquid arte fieri potuerit—non enim jam satis est consilio pugnare... —sed tamen quicquid elaborari aut effici potuerit,

id. ib. 9, 16, 2:

non perfectum illud quidem, sed tolerabile tamen,

id. Rep. 1, 26, 42; id. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; 17, 52; id. Cat. 2, 9, 20; 4, 5, 9:

gravi morbo est inplicitus. Sed animo tamen aegrum magis quam corpore, etc.,

Liv. 40, 56, 9; Curt. 4, 4, 12; Sen. Q. N. 6, 16, 3; cf. also verumtamen. —

Si tamen, if at least, if only, = si modo:

aliqua et mihi gratia ponto est: Si tamen in medio quondam concreta profundo Spuma fui,

Ov. M. 4, 537; so id. Tr. 3, 14, 24:

si tamen illi (amici) non gravantur,

Plin. Ep. 3, 1, 4; 6, 21, 6 et saep.—

Ellipt. (very rare): utilissimo quidem exemplo;

si tamen acta excellentissimorum virorum humiliter aestimare... permittitur ( = ita tamen utilissimo, si, etc.),

Val. Max. 2, 7, 14.—

In an interrogation:

si quinque hominum milibus ad vim, facinus caedemque delectis locus quaeritur, tamenne patiemini vestro nomine contra vos firmari opes?

in spite of this, notwithstanding this, Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77;

so. si... tamenne?

id. Fl. 10, 21; id. Font. 7, 16 (3, 6); id. Dom. 19, 50.—Without ne:

cur nolint, etiam si tacerent, satis dicunt. Verum non tacent. Tamen his invitissimis te offers?

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21: —Quare tamen per plures dies motus [p. 1839] fuit? yet why, etc., Sen. Q. N. 6, 31, 1;

so even at the beginning of a letter: tamen a malitiā non discedis?

and yet, Cic. Fam. 9, 19, 1.—

Ac tamen, and yet, and that although: admirabile est quantum inter omnis unus excellat;

ac tamen, cum esset Demosthenes, multi oratores fuerunt, etc.,

Cic. Or. 2, 6; 8, 26; id. Sest. 54, 115:

quantus iste est hominum error! Ac tamen facile patior, etc.,

id. Rep. 2, 15, 29; cf.:

atque is tamen aliquis Ligarius non fuit,

yet not even, id. Lig. 7, 22.—

Neque... nec tamen, nor, on the other hand, and yet not:

Cyri vitam legunt, praeclaram illam quidem, sed neque tam nostris rebus aptam nec tamen Scauri laudibus anteponendam,

Cic. Brut. 29, 112.—

Ne tamen, that by no means:

veni igitur, quaeso, ne tamen semen urbanitatis unā cum re publicā intereat,

Cic. Fam. 7, 31, 2.—

With rel. pron.: qui tamen, etc., who however, although he ( she, it, they, etc.):

L. Lucullus, qui tamen eis incommodis mederi fortasse potuisset,... partem militum Glabrioni tradidit,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 26:

ut possint eam vitam, quae tamen esset reddenda naturae, pro patriā potissimum reddere,

id. Rep. 1, 3, 5:

perturbat me etiam illud interdum, quod tamen, cum te penitus recognovi, timere desino,

id. Deiot. 2, 4; id. Cat. 4, 11, 23: fuit mirificus in Crasso pudor, qui tamen non modo obesset ejus orationi, sed etiam prodesset, and yet its effect was, etc., id. de Or. 1, 26, 122:

si vetustum verbum sit, quod tamen consuetudo ferre possit,

id. ib. 3, 43, 170.—Qui tamen sometimes introduces a paranthetical concession:

alter, qui tamen se continuerat, senserat tantum aliud atque homines exspectabant,

Cic. Sest. 53, 114 (v. Fischer, Gram. p. 573, 5).—

Strengthened by nihilominus:

etsi verum judicabant, tamen nihilominus, etc.,

Cic. Clu. 28, 76: tamen nihilominus Aien aristeuein, etc., id. Fam. 13, 15, 2.

tam, IV.

 

Европейский институт стандартов по коммуникациям
ETSI
—
[Е.С.Алексеев, А.А.Мячев. Англо-русский толковый словарь по системотехнике ЭВМ. Москва 1993]

Тематики

• информационные технологии в целом

Синонимы

• ETSI

EN

• European Telecommunication Standards Institute
• ETSI

06.04.13 поверхностная акустическая волна [ surface acoustic wave; SAW]: Электроакустический эффект, используемый в системах автоматической идентификации, когда микроволновые радиосигналы малой мощности с помощью пьезоэлектрического кристалла в радиочастотной метке преобразуются в ультразвуковые поверхностные акустические волны.

Примечание - Информация об уникальной идентификации содержится в фазово-временных вариациях отраженного радиочастотной меткой сигнала.

<2>4 Сокращения

ARQ	Автоматический запрос повтора [Automatic Repeat Request]
ASK	Амплитудная манипуляция [Amplitude Shift Keying]
BPSK	Бинарная фазовая манипуляция [Binary Phase Shift Keying]
CDMA	Множественный доступ с кодовым разделением каналов [Code Division Multiple Access]
CSMA	Множественный доступ с анализом состояния канала передачи данных [Carrier Sense Multiple Access]
CSMA/CD	Множественный доступ с анализом состояния канала передачи данных и обнаружением конфликтов [Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection]
DBPSK	Дифференциальная бинарная фазовая манипуляция [Differential binary phase shift keying]
DSSS	Широкополосная модуляция с непосредственной передачей псевдослучайной последовательности [Direct sequence spread spectrum modulation]
EIRP (ЭИИМ)	Эквивалентная изотропно-излучаемая мощность [Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power]
EMI	Электромагнитная помеха [ElectroMagnetic Interference]
ETR	Технический отчет ETSI [European Telecommunications Report]
ETS	Телекоммуникационный стандарт ETSI [European Telecommunications Standard]
ETSI	Европейский институт по стандартизации в области телекоммуникаций [European Telecommunications Standards Institute]
FHSS	Широкополосная модуляция с дискретной перестройкой несущей частоты [Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum]
FSK	Частотная манипуляция [Frequency Shift Keying]
GHz (ГГц)	Гигагерц [Gigahertz]
GMSK	Минимальная гауссовская манипуляция [Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying]
kHz (кГц)	Килогерц [Kilohertz]
MSK	Минимальнофазовая частотная манипуляция [Minimum shift keying]
MHz (МГц)	Мегагерц [Megahertz]
OBE	Навесное оборудование [On-Board Equipment]
PDM	Модуляция импульса по длительности, широтно-импульсная модуляция [Pulse Duration Modulation]
PM	Фазовая модуляция [Phase modulation]
PPM (ФИМ)	Фазоимпульсная модуляция [Modulation (pulse position)]
PSK	Фазовая манипуляция [Phase Shift Keying]
PWM	Широтно-импульсная модуляция [Pulse Width Modulation]
RF/DC	Обмен данными системы радиочастотной идентификации [Radio frequency data communication]
RFI	Радиопомеха [Radio frequency interference]
RSSI	Индикатор уровня принимаемого сигнала [Receiving Signal Strength Indicator]
S/N	Отношение сигнала к шуму [Signal/noise ratio]
SAW	Поверхностная акустическая волна [Surface Acoustic Wave]
SIN AD	Отношение сигнала к шуму и искажению [Signal to Noise & Distortion]
SRD	Устройство малого радиуса действия [Short Range Device]
TBR	Технические основы регулирования [Technical Basis for Regulation]
TDD	Дуплексная связь с временным разделением каналов [Time Division Duplexing]
TDM	Временное разделение каналов [Time Division Multiplexing]

<2>Библиография

[1]	МЭК 60050-713 (IEC 60050-713)	Международный электротехнический словарь. Часть 713. Радиосвязь: приемники, передатчики, сети и их режим работы ( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Part 713: Radiocommunications: transmitters, receivers, networks and operation)
[2]	МЭК 60050-705 (IEC 60050-705)	Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 705: Распространение радиоволн ( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 705: Radio wave propagation)
[3]	МЭК 60050-702 (IEC 60050-702)	Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 702: Колебания, сигналы и соответствующие устройства ( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 702: Oscillations, signals and related devices)
[4]	МЭК 60050-121 (IEC 60050-121)	Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 121: Электромагнетизм ( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Part 121: Electromagnetism)
[5]	МЭК 60050-712 (IEC 60050-712)	Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 712: Антенны ( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 712: Antennas)
[6]	МЭК 60050-221 (IEC 60050-221)	Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 221: Магнитные материалы и компоненты ( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 221: Magnetic materials and components)
[7]	ИСО/МЭК 2382-9:1995 (ISO/IEC2382-9:1995)	Информационная технология. Словарь. Часть 9. Обмен данными ( Information technology - Vocabulary - Part 9: Data communication)
[8]	МЭК 60050-725 (IEC 60050-725)	Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 725: Космическая радиосвязь ( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 725: Space radiocommunications)
[9]	МЭК 60050-714 (IEC 60050-714)	Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 714: Коммутация и сигнализация в электросвязи ( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 714: Switching and signalling in telecommunications)
[10]	МЭК 60050-704 (IEC 60050-704)	Международный Электротехнический словарь. Глава 704. Техника передачи ( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 704: Transmission)
[11]	МЭК 60050-161 (IEC 60050-161)	Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 161: Электромагнитная совместимость ( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Chapter 161: Electromagnetic compatibility)
[12]	ИСО/МЭК 8824-1 (ISO/IEC 8824-1)	Информационные технологии. Абстрактная синтаксическая нотация версии один (АСН.1). Часть 1. Спецификация основной нотации (Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation)1)
[13]	ИСО/МЭК 9834-1 (ISO/IEC 9834-1)	Информационные технологии. Взаимосвязь открытых систем. Процедуры действий уполномоченных по регистрации ВОС. Часть 1. Общие процедуры и верхние дуги дерева идентификатора объекта АСН.1 ( Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Procedures for the operation of OSI Registration Authorities: General procedures and top arcs of the ASN. 1 Object Identifier tree)
[14]	ИСО/МЭК 15962] (ISO/IEC 15962)	Информационные технологии. Радиочастотная идентификация (RFID) для управления предметами. Протокол данных: правила кодирования данных и функции логической памяти ( Information technology - Radio frequency identification ( RFID) for item management - Data protocol: data encoding rules and logical memory functions)
[15]	ИСО/МЭК 19762-1 (ISO/IEC 19762-1)	Информационные технологии. Технологии автоматической идентификации и сбора данных (АИСД). Гармонизированный словарь. Часть 1. Общие термины в области АIDC ( Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture ( AIDC) techniques - Harmonized vocabulary - Part 1: General terms relating to AIDC)
[16]	ИСО/МЭК 19762-2 (ISO/IEC 19762-2)	Информационные технологии. Технологии автоматической идентификации и сбора данных (АИСД). Гармонизированный словарь. Часть 2. Оптические носители данных (ОНД) ( Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture ( AIDC) techniques - Harmonized vocabulary - Part 2: Optically readable media ( ORM))
[17]	ИСО/МЭК 19762-3 (ISO/IEC 19762-3)	Информационные технологии. Технологии автоматической идентификации и сбора данных (АИСД). Гармонизированный словарь. Часть 3. Радиочастотная идентификация (РЧИ) ( Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture ( AIDC) techniques - Harmonized vocabulary - Part 3: Radio frequency identification ( RFID))
[18]	ИСО/МЭК 19762-5 (ISO/IEC 19762-5)	Информационные технологии. Технологии автоматической идентификации и сбора данных (АИСД). Гармонизированный словарь. Часть 5. Системы определения места нахождения ( Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture ( AIDC) techniques - Harmonized vocabulary - Part 5: Locating systems)
[19]	ИСО/МЭК 18000-6 (ISO/IEC 18000-6)	Информационные технологии. Радиочастотная идентификация для управления предметами. Часть 6. Параметры радиоинтерфейса для диапазона частот 860 - 960 МГц ( Information technology - Radio frequency identification for item management - Part 6: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz)

_____________

¹⁾В оригинале ИСО/МЭК 19762-4 стандарты [12] - [19] включены в раздел «Библиография», однако следует учитывать, что в основном тексте стандарта ссылок на них нет.

<2>

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО/МЭК 19762-4-2011: Информационные технологии. Технологии автоматической идентификации и сбора данных (АИСД). Гармонизированный словарь. Часть 4. Общие термины в области радиосвязи оригинал документа

1) Abbreviation: ETSI

2) Information technology: ETSI (organization, Europa, ETSI)

I) prep.

