-
1 THOU
(singular 2nd person pronoun, distinct from plural “you” – the Quenya forms here discussed are not archaic like English “thou”, but simply express singular “you”). Quenya makes a distinction between a formal or polite “thou” and an intimate or familiar “thou”, the latter being reserved for use between close friends, family members, and lovers (VT49:51, 52). The formal pronoun normally appears as the ending -lyë or (if shortened) -l that is added to verbs, e.g. hiruvalyë “thou shalt find ” (Nam), caril or carilyë *“thou dost” or *“you (sg.) do” (VT49:16). The short form in -l may be the more usual, though the long form -lye- must be used if a second pronominal ending denoting the object of the verb is to be added (e.g. *cenuvalyes “thou shalt see it”, with the ending -s “it” appended). The ending -lyë may also be added to prepositions (aselyë “with thee”, VT43:29). The independent pronoun is lye, with a long vowel (lyé, VT49:51) when stressed. This pronoun can also appear in object position (English “thee”), e.g. nai Eru lye mánata, by Tolkien translated “God bless you” (VT49:39). Case endings may be added, e.g. allative lyenna *“upon thee” (VT49:40, 41). There is also elyë “thou, even thou” (Nam, RGEO:67) as an emphatic pronoun (Nam); apparently this can also receive case endings. Such independent pronouns may also be used in copula-less constructions, e.g. aistana elyë "blessed [art] thou" (VT43:30). – The intimate or familiar pronoun is similar in form, only with t instead of l. The pronominal ending is thus -tyë, as in carityë “thou dost, you (sg.) do” (VT49:16). It is uncertain whether -tyë has a short form -t (the existence of a short form is explicitly denied in VT49:51, but -t is listed in VT49:48). At one conceptual stage Tolkien mentioned such an ending that could be added to imperatives (hecat “get thee gone”, WJ:364), but he may have dropped it because it clashed with -t as a dual ending on verbs. The independent pronoun is tye, with a long vowel when stressed (tyé, VT49:51); presumably there also exists an emphatic pronoun *etyë (still unattested). Like lye, the pronoun tye may also appear in object position (ar inyë, yonya, tye-méla “and I too, my son, love thee”, LR:61); we must also assume that tye (and emphatic *etyë) can receive case endings. – Genitive forms, see THY.
См. также в других словарях:
Emphatic Diaglott — The Emphatic Diaglott Full name: The Emphatic Diaglott Abbreviation: Diaglott NT published: 1864 Derived from: New Testament Translation type: formal equivalence … Wikipedia
emphatic — [[t]ɪmfæ̱tɪk[/t]] 1) ADJ GRADED An emphatic response or statement is one made in a forceful way, because the speaker feels very strongly about what they are saying. His response was immediate and emphatic... I answered both questions with an… … English dictionary
Chinook Jargon use by English-language speakers — British Columbian English and Pacific Northwest English have several words still in current use which are loanwords from the Chinook Jargon, which was widely spoken throughout the Pacific Northwest by all ethnicities well into the middle of the… … Wikipedia
ref|use — re|fuse1 «rih FYOOZ», verb, fused, fus|ing. –v.t. 1. to say no to; decline to accept; reject: »He refuses the offer. She refused him when he asked her to marry him. 2. to deny (a request, demand, or invitation); decline to give or grant: »to refu … Useful english dictionary
KABBALAH — This entry is arranged according to the following outline: introduction general notes terms used for kabbalah the historical development of the kabbalah the early beginnings of mysticism and esotericism apocalyptic esotericism and merkabah… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Kala Lagaw Ya — Infobox Language name=Kala Lagaw Ya/Kalau Kawau Ya/Kulkalgau Ya/Kawalgau Ya Lagau Ya region=Western and Central Torres Strait Islands, Queensland speakers=3000–4000 familycolor=Australian fam1=Pama Nyungan iso3=mwpKala Lagaw Ya (correctly Kalaw… … Wikipedia
Pythagoreans and Eleatics — Edward Hussey PYTHAGORAS AND THE EARLY PYTHAGOREANS Pythagoras, a native of Samos, emigrated to southern Italy around 520, and seems to have established himself in the city of Croton. There he founded a society of people sharing his beliefs and… … History of philosophy
although — early 14c., althagh, compound of ALL (Cf. all) + THOUGH (Cf. though), showing once common emphatic use of all. All though was originally more emphatic than though, but by 1400 it was practically only a variant of it, and all having thus lost its… … Etymology dictionary
so — I. adverb Etymology: Middle English, from Old English swā; akin to Old High German sō so, Latin sic so, thus, si if, Greek hōs so, thus, Latin suus one s own more at suicide Date: before 12th century 1. a. in a manner or way indicated or… … New Collegiate Dictionary
Pro-drop language — Linguistic typology Morphological Isolating Synthetic Polysynthetic Fusional Agglutinative Morphosyntactic Alig … Wikipedia
Object–verb–subject — Linguistic typology Morphological Isolating Synthetic Polysynthetic Fusional Agglutinative Morphosyntactic Alig … Wikipedia