A. with dative.

I. Of motion;

1) towards, against;

Otkell laut at Skamkatli, bowed down to S.;

hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge against A.;

2) close atup to;

Brynjólfr gengr alit at honum, quite up to him;

þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters with him;

3) to, at;

koma at landi, to come to land;

ganga at dómi, to go into court;

4) along (= eptir);

ganga at stræti, to walk along the street;

dreki er niðr fór at ánni (went down the river) fyrir strauminum;

refr dró hörpu at ísi, on the ice;

5) denoting hostility;

renna (sœkja) at e-m, to rush at, assault;

gerði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog;

6) around;

vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a veil round one’s head;

bera grjót at e-m, to heap stones upon the body;

7) denoting business, engagement;

ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after horses, watching sheep;

fara at landskuldum, to go collecting rents.

II. Of position, &c.;

1) denoting presence at, near, by, upon;

at kirkju, at church;

at dómi, in court;

at lögbergi, at the hill of laws;

2) denoting participation in;

vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, wedding;

vera at vígi, to be an accessory in man-slaying;

3) ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at;

kvalararnir, er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him;

var þar at kona nökkur at binda (was there busy dressing) sár manna;

4) with proper names of places (farms);

konungr at Danmörku ok Noregi, king of;

biskup at Hólum, bishop of Holar;

at Helgafelli, at Bergþórshváli;

5) used ellipt. with a genitive, at (a person’s) house;

at hans (at his house) gisti fjölmenni mikit;

at Marðar, at Mara’s home;

at hins beilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church;

at Ránar, at Ran’s (abode).

III. Of time;

1) at, in;

at upphafi, at first, in the beginning;

at skilnaði, at parting, when they parted;

at páskum, at Easter;

at kveldi, at eventide;

at þinglausnum, at the close of the Assembly;

at fjöru, at the ebb;

at flœðum, at the floodtide;

2) adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr’;

at ári komanda, next year;

at vári, er kemr, next spring;

generally with ‘komanda’ understood;

at sumri, hausti, vetri, vári, next summer, &c.;

3) used with an absolute dative and present or past part.;

at sér lifanda, duing his lifetime;

at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all;

at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the hearing of the chief;

at upprennandi sólu, at sunrise;

at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks are past;

at honum önduðum, after his death;

4) denoting uninterrupted succession, after;

hverr at öðrum, annarr at öðrum, one after another;

skildu menn at þessu, thereupon, after this;

at því (thereafter) kómu aðrar meyjar.

IV. fig. and in various uses;

1) to, into, with the notion of destruction or change;

brenna (borgina) at ösku, to burn to ashes;

verða at ormi, to become a snake;

2) for, as;

gefa e-t at gjöf, as a present;

eiga e-n at vin, to have one as friend;

3) by;

taka sverð at hjöltum, by the hilt;

draga út björninn at hlustunum, by the ears;

kjósa at afli, álitum, by strength, appearrance;

4) as regards as to;

auðigr at fé, wealthy in goods;

vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face;

5) as a law term, on the grounds of, by reason of;

ryðja ( to challenge) dóm at mægðum, kvið at frændsemi;

6) as a paraphrase of a genitive;

faðir, móðir at barni (= barns, of a child);

aðili at sök = aðili sakar;

7) with adjectives denoting colour, size, age, of;

hvítr, svartr, rauðr at lit, while, black, red of colour;

mikill, lítill at stœrð, vexti, tall, small of stature;

tvítugr at aldri, twenty years of age;

kýr at fyrsta, öðrum kálfi, a cow that has calved once, twice;

8) determining the source from which anything comes, of, from;

Ari nam ok marga frœði at Þuríði (from her);

þiggja, kaupa, geta, leigja e-t at e-m, to receive, buy, obtain, borrow a thing from one;

hafa veg (virðing) styrk at e-m, to derive honour, power, from one;

9) according, to, after (heygðr at fornum sið);

at ráði allra vitrustu manna, by the advice of;

at landslögum, by the law of the land;

at vánum, as was to be expected;

at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave;

10) in adverbial phrases;

gróa (vera grœddr) at heilu, to be quite healed;

bíta af allt gras at snøggu, quite bare;

at fullu, fully;

at vísu, surely;

at frjálsu, freely;

at eilífu, for ever and ever;

at röngu, at réttu, wrongly, rightly;

at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same;

at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent.

B. with acc., after, upon (= eptir);

sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, to take the inheritance after his father;

eiga féránsdóm at e-n, to hold a court of execution upon a person;

at þat (= eptir þat), after that, thereafter;

connected with a past part. or a., at Gamla fallinn, after the fall of Gamli;

at Hrungni dauðan, upon the death of Hrungnir.

1) as the simple mark of the infinitive, to;

at ganga, at ríða, at hlaupa, to walk, to ride, to run;

2) in an objective sense;

hann bauð þeim at fara, sitja, he bade (ordered) them to go, sit;

gefa e-m at eta, at drekka, to give one to eat, to drink;

3) denoting design or purpose, in order to (hann gekk í borg at kaupa silfr).

1) demonstrative particle before a comparative, the, all the, so much the;

hón grét at meir, she wept the more;

þykkir oss at líkara, all the more likely;

þú ert maðr at verri (so much the worse), er þú hefir þetta mælt;

2) rel. pron., who, which, that (= er);

þeir allir, at þau tíðindi heyrðu, all those who heard;

sem þeim er títt, at ( as is the custom of those who) kaupferðir reka.

conj., that;

1) introducing a subjective or objective clause;

þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, it happened once that H.;

vilda ek, at þú réðist austr í fjörðu, I should like you to go;

2) relative to svá, denoting proportion, degree;

svá mikill lagamaðr, at, so great a lawyer, that;

3) with subj., denoting end or purpose, in order that (skáru þeir fyrir þá (viz. hestana) melinn, at þeir dœi eigi af sulti);

4) since, because, as (= því at);

5) connected with þó, því, svá;

þó at (with subj.), though, although;

því at, because, for;

svá at, so that;

6) temp., þá at (= þá er), when;

þegar at (= þegar er), as soon as;

þar til at (= þar til er), until, till;

áðr at (= á. en), before;

7) used superfluously after an int. pron. or adv.;

Ólafr spurði, hvern styrk at hann mundi fá honum, what help he was likely to give him;

in a relative sense; með fullkomnum ávexti, hverr at (which) þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða.

negative verbal suffix, = ata; var-at, was not.

n. an incited conflict or fight ( see etja);

odda at, Yggs at, battle.

* * *

and að, prep., often used ellipt. dropping the case and even merely as an adverb, [Lat. ad; Ulf. at = πρός and παρά, A. S. ät; Engl. at; Hel. ad = apud; O. H. G. az; lost in mod. Germ., and rare in Swed. and Dan.; in more freq. use in Engl. than any other kindred language, Icel. only excepted]:—the mod. pronunciation and spelling is að (aþ); this form is very old, and is found in Icel. vellum MSS. of the 12th century, e. g. aþ, 623. 60; yet in earlier times it was sounded with a tenuis, as we may infer from rhymes, e. g. jöfurr hyggi at | hve ek yrkja fat, Egill: Sighvat also makes it rhyme with a t. The verse by Thorodd—þar vastu at er fjáðr klæðið þvat (Skálda 162)—is hardly intelligible unless we accept the spelling with an aspirate (að), and say that þvað is = þvá = þváði, lavabat; it may be that by the time of Thorodd and Ari the pure old pronunciation was lost, or is ‘þvat’ simply the A. S. þvât, secuit? The Icelanders still, however, keep the tenuis in compounds before a vowel, or before h, v, or the liquids l, r, thus—atyrða, atorka, athöfn, athugi, athvarf, athlægi; atvinna, atvik; atlaga, atlíðanði ( slope), atriði, atreið, atróðr: but aðdjúpr, aðfinsla (critic), aðferð, aðkoma, aðsókn, aðsúgr (crowding), aðgæzla. In some words the pronunciation is irregular, e. g. atkvæði not aðkv-; atburðr, but aðbúnaðr; aðhjúkran not athjúkran; atgörvi not aðgörfi. At, to, towards; into; against; along, by; in regard to; after.

Mostly with dat.; rarely with acc.; and sometimes ellipt.—by dropping the words ‘home,’ ‘house,’ or the like—with gen.

WITH DAT.

A. LOC.

I. WITH MOTION; gener. the motion to the borders, limits of an object, and thus opp. to frá:

1. towards, against, with or without the notion of arrival, esp. connected with verbs denoting motion (verba movendi et eundi), e. g. fara, ganga, koma, lúta, snúa, rétta at…; Otkell laut at Skamkatli, O. louted (i. e. bowed down) towards S., Nj. 77, Fms. xi. 102; sendimaðrinn sneri ( turned) hjöltum sverðsins at konungi, towards the king, i. 15; hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge towards A., Nj. 220; rétta e-t at e-m, to reach, hand over, Ld. 132; ganga at, to step towards, Ísl. ii. 259.

2. denoting proximity, close up to, up to; Brynjólfr gengr … allt at honum, B. goes quite up to him, Nj. 58; Gunnarr kom þangat at þeim örunum, G. reached them even there with his arrows, 115; þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters, id.; reið maðr at þeim (up to them), 274; þeir höfðu rakit sporin allt at ( right up to) gammanum, Fms. i. 9; komu þeir at sjó fram, came down to the sea, Bárð. 180.

3. without reference to the space traversed, to or at; koma at landi, to land, Ld. 38, Fms. viii. 358; ríða at dyrum, Boll. 344; hlaupa at e-m, to run up to, run at, Fms. vii. 218, viii. 358; af sjáfarganginum er hann gekk at landinu, of the surf dashing against the shore, xi. 6; vísa ólmum hundi at manni, to set a fierce hound at a man, Grág. ii. 118; leggja e-n at velli, to lay low, Eg. 426, Nj. 117; hníga at jörðu, at grasi, at moldu, to bite the dust, to die, Njarð. 378; ganga at dómi, a law term, to go into court, of a plaintiff, defendant, or bystander, Nj. 87 (freq.)

4. denoting a motion along, into, upon; ganga at stræti, to walk along the street, Korm. 228, Fms. vii. 39; at ísi, on the ice, Skálda 198, Fms. vii. 19, 246, viii. 168, Eb. 112 new Ed. (á is perh. wrong); máttu menn ganga bar yfir at skipum einum, of ships alone used as a bridge, Fas. i. 378; at höfðum, at nám, to trample on the slain on the battle-field, Lex. Poët.; at ám, along the rivers; at merkiósum, at the river’s mouth, Grág. ii. 355; at endilöngu baki, all along its back, Sks. 100.

5. denoting hostility, to rush at, assault; renna at, hlaupa at, ganga, fara, ríða, sækja, at e-m, (v. those words), whence the nouns atrenna, athlaup, atgangr, atför, atreið, atsókn, etc.

β. metaph., kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, deep sleep fell on them, Nj. 104. Esp. of weather, in the impers. phrase, hríð, veðr, vind, storm görir at e-m, to be overtaken by a snow storm, gale, or the like; görði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog, Bárð. 171.

6. denoting around, of clothing or the like; bregða skikkju at höfði sér, to wrap his cloak over his head, Ld. 62; vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a snood round her head, 188; sauma at, to stick, cling close, as though sewn on; sauma at höndum sér, of tight gloves, Bs. i. 453; kyrtill svá þröngr sem saumaðr væri at honum, as though it were stitched to him, Nj. 214; vafit at vándum dreglum, tight laced with sorry tags, id.; hosa strengd fast at beini, of tight hose, Eg. 602; hann sveipar at sér iðrunum ok skyrtunni, he gathers up the entrails close to him and the skirt too, Gísl. 71; laz at síðu, a lace on the side, to keep the clothes tight, Eg. 602.

β. of burying; bera grjót at einum, to heap stones upon the body, Eg. 719; var gör at þeim dys or grjóti, Ld. 152; gora kistu at líki, to make a coffin for a body, Eb. 264, Landn. 56, Ld. 142.

γ. of summoning troops or followers; stefna at sér mönnum, to summon men to him, Nj. 104; stefna at sér liði, Eg. 270; kippa mönnum at sér, to gather men in haste, Ld. 64.

7. denoting a business, engagement; ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after after horses, watching sheep, Glúm. 362, Nj. 75; fara at fé, to go to seek for sheep, Ld. 240; fara at heyi, to go a-haymaking, Dropl. 10; at veiðum, a-hunting; at fuglum, a-fowling; at dýrum, a-sbooting; at fiski, a-fishing; at veiðiskap, Landn. 154, Orkn. 416 (in a verse), Nj. 25; fara at landskuldum, to go a-collecling rents, Eg. 516; at Finnkaupum, a-marketing with Finns, 41; at féföngum, a-plundering, Fms. vii. 78; ganga at beina, to wait on guests, Nj. 50; starfa at matseld, to serve at table, Eb. 266; hitta e-n at nauðsynjum, on matters of business; at máli, to speak with one, etc., Fms. xi. 101; rekast at e-m, to pursue one, ix. 404; ganga at liði sér, to go suing for help, Grág. ii. 384.

β. of festivals; snúa, fá at blóti, veizlu, brullaupi, to prepare for a sacrificial banquet, wedding, or the like, hence at-fangadagr, Eb. 6, Ld. 70; koma at hendi, to happen, befall; ganga at sínu, to come by one’s own, to take it, Ld. 208; Egill drakk hvert full er at honum kom, drained every horn that came to him, Eg. 210; komast at keyptu, to purchase dearly, Húv. 46.

8. denoting imaginary motion, esp. of places, cp. Lat. spectare, vergere ad…, to look or lie towards; horfði botninn at höfðanum, the bight of the bay looked toward the headland, Fms. i. 340, Landn. 35; also, skeiðgata liggr at læknum, leads to the brook, Ísl. ii. 339; á þann arminn er vissi at sjánum, on that wing which looked toward the sea, Fms. viii. 115; sár þau er horft höfðu at Knúti konungi, xi. 309.

β. even connected with verbs denoting motion; Gilsáreyrr gengr austan at Fljótinu, G. extends, projects to F. from the east, Hrafh. 25; hjá sundi því, er at gengr þingstöðinni, Fms. xi. 85.

II. WITHOUT MOTION; denoting presence at, near, by, at the side of, in, upon; connected with verbs like sitja, standa, vera…; at kirkju, at church, Fms. vii. 251, K. f). K. 16, Ld. 328, Ísl. ii. 270, Sks. 36; vera at skála, at húsi, to be in, at home, Landn. 154; at landi, Fms. i. 82; at skipi, on shipboard, Grág. i. 209, 215; at oldri, at a banquet, inter pocula; at áti, at dinner, at a feast, inter edendum, ii. 169, 170; at samförum ok samvistum, at public meetings, id.; at dómi, in a court; standa (to take one’s stand) norðan, sunnan, austan, vestan at dómi, freq. in the proceedings at trials in lawsuits, Nj.; at þingi, present at the parliament, Grág. i. 142; at lögbergi, o n the hill of laws, 17, Nj.; at baki e-m, at the back of.

2. denoting presence, partaking in; sitja at mat, to sit at meat, Fms. i. 241; vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, nuptials, Nj. 51, Ld. 70: a law term, vera at vígi, to be an accessory in manslaying, Nj. 89, 100; vera at e-u simply means to be about, be busy in, Fms. iv. 237; standa at máli, to stand by one in a case, Grág. ii. 165, Nj. 214; vera at fóstri, to be fostered, Fms. i. 2; sitja at hégóma, to listen to nonsense, Ld. 322; vera at smíð, to be at one’s work, Þórð. 62: now absol., vera at, to go on with, be busy at.

3. the law term vinna eið at e-u has a double meaning:

α. vinna eið at bók, at baugi, to make an oath upon the book by laying the band upon it, Landn. 258, Grág., Nj.; cp. Vkv. 31, Gkv. 3. 3, Hkv. 2. 29, etc.: ‘við’ is now used in this sense.

β. to confirm a fact (or the like) by an oath, to swear to, Grág. i. 9, 327.

γ. the law phrase, nefna vátta at e-u, of summoning witnesses to a deed, fact, or the like; nefna vátta at benjum, to produce evidence, witnesses as to the wounds, Nj., Grág.; at görð, Eg. 738; at svörum, Grág. i. 19: this summoning of witnesses served in old lawsuits the same purpose as modern pleadings and depositions; every step in a suit to be lawful must be followed by such a summoning or declaration.

4. used ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at; kvalararnir er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him; þar varstu at, you were there present, Skálda 162; at várum þar, Gísl. (in a verse): as a law term ‘vera at’ means to be guilty, Glúm. 388; vartattu at þar, Eg. (in a verse); hence the ambiguity of Glum’s oath, vask at þar, I was there present: var þar at kona nokkur ( was there busy) at binda sár manna, Fms. v. 91; hann var at ok smíðaði skot, Rd. 313; voru Varbelgir at ( about) at taka af, þau lög …, Fms. ix. 512; ek var at ok vafk, I was about weaving, xi. 49; þeir höfðu verit at þrjú sumur, they had been busy at it for three summers, x. 186 (now very freq.); koma at, come in, to arrive unexpectedly; Gunnarr kom at í því, G. came in at that moment; hvaðan komtú nú at, whence did you come? Nj. 68, Fms. iii. 200.

5. denoting the kingdom or residence of a king or princely person; konungr at Danmörk ok Noregi, king of…, Fms. i. 119, xi. 281; konungr, jarl, at öllum Noregi, king, earl, over all N., íb. 3, 13, Landn. 25; konungr at Dyflinni, king of Dublin, 25; but í or yfir England!, Eg. 263: cp. the phrase, sitja at landi, to reside, of a king when at home, Hkr. i. 34; at Joini, Fms. xi. 74: used of a bishop; biskup at Hólum, bishop of Hólar, Íb. 18, 19; but biskup í Skálaholti, 19: at Rómi, at Rome, Fbr. 198.

6. in denoting a man’s abode (vide p. 5, col. 1, l. 27), the prep. ‘at’ is used where the local name implies the notion of by the side of, and is therefore esp. applied to words denoting a river, brook, rock, mountain, grove, or the like, and in some other instances, by, at, e. g. at Hofi (a temple), Landn. 198; at Borg ( a castle), 57; at Helgafelli (a mountain), Eb. constantly so; at Mosfelli, Landn. 190; at Hálsi (a hill), Fms. xi. 22; at Bjargi, Grett. 90; Hálsum, Landn. 143; at Á ( river), 296, 268; at Bægisá, 212; Giljá, 332; Myrká, 211; Vatnsá, id.; þverá, Glúm. 323; at Fossi (a ‘force’ or waterfall), Landn. 73; at Lækjamoti (waters-meeting), 332; at Hlíðarenda ( end of the lithe or hill), at Bergþórshváli, Nj.; at Lundi (a grove), at Melum (sandhill), Landn. 70: the prep. ‘á’ is now used in most of these cases, e. g. á Á, á Hofi, Helgafelli, Felli, Hálsi, etc.

β. particularly, and without any regard to etymology, used of the abode of kings or princes, to reside at; at Uppsölum, at Haugi, Alreksstöðum, at Hlöðum, Landn., Fms.

γ. konungr lét kalla at stofudyrum, the king made a call at the hall door, Eg. 88; þeir kölluðu at herberginu, they called at the inn, Fms. ix. 475.

7. used ellipt. with a gen., esp. if connected with such words as gista, to be a guest, lodge, dine, sup (of festivals or the like) at one’s home; at Marðar, Nj. 4; at hans, 74; þingfesti at þess bóanda, Grág. i. 152; at sín, at one’s own home, Eg. 371, K. Þ. K. 62; hafa náttstað at Freyju, at the abode of goddess Freyja, Eg. 603; at Ránar, at Ran’s, i. e. at Ran’s house, of drowned men who belong to the queen of the sea, Ran, Eb. 274; at hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church, Fms. vi. 63: cp. ad Veneris, εις Κίμωνος.

B. TEMP.

I. at, denoting a point or period of time; at upphafi, at first, in the beginning, Ld. 104; at lyktum, at síðustu, at lokum, at last; at lesti, at last, Lex. Poët., more freq. á lesti; at skilnaði, at parting, at last, Band. 3; at fornu, in times of yore, formerly, Eg. 267, D. I. i. 635; at sinni, as yet, at present; at nýju, anew, of present time; at eilífu, for ever and ever; at skömmu, soon, shortly, Ísl. ii. 272, v. l.

II. of the very moment when anything happens, the beginning of a term; denoting the seasons of the year, months, weeks, the hours of the day; at Jólum, at Yule, Nj. 46; at Pálmadegi, on Palm Sunday, 273; at Páskum, at Easter; at Ólafsvöku, on St. Olave’s eve, 29th of July, Fms.; at vetri, at the beginning of the winter, on the day when winter sets in, Grág. 1. 151; at sumarmálum, at vetrnáttum; at Tvímánaði, when the Double month (August) begins, Ld. 256, Grág. i. 152; at kveldi, at eventide, Eg. 3; at því meli, at that time; at eindaga, at the term, 395; at eykð, at 4 o’clock p. m., 198; at öndverðri æfi Abra hams, Ver. II; at sinni, now at once, Fms. vi. 71; at öðruhverju, every now and then.

β. where the point of time is marked by some event; at þingi, at the meeting of parliament (18th to the 24th of June), Ld. 182; at féránsdómi, at the court of execution, Grág. i. 132, 133; at þinglausnum, at the close of the parliament (beginning of July), 140; at festarmálum, eðr at eiginorði, at betrothal or nuptials, 174; at skilnaði, when they parted, Nj. 106 (above); at öllum minnum, at the general drinking of the toasts, Eg. 253; at fjöru, at the ebb; at flæðum, at flood tide, Fms. viii. 306, Orkn. 428; at hrörum, at an inquest, Grág. i. 50 (cp. ii. 141, 389); at sökum, at prosecutions, 30; at sinni, now, as yet, v. that word.

III. ellipt., or adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr,’ of the future time:

1. ellipt., komanda or the like being understood, with reference to the seasons of the year; at sumri, at vetri, at hausti, at vári, next summer, winter…, Ísl. ii. 242; at miðju sumri, at ári, at Midsummer, next year, Fas. i. 516; at miðjum vetri, Fms. iv. 237,

2. adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr;’ at ári komanda, Bárð. 177; at vári er kemr, Dipl. iii. 6.

IV. used with an absolute dat. and with a pres. part.:

1. with pres. part.; at morni komanda, on the coming morrow, Fms. i. 263; at sér lifanda, in vivo, in his life time, Grág. ii. 202; at þeim sofundum, illis dormientibus, Hkr. i. 234; at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all, Fms. x. 329; at úvitanda konungi, illo nesciente, without his knowledge, 227; at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the chief’s bearing, 235.

2. of past time with a past part. (Lat. abl. absol.); at hræjum fundnum, on the bodies being found, Grág. ii. 87; at háðum dómum ok föstu þingi, during the session, the courts being set, i. 484; at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks past, Band. 13; at svá búnu, so goru, svá komnu, svá mæltu (Lat. quibus rebus gestis, dictis, quo facto, dicto, etc.), v. those words; at úreyndu, without trial, without put ting one to the test, Ld. 76; at honum önduðum, illo mortuo.

3. ellipt. without ‘at;’ en þessum hlutum fram komnum, when all this has been done, Eb. 132.

V. in some phrases with a slight temp, notion; at görðum gildum, the fences being strong, Gþl. 387; at vörmu spori, at once, whilst the trail is warm; at úvörum, unawares, suddenly, Nj. 95, Ld. 132; at þessu, at this cost, on that condition, Eb. 38, Nj. 55; at illum leiki, to have a narrow escape, now við illan leik, Fms. ix. 473; at því, that granted, Grág. ii. 33: at því, at pessu, thereafter, thereupon, Nj. 76.

2. denoting succession, without interruption, one after another; hverr at öðrum, annarr maðr at öðrum, aðrir at öðrum; eina konu at annarri, Eg. 91, Fms. ii. 236, vi. 25, Bs. i. 22, 625. 80, H. E. i. 522.

C. METAPH. and in various cases:

I. denoting a transformation or change into, to, with the notion of destruction; brenna at ösku, at köldum kolum, to burn to ashes, to be quite destroyed, Fms. i. 105, Edda 3, Sturl. ii. 51: with the notion of transformation or transfiguration, in such phrases as, verða at e-u, göra e-t at e-u, to turn it into:

α. by a spell; verða at ormi, to become a snake, Fms. xi. 158; at flugdrekum, Gullþ. 7; urðu þau bönd at járni, Edda 40.

β. by a natural process it can often be translated by an acc. or by as; göra e-n at urðarmanni, to make him an outlaw, Eg. 728; græða e-n at orkumlamanni, to heal him so as to maim him for life, of bad treatment by a leech, Eb. 244: in the law terms, sár görist at ben, a wound turning into a ben, proving to be mortal, Grág., Nj.; verða at ljúgvætti, to prove to be a false evidence, Grág. i. 44; verða at sætt, to turn into reconciliation, Fms. i. 13; göra e-t at reiði málum, to take offence at, Fs. 20; at nýjum tíðindum, to tell as news, Nj. 14; verða fátt at orðum, to be sparing of words, 18; kveðr (svá) at orði, to speak, utter, 10; verða at þrifnaði, to geton well, Fms. vii. 196: at liði, at skaða, to be a help or hurt to one; at bana, to cause one’s death, Nj. 223, Eg. 21, Grág. ii. 29: at undrum, at hlátri, to become a wonder, a laughing-stock, 623. 35, Eg. 553.

II. denoting capacity, where it may be translated merely by as or for; gefa at Jólagjöf, to give for a Christmas-box, Eg. 516; at gjöf, for a present; at erfð, at láni, launum, as an inheritance, a loan; at kaupum ok sökum, for buying and selling, Ísl. ii. 223, Grág. i. 423; at solum, ii. 204; at herfangi, as spoil or plunder; at sakbótum, at niðgjöldum, as a compensation, weregeld, i. 339, ii. 171, Hkr. ii. 168; taka at gíslingu, to take as an hostage, Edda 15; eiga e-n at vin, at óvin, to have one as friend or foe, illt er at eiga þræl at eingavin, ‘tis ill to have a thrall for one’s bosom friend (a proverb), Nj. 77; fæða, eiga, at sonum (syni), to beget a son, Edda 8, Bs. i. 60 (but eiga at dóttur cannot be said); hafa möttul at yfirhöfn, Fms. vii. 201; verða nökkut at manni (mönnum), to turn out to be a worthy man; verða ekki at manni, to turn out a worthless person, xi. 79, 268.

2. in such phrases as, verða at orðum, to come towards, Nj. 26; var þat at erindum, Eg. 148; hafa at veizlum, to draw veizlur ( dues) from, Fms. iv. 275, Eg. 647; gora e-t at álitum, to take it into consideration, Nj. 3.

III. denoting belonging to, fitting, of parts of the whole or the like; vóru at honum (viz. the sword) hjölt gullbúin, the sword was ornamented with a hilt of gold, Ld. 330; umgörð at ( belonging to) sverði, Fs. 97 (Hs.) in a verse; en ef mór er eigi at landinu, if there be no turf moor belonging to the land, Grág. ii. 338; svá at eigi brotnaði nokkuð at Orminum, so that no harm happened to the ship Worm, Fms. x. 356; hvatki er meiðir at skipinu eðr at reiðinu eðr at viðum, damage done t o …, Grág. ii. 403; lesta ( to injure) hús at lásum, við eðr torfi, 110; ef land hefir batnað at húsum, if the land has been bettered as to its buildings, 210; cp. the phrase, göra at e-u, to repair: hamlaðr at höndum eðr fótum, maimed as to hands or feet, Eg. 14; heill at höndum en hrumr at fótum, sound in band, palsied in foot, Fms. vii. 12; lykill at skrá, a key belonging, fitting, to the latch; hurð at húsi; a key ‘gengr at’ ( fits) skrá; and many other phrases. 2. denoting the part by which a thing is held or to which it belongs, by; fá, taka at…, to grasp by …; þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, you took it by the bill, Fms. i. 15; draga út björninn at hlustum, to pull out the bear by the ears, Fas. ii. 237; at fótum, by the feet, Fms. viii. 363; mæla ( to measure) at hrygg ok at jaðri, by the edge or middle of the stuff, Grág. i. 498; kasta e-m at höfði, head foremost, Nj. 84; kjósa e-n at fótum, by the feet alone, Edda 46; hefja frændsemi at bræðrum, eða at systkynum, to reckon kinship by the brother’s or the sister’s side, Grág. i. 28; kjósa at afli, at álitum, by strength, sight, Gs. 8, belongs rather to the following.

IV. in respect of, as regards, in regard to, as to; auðigr at fé, wealthy of goods, Nj. 16, 30, 51; beztir hestar at reið, the best racehorses, 186; spekingr at viti, a man of great intellect, Ld. 124; vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face, Nj. 30, Bs. i. 61; kvenna vænst at ásjónu ok vits munum, of surpassing beauty and intellect, Ld. 122; fullkominn at hyggju, 18; um fram aðra menn at vinsældum ok harðfengi, of surpassing popularity and hardihood, Eb. 30.

2. a law term, of challenging jurors, judges, or the like, on account of, by reason of; ryðja ( to challenge) at mægðum, guðsifjum, frændsemi, hrörum …; at leiðarlengd, on account of distance, Grág. i. 30, 50, Nj. (freq.)

3. in arithm. denoting proportion; at helmingi, þriðjungi, fjórðungi, tíunda hluta, cp. Lat. ex asse, quadrante, for the half, third… part; máttr skal at magni (a proverb), might and main go together, Hkr. ii. 236; þú munt vera at því mikill fræðimaðr á kvæði, in the same proportion, as great, Fms. vi. 391, iii. 41; at e-s hluta, at… leiti, for one’s part, in turn, as far as one is con cerned, Grág. i. 322, Eg. 309, Fms. iii. 26 (freq.): at öðrum kosti, in the other case, otherwise (freq.) More gener., at öllu, öngu, in all (no) respects; at sumu, einhverju, nokkru, partly; at flestu, mestu, chiefly.

4. as a paraphrase of a genitive; faðir, móðir at barni (= barns); aðili at sök (= sakar a.); morðingi at barni (= barns), faðerni at barni (barns); illvirki at fé manna (cp. Lat. felo de se), niðrfall at sökum (saka), land gangr at fiskum (fiska), Fms. iv. 274, Grág. i. 277, 416, N. G. L. i. 340, K. Þ. K. 112, Nj. 21.

5. the phrase ‘at sér,’ of himself or in himself, either ellipt. or by adding the participle görr, and with the adverbs vel, ilia, or the like; denoting breeding, bearing, endowments, character …; væn kona, kurteis ok vel at sér, an accomplished, well-bred, gifted lady, Nj. I; vitr maðr ok vel at sér, a wise man and thoroughly good in feeling and bearing, 5; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér, 49; gerr at sér, accomplished, 51; bezt at sér görr, the finest, best bred man, 39, Ld. 124; en þó er hann svá vel at sér, so generous, Nj. 77; þeir höfðingjar er svá vóru vel at sér, so noble-minded, 198, Fms. i. 160: the phrase ‘at sér’ is now only used of knowledge, thus maðr vel að sér means clever, a man of great knowledge; illa að sér, a blockhead.

6. denoting relations to colour, size, value, age, and the like; hvitr, svartr, grár, rauðr … at lit, white, swarthy, gray, red … of colour, Bjarn. 55, 28, Ísl. ii. 213, etc.; mikill, lítill, at stærð, vexti, tall, small of size, etc.; ungr, gamall, barn, at aldri, young, old, a child of age; tvítugr, þrítugr … at aldri, twenty, thirty … years of age (freq.): of animals; kyr at fyrsta, öðrum … kálfi, a cow having calved once, twice…, Jb. 346: value, amount, currency of money, kaupa e-t at mörk, at a mark, N. G. L. 1. 352; ok er eyririnn at mörk, amounts to a mark, of the value of money, Grág. i. 392; verðr þá at hálfri murk vaðmála eyrir, amounts to a half a mark, 500.

β. metaph. of value, connected with verbs denoting to esteem, hold; meta, hafa, halda at miklu, litlu, vettugi, engu, or the like, to hold in high or low esteem, to care or not to care for (freq.): geta e-s at góðu, illu, öngu, to mention one favourably, unfavourably, indifferently … (freq.), prop. in connection with. In many cases it may be translated by in; ekki er mark at draumum, there is no meaning in dreams, no heed is to be paid to dreams, Sturl. ii. 217; bragð er at þá barnið finnr, it goes too far, when even a child takes offence (a proverb): hvat er at því, what does it mean? Nj. 11; hvert þat skip er vöxtr er at, any ship of mark, i. e. however small, Fms. xi. 20.

V. denoting the source of a thing:

1. source of infor mation, to learn, perceive, get information from; Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði, learnt as her pupil, at her hands, as St. Paul at the feet of Gamaliel, (just as the Scotch say to speer or ask at a person); Ari nam at Þorgeiri afraðskoll, Hkr. (pref.); nema kunnáttu at e-m, used of a pupil, Fms. i. 8; nema fræði at e-m, xi. 396.

2. of receiving, acquiring, buying, from; þiggja e-t at e-m, to receive a thing at his hands, Nj. 51; líf, to be pardoned, Fms. x. 173; kaupa land at e-m, to buy it from, Landn. 72, Íb. II, (now af is more freq. in this sense); geta e-t at e-m, to obtain, procure at one’s hands, impetrare; þeirra manna er þeir megu þat geta at, who are willing to do that, Grág. i. I; heimta e-t at e-m (now af), to call in, demand (a debt, money), 279; fala e-t at e-m (now af), to chaffer for or cheapen anything, Nj. 73; sækja e-t at e-m, to ask, seek for; sækja heilræði ok traust at e-m, 98; leiga e-t at e-m (now af), to borrow, Grág. ii. 334; eiga e-t (fé, skuld) at e-m, to be owed money by any one, i. 399: metaph. to deserve of one, Nj. 113; eiga mikit at e-m, to have much to do with, 138; hafa veg, virðing, styrk, at, to derive honour, power from, Fms. vi. 71, Eg. 44, Bárð. 174; gagn, to be of use, Ld. 216; mein, tálma, mischief, disadvantage, 158, 216, cp. Eg. 546; ótta, awe, Nj. 68.

VI. denoting conformity, according to, Lat. secundum, ex, after; at fornum sið, Fms. i. 112; at sögn Ara prests, as Ari relates, on his authority, 55; at ráði allra vitrustu manna, at the advice of, Ísl. ii. 259, Ld. 62; at lögum, at landslögum, by the law of the land, Grág., Nj.; at líkindum, in all likelihood, Ld. 272; at sköpum, in due course (poet.); at hinum sama hætti, in the very same manner, Grág. i. 90; at vánum, as was to be expected, Nj. 255; at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave, Eg. 35; úlofi, Grág. ii. 215; at ósk, vilja e-s, as one likes…; at mun, id. (poet.); at sólu, happily (following the course of the sun), Bs. i. 70, 137; at því sem …, as to infer from …, Nj. 124: ‘fara, láta, ganga at’ denotes to yield, agree to, to comply with, give in, Ld. 168, Eg. 18, Fms. x. 368.

VII. in phrases nearly or quite adverbial; gróa, vera græddr, at heilu, to be quite healed, Bárð. 167, Eb. 148; bíta at snöggu, to bite it bare, Fms. xi. 6; at þurru, till it becomes dry, Eb. 276; at endilöngu, all along, Fas. ii; vinnast at litlu, to avail little, 655 x. 14; at fullu, fully, Nj. 257, Hkr. i. 171; at vísu, of a surety, surely, Ld. 40; at frjálsu, freely, 308; at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same, Hom. 80, Nj. 267; at röngu, wrongly, 686 B. 2; at hófi, temperately, Lex. Poët.; at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent; at hringum, utterly, all round, (rare), Fms. x. 389; at einu, yet, Orkn. 358; svá at einu, því at einu, allt at einu, yet, however, nevertheless.

VIII. connected with comparatives of adverbs and adjectives, and strengthening the sense, as in Engl. ‘the,’ so much the more, all the more; ‘at’ heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum, where it may be translated by so much the more to two, as I would willingly grant it to all of you; hon grét at meir, she grat (wept) the more, Eg. 483; þykir oss at líkara, all the more likely, Fms. viii. 6; þess at harðari, all the harder, Sturl. iii. 202 C; svá at hinn sé bana at nær, Grág. ii. 117; at auðnara, at hólpnara, the more happy, Al. 19, Grett. 116 B; þess at meiri, Fms. v. 64; auvirðismaðr at meiri, Sturl. ii. 139; maðr at vaskari, id.; at feigri, any the more fey, Km. 22; maðr at verri, all the worse, Nj. 168; ok er ‘at’ firr…, at ek vil miklu heldr, cp. Lat. tantum abest… ut, Eg. 60.

β. following after a negation; eigi at síðr, no less, Nj. 160, Ld. 146; eigi… at meiri maðr, any better, Eg. 425, 489; erat héra at borgnara, any the better off for that, Fms. vii. 116; eigi at minni, no less for that, Edda (pref.) 146; eigi at minna, Ld. 216, Fms. ix. 50; ekki at verri drengr, not a bit worse for that, Ld. 42; er mér ekki son minn at bættari, þótt…, 216; at eigi vissi at nær, any more, Fas. iii. 74.

IX. following many words:

1. verbs, esp. those denoting, a. to ask, enquire, attend, seek, e. g. spyrja at, to speer (ask) for; leita at, to seek for; gæta, geyma at, to pay attention to; huga, hyggja at; hence atspurn, to enquire, aðgæzla, athugi, attention, etc.

β. verbs denoting laughter, play, joy, game, cp. the Engl. to play at …, to laugh at …; hlæja, brosa at e-u, to laugh, smile at it; leika (sér) at e-u, to play at; þykja gaman at, to enjoy; hæða, göra gys at …, to make sport at …

γ. verbs denoting assistance, help; standa, veita, vinna, hjálpa at; hence atstoð, atvinna, atverk:—mode, proceeding; fara at, to proceed, hence atför and atferli:—compliance; láta, fara at e-u, v. above:— fault; e-t er at e-u, there is some fault in it, Fms. x. 418; skorta at e-u, to fall short of, xi. 98:—care, attendance; hjúkra at, hlýja at, v. these words:—gathering, collecting; draga, reiða, flytja, fá at, congerere:—engagement, arrival, etc.; sækja at, to attack; ganga at, vera at, to be about; koma at, ellipt. to arrive: göra at, to repair: lesta at, to impair (v. above); finna at, to criticise (mod.); telja at, id.: bera at, to happen; kveða at e-m, to address one, 625. 15, (kveða at (ellipt.) now means to pronounce, and of a child to utter (read) whole syllables); falla at, of the flood-tide (ellipt.): metaph. of pains or straits surrounding one; þreyngja, herða at, to press hard: of frost and cold, with regard to the seasons; frjósa at, kólna at, to get really cold (SI. 44), as it were from the cold stiffening all things: also of the seasons themselves; hausta, vetra að, when the season really sets in; esp. the cold seasons, ‘sumra at’ cannot be used, yet we may say ‘vára að’ when the spring sets in, and the air gets mild.

δ. in numberless other cases which may partly be seen below.

2. connected ellipt. with adverbs denoting motion from a place; norðan, austan, sunnan, vestan at, those from the north, east…; utan at, innan at, from the outside or inside.

3. with adjectives (but rarely), e. g. kærr, elskr, virkr (affectionate), vandr (zealous), at e-m; v. these words.

WITH ACC.

TEMP.: Lat. post, after, upon, esp. freq. in poetry, but rare in prose writers, who use eptir; nema reisi niðr at nið (= maðr eptir mann), in succession, of erecting a monument, Hm. 71; in prose, at þat. posthac, deinde, Fms. x. 323, cp. Rm., where it occurs several times, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, 24, 28, 30, 35; sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, has to take the inheritance after his father, Grág. i. 170 new Ed.; eiga féránsdóm at e-n, Grág. i. 89; at Gamla fallinn, after the death of G., Fms. x. 382; in Edda (Gl.) 113 ought to be restored, grét ok at Oð, gulli Freyja, she grat (wept) tears of gold for her lost husband Od. It is doubtful if it is ever used in a purely loc. sense; at land, Grág. (Sb.)ii. 211, is probably corrupt; at hönd = á hönd, Grág. (Sb.) i. 135; at mót = at móti, v. this word.

☞ In compounds (v. below) at- or að- answers in turn to Lat. ad- or in- or con-; atdráttr e. g. denotes collecting; atkoma is adventus: it may also answer to Lat. ob-, in atburðr = accidence, but might also be compared with Lat. occurrere.

and að, the mark of the infinitive [cp. Goth. du; A. S. and Engl. to; Germ. zu]. Except in the case of a few verbs ‘at’ is always placed immediately before the infinitive, so as to be almost an inseparable part of the verb.

I. it is used either,

1. as, a simple mark of the infinitive, only denoting an action and independent of the subject, e. g. at ganga, at hlaupa, at vita, to go, to run, to know; or,

2. in an objective sense when following such verbs as bjóða segja…, to invite, command …; hann bauð þeim at ganga, at sitja, be bade, ordered them to go, sit, or the like; or as gefa and fá; gefa e-m at drekka, at eta, to give one to drink or to eat, etc. etc.

β. with the additional notion of intention, esp. when following verba cogitandi; hann ætlaði, hafði í hyggju at fara, he had it in his mind to go (where ‘to go’ is the real object to ætlaði and hafði í hyggju).

3. answering to the Gr. ινα, denoting intention, design, in order to; hann gékk í borg at kaupa silfr, in order to buy, Nj. 280; hann sendi riddara sína með þeim at varðveita þær, 623. 45: in order to make the phrase more plain, ‘svá’ and ‘til’ are frequently added, esp. in mod. writers, ‘svá at’ and contr. ‘svát’ (the last however is rare), ‘til at’ and ‘til þess at,’ etc.

II. in the earlier times the infin., as in Greek and Lat., had no such mark; and some verbs remain that cannot be followed by ‘at;’ these verbs are almost the same in Icel. as in Engl.:

α. the auxiliary verbs vil, mun ( μέλλω), skal; as in Engl. to is never used after the auxiliaries shall, will, must; ek vil ganga, I will go; ek mun fara, (as in North. E.) I mun go; ek skal göra þat, I shall do that, etc.

β. the verbs kunna, mega, as in Engl. I can or may do, I dare say; svá hygginn at hann kunni fyrir sökum ráða, Grág. ii. 75; í öllu er prýða má góðan höfðingja, Nj. 90; vera má, it may be; vera kann þat, id.: kunnu, however, takes ‘at’ whenever it means to know, and esp. in common language in phrases such as, það kann að vera, but vera kann þat, v. above.

γ. lata, biðja, as in Engl. to let, to bid; hann lét (bað) þá fara, he let (bade) them go.

δ. þykkja, þykjast, to seem; hann þykir vera, he is thought to be: reflex., hann þykist vera, sibi videtur: impers., mér þykir vera, mibi videtur, in all cases without ‘at.’ So also freq. the verbs hugsa, hyggja, ætla, halda, to think, when denoting merely the act of thinking; but if there be any notion of intention or purpose, they assume the ‘at;’ thus hann ætlaði, hugði, þá vera góða menn, he thought them to be, acc. c. inf.; but ætlaði at fara, meant to go, etc.

ε. the verbs denoting to see, bear; sjá, líta, horfa á … ( videre); heyra, audire, as in Engl. I saw them come, I heard him tell, ek sá þá koma, ek heyrði hann tala.

ζ. sometimes after the verbs eiga and ganga; hann gékk steikja, be went to roast, Vkv. 9; eiga, esp. when a mere periphrasis instead of skal, móður sína á maðr fyrst fram færa (better at færa), Grág. i. 232; á þann kvið einskis meta, 59; but at meta, id. l. 24; ráða, nema, göra …, freq. in poetry, when they are used as simple auxiliary verbs, e. g. nam hann sér Högna hvetja at rúnum, Skv. 3. 43.

η. hljóta and verða, when used in the sense of must (as in Engl. he must go), and when placed after the infin.of another verb; hér muntu vera hljóta, Nj. 129; but hljóta at vera: fara hlýtr þú, Fms. 1. 159; but þú hlýtr at fara: verða vita, ii. 146; but verða at vita: hann man verða sækja, þó verðr (= skal) maðr eptir mann lifa, Fms. viii. 19, Fas. ii. 552, are exceptional cases.

θ. in poetry, verbs with the verbal neg. suffix ‘-at,’ freq. for the case of euphony, take no mark of the infinitive, where it would be indispensable with the simple verb, vide Lex. Poët. Exceptional cases; hvárt sem hann vill ‘at’ verja þá sök, eða, whatever he chooses, either, Grág. i. 64; fyrr viljum vér enga kórónu at bera, en nokkut ófrelsi á oss at taka, we would rather bear no crown than …, Fms. x. 12; the context is peculiar, and the ‘at’ purposely added. It may be left out ellipt.; e. g. þá er guð gefr oss finnast (= at finnast), Dipl. ii. 14; gef honum drekka (= at drekka), Pr. 470; but mostly in unclassical writers, in deeds, or the like, written nastily and in an abrupt style.

and að, conj. [Goth. þatei = οτι; A. S. þät; Engl. that; Germ, dass; the Ormul. and Scot. at, see the quotations sub voce in Jamieson; in all South-Teutonic idioms with an initial dental: the Scandinavian idioms form an exception, having all dropped this consonant; Swed. åt, Dan. at]. In Icel. the Bible translation (of the 16th century) was chiefly based upon that of Luther; the hymns and the great bulk of theol. translations of that time were also derived from Germany; therefore the germanised form það frequently appears in the Bible, and was often employed by theol. authors in sermons since the time of the Reformation. Jón Vidalin, the greatest modern Icel. preacher, who died in 1720, in spite of his thoroughly classical style, abounds in the use of this form; but it never took root in the language, and has never passed into the spoken dialect. After a relative or demonstr. pronoun, it freq. in mod. writers assumes the form eð, hver eð, hverir eð, hvað eð, þar eð. Before the prep. þú (tu), þ changes into t, and is spelt in a single word attú, which is freq. in some MS.;—now, however, pronounced aððú, aððeir, aððið …, = að þú…, with the soft Engl. th sound. It gener. answers to Lat. ut, or to the relat. pron. qui.

I. that, relative to svá, to denote proportion, degree, so…, that, Lat. tam, tantus, tot…, ut; svá mikill lagamaðr, at…, so great a lawyer, that…, Nj. 1; hárið svá mikit, at þat…, 2; svá kom um síðir því máli, at Sigvaldi, it came so far, that…, Fms. xi. 95, Edda 33. Rarely and unclass., ellipt. without svá; Bæringr var til seinn eptir honum, at hann … (= svá at), Bær. 15; hlífði honum, at hann sakaði ekki, Fas. iii. 441.

II. it is used,

1. with indic, in a narrative sense, answering partly to Gr. οτι, Lat. quod, ut, in such phrases as, it came to pass, happened that …; þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, Nj. 2; þat var á palmdrottinsdag, at Ólafr konungr gékk út um stræti, Fms. ii. 244.

2. with subj. answering to Lat. acc. with infin., to mark the relation of an object to the chief verb, e. g. vilda ek at þú réðist, I wished that you would, Nj. 57.

β. or in an oblique sentence, answering to ita ut…; ef svá kann verða at þeir láti…, if it may be so that they might…, Fms. xi. 94.

γ. with a subj. denoting design, answering to ϊνα or Lat. ut with subj., in order that; at öll veraldar bygðin viti, ut sciat totus orbis, Stj.; þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, at þeir dæi eigi af sulti, ut ne fame perirent, Nj. 265; fyrsti hlutr bókarinnar er Kristindómsbálkr, at menn skili, in order that men may understand, Gþl. p. viii.

III. used in connection with conjunctions,

1. esp. þó, því, svá; þó at freq. contr. þótt; svát is rare and obsolete.

α. þóat, þótt (North. E. ‘thof’), followed by a subjunctive, though, although, Lat. etsi, quamquam (very freq.); þóat nokkurum mönnum sýnist þetta með freku sett… þá viljum vér, Fms. vi. 21: phrases as, gef þú mér þó at úverðugri, etsi indignae (dat.), Stj. MS. col. 315, are unclass., and influenced by the Latin: sometimes ellipt. without ‘þó,’ eigi mundi hón þá meir hvata göngu sinni, at (= þóat) hon hraeddist bana sinn, Edda 7, Nj. 64: ‘þó’ and ‘at’ separated, svarar hann þó rétt, at hann svari svá, Grág. i. 23; þó er rétt at nýta, at hann sé fyrr skorinn, answering to Engl. yet—though, Lat. attamen —etsi, K. Þ. K.

β. því at, because, Lat. nam, quia, with indic.; því at allir vóru gerfiligir synir hans, Ld. 68; því at af íþróttum verðr maðr fróðr, Sks. 16: separated, því þegi ek, at ek undrumst, Fms. iii. 201; því er þessa getið, at þat þótti, it i s mentioned because …, Ld. 68.

γ. svá at, so that, Lat. ut, ita ut; grátrinn kom upp, svá at eingi mátti öðrum segja, Edda 37: separated, so … that, svá úsvúst at …, so bad weather, that, Bs. i. 339, etc.

2. it is freq. used superfluously, esp. after relatives; hver at = hverr, quis; því at = því, igitur; hverr at þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða, Fms. v. 159; hvern stvrk at hann mundi fá, 44; ek undrumst hvé mikil ógnarraust at liggr í þér, iii. 201; því at ek mátti eigi þar vera elligar, því at þar var kristni vel haldin, Fas. i. 340.

IV. as a relat. conj.:

1. temp, when, Lat. quum; jafnan er ( est) mér þá verra er ( quum) ek fer á braut þaðan, en þá at ( quum) ek kem, Grett. 150 A; þar til at vér vitum, till we know, Fms. v. 52; þá at ek lýsta (= þá er), when, Nj. 233.

2. since, because; ek færi yðr (hann), at þér eruð í einum hrepp allir, because of your being all of the same Rape, Grág. i. 260; eigi er kynlegt at ( though) Skarphéðinn sé hraustr, at þat er mælt at…, because (since) it is a saying that…, Nj. 64.

V. in mod. writers it is also freq. superfluously joined to the conjunctions, ef að = ef, si, (Lv. 45 is from a paper MS.), meðan að = meðan, dum; nema að, nisi; fyrst að = fyrst, quoniam; eptir að, síðan að, postquam; hvárt að = hvárt, Lat. an. In the law we find passages such as, þá er um er dæmt eina sök, at þá eigu þeir aptr at ganga í dóminn, Grág. i. 79; ef þing ber á hina helgu viku, at þat á eigi fyrir þeim málum at standa, 106; þat er ok, at þeir skulu reifa mál manna, 64; at þeir skulu með váttorð þá sök sækja, 65: in all these cases ‘at’ is either superfluous or, which is more likely, of an ellipt. nature, ‘the law decrees’ or ‘it is decreed’ being understood. The passages Sks. 551, 552, 568, 718 B, at lokit (= at ek hefi lokit), at hugleitt (= at ek hefi h.), at sent (= at ek hefi sent) are quite exceptional.

and að, an indecl. relat. pronoun [Ulf. þatei = ος, ος αν, οστις, οσπερ, οιος, etc.; Engl. that, Ormul. at], with the initial letter dropped, as in the conj. at, (cp. also the Old Engl. at, which is both a conj. and a pronoun, e. g. Barbour vi. 24 in Jamieson: ‘I drede that his gret wassalage, | And his travail may bring till end, | That at men quhilc full litil wend.’ | ‘His mestyr speryt quhat tithings a t he saw.’—Wyntoun v. 3. 89.) In Icel. ‘er’ (the relat. pronoun) and ‘at’ are used indifferently, so that where one MS. reads ‘er,’ another reads ‘at,’ and vice versâ; this may easily be seen by looking at the MSS.; yet as a rule ‘er’ is much more freq. used. In mod. writers ‘at’ is freq. turned into ‘eð,’ esp. as a superfluous particle after the relative pron. hverr (hver eð, hvað eð, hverir eð, etc.), or the demonstr. sá (sá eð, þeir eð, hinir eð, etc.):—who, which, that, enn bezta grip at ( which) hafði til Íslands komið, Ld. 202; en engi mun sá at ( cui) minnisamara mun vera, 242; sem blótnaut at ( quae) stærst verða, Fms. iii. 214; þau tiðendi, at mér þætti verri, Nj. 64, etc. etc.

n. collision (poët.); odda at, crossing of spears, crash of spears, Höfuðl. 8.

β. a fight or bait of wild animals, esp. of horses, v. hesta-at and etja.

the negative verbal suffix, v. -a.

tam, adv. [orig. acc. fem. of the demonstrative root ta-; cf.: tum, tamen], correlative of quam, so, so much, as.

As comparative adverb, demonstrative with correlative quam, introducing comparative clauses of like intensity.

As adjunct of adjectives or participles the intensity of which is expressed by a comparative clause, tam... quam = as... as; negatively, non (neque, nihil, etc.) tam... quam = not so... as.

In comparison between two adjj.:

tam esse clemens tyrannus quam rex importunus potest,

a tyrant may be as mild as a king may be harsh, Cic. Rep. 1, 33, 50 (B. and K. bracket rex):

non tam solido quam splendido nomine,

id. Fin. 1, 18, 61:

tam culpae hostium justus existimator quam gloriosus victor,

Val. Max. 3, 8, 1:

adjuro, tam me tibi vera referre Quam veri majora fide,

things as true as they are beyond belief, Ov. M. 3, 659:

quorum vires quam repentinae tam breves,

Sen. Q. N. 6, 7, 2.—Negatively:

non enim tam praeclarum est scire Latine quam turpe nescire,

Cic. Brut. 37, 140:

ut illa... non tam mirabilia sunt, quam conjecta belle,

id. Div. 2, 31, 66; 2, 36, 76: nec tam Turpe fuit vinci [p. 1836] quam contendisse decorum est, Ov. M. 9, 5. —Tam preceded by comp. clause:

maximeque eam pestilentiam insignem mors quam matura tam acerba M. Furi fecit,

Liv. 7, 1, 8:

quam magni nominis bellum est, tam difficilem existimaritis victoriam fore,

id. 21, 43, 11:

donec quam felices seditiones, tam honorati seditionum auctores essent,

id. 4, 2, 4. —

In a comparison between degrees of intensity, etc., of the same adjective.

As in relative clauses, the adjective repeated (so esp. in Plaut.;

not repeated in English): tam liquidus est quam liquida tempestas esse solet,

as serene as the weather is wont to be, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 64:

quam placida'st aqua,

id. ib. 3, 2, 165:

tam frictum ego illum reddam quam frictum est cicer,

id. Bacch. 4, 4, 7.—Negatively:

nemo orator tam multa scripsit quam multa sunt nostra,

Cic. Or. 30, 168:

tametsi non tam multum in istis rebus intellego quam multa vidi,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 43, § 94.—

The adjective not repeated.

The terms of comparison being nouns or pronouns:

tam ego fui ante liber quam gnatus tuus ( = quam liber gnatus tuus est),

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 60:

fieret corium tam maculosum quam est nutricis pallium,

id. Bacch. 3, 3, 30:

tam mihi mea vita quam tua Tibi cara est,

id. Cas. 3, 6, 43:

ni illam mihi tam tranquillam facis quam mare est,

id. Poen. 1, 2, 145:

tam crebri ad terram decidebant quam pira,

id. ib. 2, 38:

tam excoctam reddam atque atram quam carbo'st,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 63:

quom fervit maxume, tam placidum (eum) quam ovem reddo,

id. ib. 4, 1, 18:

tam sum misericors quam vos, tam mitis quam qui lenissimus,

Cic. Sull. 31, 87:

tam gratum mihi id erit quam quod gratissimum,

id. Fam. 13, 3:

nulla ingenia tam prona ad invidiam sunt quam eorum qui genus ac fortunam suam animis non aequant,

Liv. 45, 22:

nihil est tam violentum quam magna vis aquae,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 6:

(cum sit) tam aurum et argentum quam aes Corinthium ( = cum aurum et argentum tam sit Corinthium quam aes),

Quint. 8, 2, 8:

(ira) tam inutilis animi minister est quam miles qui signum receptui neglegit,

Sen. Ira, 1, 9, 2.—

Negatively: neque opes nostrae tam sunt validae quam tuae,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 20:

nihil esse tam detestabile tamque pestiferum quam voluptatem,

Cic. Sen. 12, 41:

neque tam condenso corpore nubes esse queunt quam sunt lapides, neque autem tam tenues quam nebulae,

Lucr. 6, 101.—Virtually negative:

quod enim tam infidum mare quam blanditiae principum? ( = nullum tam infidum mare, etc.),

Plin. Pan. 66. — With comp. pregn. (very rare): istam dextram non tam in bellis et proeliis quam in promissis et fide firmiorem, i. e. whose superior trustworthiness is not so much in wars, etc., Cic. Deiot. 3, 8:

vectigal ex agro eorum capimus, quod nobis non tam fructu jucundius est, quam ultione,

Liv. 28, 39, 13. —

With quam in subst.-clause:

quicquid mali hic Pisistratus non fecerit, tam gratum est quam si alium facere prohibuerit,

Cic. Att. 8, 16, 2.—Negatively:

juris interpretatio, quae non tam mihi molesta sit propter laborem quam quod dicendi cogitationem auferat,

Cic. Leg. 1, 4, 12. —

Virtually negative: quid autem tam exiguum quam est munus hoc eorum qui consuluntur?

Cic. Leg. 1, 4, 14.—

With quam in adverb.-clause:

cupam facito tam crassam quam modioli postulant,

Cato, R. R. 21, 1:

si era mea sciat tam socordem esse quam sum,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 5:

tua est imago: tam consimili'st quam potest,

id. Men. 5, 9, 4:

sororem tam similem quam lacte lacti est,

id. Mil. 2, 2, 87.—

Tam with advv.: tam... quam = as ( so)... as; negatively = not so... as.

Comparing an adv. with another adv. or adverb. clause: satin' istuc mihi exquisitum est...? Ar. Tam satis quam numquam hoc invenies secus, with as full certainty as that you will never find this otherwise, Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 106.—Virtually negative:

quis umquam obeundi negotii studio tam brevi tempore tot loca adire potuit, quam celeriter Cn. Pompejo duce tanti belli impetus navigavit?

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34. —After quam:

nam dictaturam quam pertinaciter ei deferebat populus, tam constanter repulit,

Vell. 2, 89, 5 (the repetition of the adverb is especially frequent in tam diu... quam diu; v. tamdiu).—

The adverb understood after quam: sed tu novisti fidicinam? Tr. Tam facile quam me (quam facile me novi), Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 72:

tam facile vinces quam pirum volpes comest,

id. Most. 3, 1, 26:

tam hercle certe quam ego ted, ac tu me vides,

id. Merc. 1, 2, 77:

tam audacter (ibis intro) quam domum ad te,

id. Truc. 1, 2, 109:

tam facile quam tu arbitraris,

Cic. Div. 1, 6, 10:

tam cito evertetur quam navis, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

nihil tam cito redditur quam a speculo imago,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 4, 2. —

Negatively: (ira) quia non tam cito in alium quam vult erumpit,

Sen. Ira, 1, 19, 4.—Virtually negative (very freq.):

quasi vero quidquam sit tam valde, quam nihil sapere, vulgare,

Cic. Div. 2, 39, 81. — With sup. adv.: quam potes tam verba confer maxime ad compendium = as much as you can (hence the idiomatic expression: quam maxime = as much as possible), Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 184. —

With verbs: tam... quam = as much... as, as well... as; negatively: non tam... quam, not so much... as.

One verb compared with another:

nam quod edit tam duim quam perduim,

for what he can eat I would give as much as lose, Plaut. Aul. 4, 6, 6:

vellem tam domestica ferre possem quam ista contemnere,

Cic. Att. 13, 20, 4:

utinam tam non pigeat ista facere quam non displicebit,

Quint. 2, 5, 17:

Tyrus et ipsa tam movetur quam diluitur,

Sen. Q. N. 6, 26, 5.—Negatively:

fit quoque enim interdum ut non tam concurrere nubes frontibus adversis possint quam de latere ire,

Lucr. 6, 115.—

The same verb repeated or understood after quam; the compared terms being,

Nouns or pronouns: tam mihi quam illi libertatem hostilis eripuit manus;

tam ille apud nos servit quam ego hic apud te servio,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 61:

tam hic scit me habere (pecuniam) quam egomet (i. e. scio),

id. Aul. 3, 6, 12:

quam tu filium tuum, tam me pater me meus desiderat,

id. Capt. 2, 2, 6:

tam huic loqui licere oportet quam isti,

id. Cas. 2, 6, 58:

tam tibi istuc credo quam mihi,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 25:

haec tibi tam sunt defendenda quam moenia,

Cic. Ac. 2, 44, 137:

tam moveor quam tu, Luculle,

id. ib. 2, 46, 141:

tamque id... tuendum conservandumque nobis est quam illud, etc.,

id. Off. 3, 4, 17: amurcam periti agricolae tam in doliis condunt quam oleum aut vinum ( as well as), Varr. R. R. 1, 61:

tam natura putarem vitam hominis sustentari quam vitis, quam arboris,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 56:

sicut pueris, qui tam parentibus amissis flebunt quam nucibus,

Sen. Ira. 1, 12, 4:

meliorque tam sibi quam aliis faciendus (est),

id. ib. 1, 15, 1:

tam solstitium quam aequinoctium suos dies rettulit (i. e. solstitium tam rettulit dies quam rettulit aequinoctium),

id. Q. N. 3, 16, 3:

quoniam orationis tam ornatus quam perspicuitas aut in singulis verbis est aut in pluribus positus (i. e. ornatus tam positus est quam perspicuitas),

Quint. 8, 3, 15. — This construction passes into mere co - ordination: tam vera quam falsa cernimus, as well... as, almost = both... and, Cic. Ac. 2, 34, 111: repentina res, quia quam causam nullam tam ne fidem quidem habebat ( = ut causam nullam, sic ne fidem quidem; cf.

sic),

Liv. 8, 27, 10; so Sall. J. 31, 16; id. H. 1, 41, 24 Dietsch; cf. Liv. 33, 17, 9; Sen. Q. N. 4, 13, 4. —

Negatively: non tam meapte causa Laetor quam illius,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 8:

nihil est quod tam obtundat elevetque aegritudinem... quam meditatio condicionis humanae,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 16, 34:

quae compararat non tam suae delectationis causa quam ad invitationes adventusque nostrorum hominum,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 34, § 83:

cujus me facti paenituit non tam propter periculum meum quam propter vitia multa quae,

id. Fam. 7, 3, 2:

qua nulla in re tam utor quam in hac civili et publica,

id. Att. 2, 17, 2:

neque eos tam istius hominis perditi subita laetitia quam hominis amplissimi nova gratulatio movebat,

id. Verr. 1, 8, 21:

Iliensibus Rhoeteum addiderunt, non tam ob recentia ulla merita quam originum memoria,

Liv. 38, 39, 10.—

Object-inff.:

qualis est istorum oratio qui omnia non tam esse quam videri volunt,

Cic. Ac. 2, 14, 44:

quid enim tam pugnat, quam non modo miserum, sed omnino quidquam esse qui non sit,

id. Tusc. 1, 7, 13:

virtute ipsa non tam multi praediti esse quam videri volunt,

id. Lael. 26, 98.—

Subject-inff. or dependent clauses:

ego illud argentum tam paratum filio Scio esse, quam me hunc scipionem contui ( = tam scio, argentum paratum esse, quam scio me, etc.),

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 109:

Parmenonis tam scio esse hanc techinam quam me vivere,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 51:

tam teneor dono quam si dimittar onustus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 18:

Acrisium Tam violasse deum quam non agnosse nepotem Paenitet,

Ov. M. 4, 613:

tam perdis operam cum illi irasceris, quam cum illum alteri precaris iratum,

Sen. Ira, 2, 30, 2.—Negatively (so most freq.):

nihil est quod tam deceat quam in omni re gerenda servare constantiam,

Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125:

eundum igitur est, nec tam ut belli quam ut fugae socii simus,

id. Att. 9, 2, a, 3:

nec tam quaerendum est, dolor malumne sit, quam firmandus animus ad dolorem ferendum,

id. Tusc. 2, 12, 28:

non tam ut prosim causis elaborare soleo, quam ut ne quid obsim,

id. Or. 2, 72, 295:

cum ego te non tam vitandi laboris mei causa quam quia tua id interesse arbitrarer, hortatus essem,

id. Top. 1, 2:

auxilia convenerant non tam Vejentium gratia concitata, quam quod in spem ventum erat, etc.,

Liv. 2, 44, 7:

Boji defecerunt, nec tam ob veteres in populum Romanum iras, quam quod, etc.,

id. 21, 25, 2. — So with causal clauses, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 24; id. Or. 3, 30, 119; id. Sest. 64, 135; Liv. 8, 19, 3. —

With quam in adverb.-clause:

tam confido quam poti'st,

Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 1; and in Cicero's epistolary style, tam esse with predicative force (like ita esse, sic esse;

v. sic): atque ego haec tam esse quam audio non puto ( = tam male esse),

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 9.—

Tam with a neg. is sometimes followed by sed with an independent clause, instead of a comp. clause:

quidam autem non tam id reprehendunt, si remissius agatur, sed tantum studium tamque multam operam ponendam in eo non arbitrantur,

Cic. Fin. 1, 1, 1 Madv. ad loc.; cf.:

quae (suaviloquentia) quidem non tam est in plerisque... sed est ea laus eloquentiae certe maxima,

id. Brut. 15, 58.—

With esse and predic. noun:

tam ea est quam poti'st nostra erilis concubina,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 47:

equidem tam sum servos quam tu,

id. Capt. 3, 4, 11:

tam ego homo sum quam tu,

id. As. 2, 4, 83:

nam id nobis tam flagitium'st quam illa Non facere,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 68:

tam es tu judex quam ego senator,

Cic. Rab. Post. 7, 17:

tam sum amicus rei publicae quam qui maxime,

id. Fam. 5, 2, 6.—With prep. and its case as predicate:

tam hoc quidem tibi in proclivi quam imber quando pluit,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 86:

qui non defendit, nec obsistit, si potest, injuriae, tam est in vitio quam si parentes, etc., deserat,

Cic. Off. 1, 7, 23. —

Negatively: nihil est tam contra naturam quam turpitudo,

Cic. Off. 3, 8, 35. —

With quasi in place of quam:

tam a me pudica est quasi soror mea sit,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 51. —

Quam... tam with compp. = quanto... tanto or quo... eo (ante-class. and poet.): quam magis aerumna urget, tam magis ad malefaciendum viget, Enn. ap. Quint. 9, 3, 15 (Trag. Rel. v. 303 Vahl.):

quam magis adspecto, tam magis est nimbata,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 138:

magis quam id reputo, tam magis uror quae meus filius turbavit,

id. Bacch. 5, 1, 5:

quam magis te in altum capessis, tam aestus te in portum refert,

id. As. 1, 3, 6:

quo quaeque magis sunt aspera semina eorum, Tam magis in somnis eadem saevire necessust,

Lucr. 4, 999:

quae quanto magis inter se perplexa coibant, Tam magis expressa ea quae mare... efficerent,

id. 5, 453:

tam magis illa fremens et tristibus effera flammis, Quam magis effuso crudescunt sanguine pugnae,

Verg. A. 7, 787.—With quanto for quam:

quanto magis aetheris aestus cogebant terram, Tam magis, etc.,

Lucr. 5, 484. —With rel. adv. for quam:

verum ubicumque magis denso sunt agmine nubes, tam magis hinc... fremitus fit,

Lucr. 6, 99. — Ellips. of tam:

quam magis specto. minus placet mihi hominis facies,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 19.—

Quam... tam with superll. = quanto... tanto or quo... eo (mostly anteclass.; cf.

the class.: ut quisque maxime... ita maxime): quam citissime conficies, tam maxime expediet,

Cato, R. R. 64 (65):

oleum quam diutissime in amurca erit, tam deterrimum erit,

id. ib. 64 (65):

quam acerbissima olea oleum facies, tam oleum optumum erit,

id. ib. 65 (66): quam plurimum [p. 1837] erit, tam citissime canus fiet, id. ib. 157 (158) med.:

quam ad probos propinquitate proxume te adjunxeris, tam optumum est,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 59:

quam maxime huic vana haec suspicio erit, tam facillime patris pacem in leges conficiet suas,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 44:

quam vos facillime agitis, quam estis maxume Potentes, dites, fortunati, nobiles: tam maxime vos aequo animo aequa noscere Oportet,

id. Ad. 3, 4, 56:

quam paucissimos reliqueris, tam optimi fiunt in alendo,

Varr. R. R. 2, 9:

quam quisque pessume fecit, tam maxume tutus est,

Sall. J. 31, 14. —

With quam in immediate succession (to be distinguished from the conj. tamquam, as if):

nam, si a mare abstinuissem, tam quam hoc uterer ( = tam illo uterer quam hoc),

Plaut. Mil. 4, 7, 26:

tam quam proserpens bestia (iste) est bilinguis et scelestus ( = tam bilinguis quam, etc.),

id. Fers. 2, 4, 28: esne tu huic amicus? To. Tam quam di omnes qui caelum colunt, id. ib. 4, 4, 32: vide, homo ut hominem noveris. Sy. Tam quam me, id. Trin. 4, 2, 68: nostine? Da. Tam quam te, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 15 (for tam diu, with or without quam, quam diu, etc., v. tamdiu).

With a comp. clause understood.

With a comp. clause to be supplied from a preceding sentence:

quae faciliora sunt philosophis... quia tam graviter cadere non possunt (sc. quam alii),

Cic. Off. 1, 21, 73:

cur corporis curandi causa quaesita sit ars, animi autem medicina nec tam desiderata sit..., nec tam culta (i. e. quam corporis medicina),

id. Tusc. 3, 1, 1:

nihil umquam tam eleganter explicabunt (i. e. quam Plato),

id. ib. 1, 23, 55:

non conturbat me expectatio tua, etsi nihil est eis, qui placere volunt, tam adversarium,

id. Ac. 2, 4, 10:

sed ea (plebs) nequaquam tam laeta Quinctium vidit (i. e. quam ejus amici),

Liv. 3, 26, 12: nec minora consequi potuit (Maecenas);

sed non tam concupivit (sc. quam Agrippa),

Vell. 2, 88, 2: nec tibi tam longis opus est ambagibus usquam, nec me tam multam hic operam consumere par est (i. e. quam consumere opus sit, si haec tractare velim), Lucr 6, 1079; so, tam gratia est (colloq.) = non accipio, sed tam gratia est quam esset si acciperem, I thank you just as much; no, thank you:

bene vocas (ad prandium): tam gratia'st,

Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 36: cenabis apud me. Ep. Locata'st opera nunc quidem:

tam gratia'st,

id. Stich. 3, 2, 18: quin tu, quidquid opus'st, audacter imperas? Ps. Tam gratia'st. Bene est tibi;

nolo tibi molestos esse nos,

id. Ps. 2, 4, 23 (in this formula, however, tam is explained by some as a shortened form for tamen; cf. Brix ad Plaut. Men. 386, and v. IV. infra).—

With a general comp. clause understood ( = sic, ita), so ( so much) as I do, as you do, as he did, as I said before, as he is, as you are, etc.

With adjj.: ut vos servem sedulo, quos tam grandi sim mercatus pecunia, have bought you at so high a price, i. e. as I have, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 8: qui nummi exciderunt quod terram sic obtuere? quid vos maestos tam tristisque conspicor? (sc. as I do, as you are), id. Bacch. 4, 4, 17:

equidem miror, tam catam, tam doctam te et bene eductam, non scire stulte facere,

id. Most. 1, 3, 29:

ordine cum videas tam certo multa creari,

Lucr. 5, 735:

deus ille fuit qui ista in tam tranquillo et tam clara luce locavit,

id. 5, 12:

quorsum igitur tam multa de voluptate?

Cic. Sen. 12, 44:

ut mihi quidem, qui tam magno animo fuerit innocens damnatus esse videatur,

id. Tusc. 1, 42, 100:

inter ista tam magnifica verba tamque praeclara,

id. Fin. 2, 23, 77:

quis est qui complet aures meas tantus et tam dulcis sonus?

as I hear, id. Rep. 6, 18, 18:

tollite hanc: nullam tam pravae sententiae causam reperietis,

id. Phil. 14, 1, 3: et tamen veremur ut hoc quod a tam multis perferatur natura patiatur? ( as it is, sc. suffered), id. Tusc. 2, 20, 46:

ut tam in praecipitem locum non debeat se sapiens committere,

id. Ac. 2, 21, 68:

tam necessario tempore, tam propinquis hostibus,

at so urgent a time as this, Caes. B. G. 1, 16, 6:

supra triginta quinque milia hostium fuerant, ex quibus tam exigua pars pugnae superfuit,

Liv. 39, 31, 14:

tam constantem defensionem Scipionis universus senatus comprobavit,

Val. Max. 3, 7, 1: ceterum... ne tam praeclara lex... oblitteraretur, id. 2, 8, 1:

qui tam crudelem tyrannum occideret,

id. 3, 1, 2:

ne illo quidem tam misero tamque luctuoso tempore civitas nostra virtutis suae oblita est,

id. 3, 2, 7:

tam contraria est pestis,

Plin. 8, 38, 57, § 136:

tam parvo distat ibi tanta rerum naturae diversitas,

id. 5, 11, 12, § 65; so, tamne (cf. sicine):

tamne indignus videar?

Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 77.—And with sup.:

nondum erat vestris tam gravissimis tamque multis judiciis concisus,

of so great weight, Cic. Phil. 12, 5, 11.—

With advv.:

alienus quom ejus incommodum tam aegre feras, quid me patrem par facere est?

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 37:

quid est negotii quod tu tam subito domo abeas?

id. Am. 1, 3, 4:

unde ego nunc tam subito huic argentum inveniam miser?

Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 1:

quia (anima cum corpore) tam conjuncta atque leniter apta'st,

Lucr. 5, 559:

jam mallem Cerberum metueres quam ista tam inconsiderata diceres,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 6, 12:

ista tam aperte et per versa et falsa,

id. Ac. 2, 18, 60:

cum ex co quaereretur cur tam diu vellet esse in vita,

id. Sen. 5, 13:

me pudet tam cito de sententia esse dejectum,

id. Tusc. 2, 5, 14:

etsi hoc quidem est in vitio, dissolutionem naturae tam valde perhorrescere,

id. Fin. 5, 11, 31:

an melius fuerit rationem non dari omnino, quam tam munifice et tam largiter,

as I have shown, id. N. D. 3, 27, 69:

nam quod jus civile tam vehementer amplexus es,

id. Or. 1, 55, 274:

quid tu, inquit, tam mane?

id. Rep. 1, 9, 14: cur hunc tam temere ( as mentioned before) quisquam ab officio discessurum judicaret? Caes. B. G. 1, 40:

quod sua victoria tam insolenter gloriarentur,

id. ib. 1, 14:

cum tam procul a finibus Macedoniae absint,

Liv. 39, 27, 6: non digna exempla quae tam breviter ( as I am going to do) nisi majoribus urgerer, referrentur, Val. Max. 2, 7, 5:

qualis esset quem tam diu tamque valde timuissent,

Nep. Eum. 11, 2; and with sup.: tam maturrime comparavisse, Cato ap. Charis. p. 184 P.—With adverb. abl.: tam crepusculo fere ut amant, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 77; cf.:

tam vesperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 15; v. III. B. 3. infra.—

With verbs:

ut, ni meum gnatum tam amem, tua jam virgis latera lacerentur probe,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 5, 10:

quid, cedo, te, obsecro, tam abhorret hilaritudo?

id. Cist. 1, 1, 55:

quid tam properas?

id. Pers. 4, 6, 11:

cum te video nostrae familiae Tam ex animo factum velle ( = te tam velle nostrae familiae ex animo factum),

Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 21:

age, quaeso, ne tam obfirma te, Chreme,

id. Heaut. 5, 5, 8:

non pol temere'st quod tu tam times,

id. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 9: Sy. Eamus, namque hic properat in Cyprum. Sa. Ne tam quidem, implying a corresponding gesture, id. Ad. 2, 4, 14:

quam si explicavisset, non tam haesitaret,

i. e. as he does, Cic. Fin. 2, 6, 18.—Sometimes with an adv. to be supplied:

quid ergo hanc, quaeso, tractas tam ( = tam male, or implying a corresponding gesture),

Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 31:

Graecos in eo reprehendit quod mare tam secuti sunt ( = tam vulgo. or tam temere),

Cic. Att. 6, 2, 3; cf. id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 9; v. I. C. 2. d, supra. — With esse and predic. noun:

numquam ego te tam esse matulam credidi,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 72.—

Preceded and strengthened by a demonstrative adjective (order: 1. demonstr., 2. tam, 3. adjective, 4. noun; or, 1. demonstr., 2. noun, 3. tam, 4. adjective).

After hic:

etiamne haec tam parva civitas, tam procul a manibus tuis remota, praedae tibi et quaestui fuit?

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 37, § 85:

hunc hominem tam crudelem, tam sceleratum, tam nefarium nolunt judicare,

id. ib. 2, 2, 31, §

77: hunc tamen hominem tam audacem, tam nefarium, tam nocentem,

id. Clu. 14, 42:

haec mea oratio tam longa aut tam alte repetita,

id. Sest. 13, 31:

in hoc tam exiguo vitae curriculo,

id. Arch. 11, 28:

hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae pestem,

id. Cat. 1, 5, 11:

in hac tam clara re publica natus,

id. Rep. 1, 19, 31:

hanc rem publicam tam praeclare fundatam,

id. Par. 1, 2, 10:

haec tam crebra Etruriae concilia,

Liv. 5, 5, 8:

in his tam parvis atque tam nullis,

Plin. 11, 2, 1, § 2:

quorsum haec tam putida tendant,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 21:

hac tam prospera pugna nuntiata,

Curt. 3, 11, 16.—

After ille:

ille homo tam locuples, tam honestus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 6, § 11: illud argentum tam praeclarum ac tam nobile, id. ib. 2, 4, 20, §

44: illud tam grave bellum,

Val. Max. 5, 6, ext. 1:

ne illo quidem tam misero tamque luctuoso tempore,

id. 3, 2, 7.—

After iste:

tamenne ista tam absurda defendes?

Cic. N. D. 1, 29, 81:

ista admonitio tua tam accurata,

id. Att. 6, 1, 20:

quae est ista tam infesta ira?

Liv. 7, 30, 15:

iste tam justus hostis, tam misericors victor,

Curt. 4, 10, 34.—

After id ipsum:

id ipsum tam mite ac tam moderatum imperium,

Liv. 1, 48, 9.—

After tot:

jacere necesse sit tot tam nobiles disciplinas,

Cic. Ac. 2, 48, 147:

tot tam valida oppida,

Liv. 5, 54, 5:

tot tam opulenti tyranni regesque,

id. 25, 24, 13:

inter tot tam effrenatarum gentium arma,

id. 21, 9, 3:

tot tam praeclaris imperatoribus uno bello absumptis,

id. 28, 28, 12; 25, 27, 13; 26, 13, 17; cf.:

cum tot ac tam validae eluctandae manus essent,

id. 24, 26, 13; 8, 12, 4.—

After hic talis:

da operam ut hunc talem, tam jucundum, tam excellentem virum videas,

Cic. Fam. 16, 21, 3.

As demonstr. adv. of intensity, correlative with ut, that, and its equivalents (qui, quin); so only with adjj. and advv. (not with verbs).

Without a negation ( = ita, adeo;

rare before the Aug. period): ni erit tam sincerum (tergum), ut quivis dicat ampullarius Optumum esse operi faciundo corium et sincerissimum,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 51:

quae (maturitas) mihi tam jucunda est ut, quo propius ad mortem accedam, quasi terram videre videar,

Cic. Sen. 19, 71. de qua tam variae sunt doctissimorum hominum sententiae, ut magno argumento esse debeat, etc., id. N. D. 1, 1, 1:

ad eum pervenit tam opportuno tempore, ut simul Domitiani exercitus pulvis cerneretur, et primi antecursores Scipionis viderentur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 36:

tam parandus ad dimicandum animus, ut, etc.,

id. B. G. 2, 21:

tamen tam evidens numen rebus adfuit Romanis, ut putem, etc.,

Liv. 5, 51, 4: infimam plebem natura ipsa tam abjecto tamque imo loco collocavit ut nulla ratione erigi aut sublevari possit, Ps.-Cic. Cons. 6, 22:

tam multa sunt, tamque misera quae perferunt ut nemo sit quin mori saepissime cupiat,

id. ib. 16, 59:

quem constat tam certa acie luminum usum esse ut a Lilybaeo portu Carthaginienses egredientes classes intueretur,

Val. Max. 1, 8, ext. 14:

tam alacri animo suos ad id proelium cohortatus est ut diceret: Sic prandete, etc.,

id. 3, 2, ext. 3:

in Theophrasto tam est loquendi nitor ille divinus ( = tam divinus est) ut ex eo nomen quoque traxisse videatur,

Quint. 10, 1, 83:

(Scipio) bellum in Africam transtulit, tam lentus ut opinionem luxuriae segnitiaeque malignis daret,

Sen. Ira, 1, 11, 6; id. Q. N. 1, 15, 5:

3, 21, 1: tam parvulis in faucibus... ut non sit dubium, etc.,

Plin. 10, 29, 43, § 82:

ipsum Macedonem tam graviter palma percussit ut paene concideret,

Plin. Ep. 3, 14, 7.—

With a negation, or in a question implying a negation.

Before ut (very freq. in the class. period; cf. adeo, poet., e.g. Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 39):

numquam tam dices commode ut tergum meum Tuam in fidem committam,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 33:

non tam viva tamen, calidus queat ut fieri fons,

Lucr. 6, 887:

quis umquam praedo fuit tam nefarius, quis pirata tam barbarus ut, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 146:

non sum tam stultus, ut te usura falsi gaudii frui velim,

id. Fam. 6, 12, 1:

nec, cum id faciebamus tam eramus amentes ut explorata nobis esset victoria,

id. ib. 6, 1, 3:

non essem tam inurbanus ac paene inhumanus uti in eo gravarer quod vos cupere sentirem,

id. Or. 2, 90, 365:

non puto tam expeditum negotium futurum ut non habeat aliquid morae,

id. Att. 13, 31, 1:

nec vero eram tam indoctus ignarusque rerum ut frangerer animo propter, etc.,

id. Phil. 2, 15, 37:

quis tam demens ut sua voluntate maereat?

id. Tusc. 3, 29, 71; so id. Off. 3, 20, 82; id. Tusc. 1, 1, 2; id. Phil. 3, 4, 10:

non enim proferremus vino oppressos... tam absurde, ut tum diceremus, etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 17, 53:

non se tam barbarum ut non sciret, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44, 17:

nulli sunt tam feri et sui juris affectus ut non disciplina perdomentur,

Sen. Ira, 2, 12, 3:

nemo tam divos habuit faventes, crastinum ut posset sibi polliceri,

id. Thyest. 619.—

With a negation (esp. nemo), followed by qui ( = ut is; class. and freq.); nec quisquam sit tam opulentus qui mihi obsistat in via, [p. 1838] Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 5:

generi lenonio Numquam deus ullus tam benignus fuit, qui fuerit propitius,

id. Pers. 4, 4, 34:

an ille tam esset stultus qui mihi mille nummum crederet?

id. Trin. 4, 2, 42:

nemo inventus est tam amens, qui illud argentum tam praeclarum ac tam nobile eriperet, nemo tam audax qui posceret, nemo tam impudens qui postularet ut venderet,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 20, § 44:

nemo Agrigenti neque aetate tam affecta neque viribus tam infirmis fuit, qui non illa nocte surrexerit,

id. ib. 2, 4, 43, §

95: nemo est tam senex qui se annum non putet posse vivere,

id. Sen. 7, 24:

nihil tam absurde dici potest, quod non dicatur ab aliquo philosophorum,

id. Div. 2, 58, 119:

nulla gens tam immanis umquam fuit in qua tam crudelis hostis patriae sit inventus,

id. Sull. 27, 76:

quae est anus tam delira quae timeat ista?

id. Tusc. 1, 21, 48:

ecquem tam amentem esse putas qui illud quo vescatur deum esse credat?

id. N. D. 3, 16, 41:

sed neque tam docti tum erant, ad quorum judicium elaboraret, et sunt, etc.,

id. Fin. 1, 3, 7; so id. Sen. 19, 67; id. Lael. 7, 23; id. Tusc. 1, 6, 11; 1, 15, 33; 2, 17, 41; id. Sest. 14, 32; id. Fin. 2, 20, 63; id. Fam. 9, 2, 2; id. Off. 2, 5, 16:

neque tam remisso animo quisquam fuit qui ea nocte conquierit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 21:

in bello nihil tam leve est quod non magnae interdum rei momentum faciat,

Liv. 25, 18, 3:

ut nemo tam humilis esset cui non aditus ad eum pateret,

Nep. Milt. 8, 4:

ecquid esse tam saevum potest quod superet illum?

Sen. Thyest. 196. —

With a negation, followed by quin ( = ut is non;

class. and freq.): nec sacrum nec tam profanum quidquam est quin ibi ilico adsit,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 27:

nihil mihi tam parvi est quin me id pigeat perdere,

id. Pers. 4, 6, 8:

nec quisquam est tam ingenio duro, neque tam firmo pectore quin sibi faciat bene,

id. As. 5, 2, 94:

numquam tam mane egredior, neque tam vesperi Domum revortor, quin te... conspicer Fodere,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 15:

nil tam difficile'st quin quaerendo investigari possiet,

id. ib. 4, 2, 8:

ut nullus umquam dies tam magna tempestate fuerit, quin... solem homines viderint,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 26:

numquam tam male est Siculis quin aliquid facete et commode dicant,

id. ib. 2, 4, 43, §

95: nemo est tam afflictus quin possit navare aliquid et efficere,

id. Fam. 6, 1, 7:

ut nemo tam ferus fuerit, quin ejus causam lacrimarit,

Nep. Alcib. 6, 4.

Tam, ante-class., sometimes = tamen:

antiqui tam etiam pro tamen usi sunt,

Fest. p. 360: bene cum facimus, tam male cupimus...; quamquam estis nihili, tam ecastor simul vobis consului, Titin. ap. Fest. l. l.; so,

etsi illi aliter nos faciant quam aequom sit, tam pol noxiae nequid magis sit... nostrum officium meminisse decet,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 44 Fleck., Ritschl:

tam si nihil usus esset, jam non dicerem,

id. Merc. 4, 3, 32 Ritschl; v. Prol. Trin. p. 14 ib.; Brix ad Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 36; Curt. in Rhein. Mus. 6, 84; 6, 93; but cf. contra, Corss. Beitr. p. 272 sqq.

In the dialect of Praeneste: tam modo, just now ( = modo): ilico hic ante ostium;

Tam modo, inquit Praenestinus,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 8 Brix ad loc.; cf. Fest. s. v. tammodo, p. 359; Ritschl, opusc. 2, 372.

 

Европейский институт стандартизации по электросвязи
Организация ETSI учреждена собранием директоров CEPT 14 января 1988 г. Основу ее деятельности составляет разработка телекоммуникационных стандартов (МСЭ-Т Н.610).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики

• электросвязь, основные понятия

EN

• European telecommunications standards institute
• ETSI

 

расширенный стандарт DECT
Расширенный стандарт системы с микросотовой структурой, подготовленный ETSI.
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики

• электросвязь, основные понятия

EN

• digital enhanced cordless telecommunications ETSI project
• DECT EP (DECT +)