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(beginning+period)

  • 41 early

    korai, korán
    * * *
    ['ə:li] 1. adverb
    1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) korán; vminek a kezdetén
    2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) korán; korábban
    2. adjective
    1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) kora(i)
    2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) kezdeti, régi, korai
    3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) korai
    4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) közeli
    •
    - early bird

    English-Hungarian dictionary > early

  • 42 early

    ['ə:li] 1. adverb
    1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) cedo
    2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) cedo
    2. adjective
    1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) começo
    2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) primitivo
    3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) cedo
    4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) rápido
    •
    - early bird
    * * *
    ear.ly
    ['2:li] adj 1 matinal, de manhã, matutino. 2 precoce, prematuro, adiantado, antecipado. 3 primitivo, antigo. 4 que está no começo. 5 pimeiro, inicial. 6 próximo (no futuro). • adv 1 cedo. 2 antecipadamente, prematuramente, antes da hora. 3 no princípio, no início. an early reply uma resposta rápida. as early as 1200 já no ano 1200. at an early date logo mais. at the earliest não antes de. at your earliest convenience logo que possa. early closing day meio-feriado (lojas). early in June em princípios de junho. early in the evening no começo da noite. early in the morning de manhã cedo. early warning system Mil sistema de radar que informa antecipadamente sobre ataques inimigos. in early life na infância. in early times nos tempos antigos. to be early chegar cedo. to keep early hours levantar e deitar-se cedo.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > early

  • 43 early

    adj. erken, başlangıç, ilk, eski, çabuk, acele
    ————————
    adv. erken, çabuk, erkenden, ilk olarak, evvel, önce, zamanından önce
    * * *
    erken
    * * *
    ['ə:li] 1. adverb
    1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) erken, başında, başlarında
    2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) erken, erkenden
    2. adjective
    1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) başında, başlarında
    2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) ilk
    3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) erken, vakitsiz
    4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) acele
    •
    - early bird

    English-Turkish dictionary > early

  • 44 early

    ['ə:li] 1. adverb
    1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) zgodaj
    2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) (pre)zgodaj
    2. adjective
    1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) zgodnji
    2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) starinski
    3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) prezgodnji
    4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) hiter
    •
    - early bird
    * * *
    I [ɜ:li]
    adjective
    zgodnji; prezgodnji; prvi, prvoten, začeten
    at an early date — kmalu, v bližnji bodočnosti
    it is early days yet — je še prezgodaj, še ni čas
    an early riser — zgodnji vstajalec, -lka;
    II [ɜ:li]
    adverb
    zgodaj, rano; davno
    early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise — rana ura zlata ura
    to get up early — zgodaj vstati; biti zvit

    English-Slovenian dictionary > early

  • 45 early

    • varhainen
    • varhain
    • varhaiskantainen
    • ennenaikainen
    • aikainen
    • aikaisin
    • vanhakantainen
    • mennyt
    • pian
    * * *
    'ə:li 1. adverb
    1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) varhain
    2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) aikaisin, liian aikaisin
    2. adjective
    1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) varhainen
    2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) varhainen
    3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) odotettua aikaisempi, varhainen
    4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) pikainen
    •
    - early bird

    English-Finnish dictionary > early

  • 46 early

    ['əːlɪ] 1. adv
    ( not late) wcześnie; ( ahead of time) wcześniej
    2. adj
    hours, stage, lunch wczesny; death przedwczesny; Christians, settlers pierwszy; reply szybki

    early last week/month — na początku zeszłego tygodnia/miesiąca

    early in the morning — wcześnie rano, wczesnym rankiem

    in the early/early in the 19th century — w początkach 19. wieku

    in the early/early in the spring — wczesną wiosną

    take the early train — jechać (pojechać perf) wcześniejszym pociągiem

    she's in her early forties — jest trochę po czterdziestce, ma czterdzieści parę lat

    * * *
    ['ə:li] 1. adverb
    1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) wcześnie
    2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) (przed)wcześnie, za wcześnie
    2. adjective
    1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) wczesny
    2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) wczesny
    3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) (przed)wczesny
    4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) szybki
    •
    - early bird

    English-Polish dictionary > early

  • 47 early

    ['ə:li] 1. adverb
    1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) agri
    2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) agri; pirms laika
    2. adjective
    1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) agrs
    2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) agrīns; sens
    3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) priekšlaicīgs; agrs
    4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) drīzs
    •
    - early bird
    * * *
    agrs; drīzs; agrīns; agri; drīz

    English-Latvian dictionary > early

  • 48 early

    ['ə:li] 1. adverb
    1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) anksti
    2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) pirma laiko, anksčiau
    2. adjective
    1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) ankstyvas
    2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) pirmykštis, senasis
    3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) priešlaikinis, (per) ankstyvas
    4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) greitas
    •
    - early bird

    English-Lithuanian dictionary > early

  • 49 early

    adj. tidig
    --------
    adv. tidigt; snart
    * * *
    ['ə:li] 1. adverb
    1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) tidigt
    2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) tidigt
    2. adjective
    1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) tidig
    2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) tidig
    3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) tidig
    4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) snar
    •
    - early bird

    English-Swedish dictionary > early

  • 50 early

    ['ə:li] 1. adverb
    1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) brzy
    2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) časně; dřív
    2. adjective
    1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) časný, raný
    2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) prvotní, nejstarší
    3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) předčasný
    4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) brzký
    •
    - early bird
    * * *
    • začínající
    • ráno
    • ranný
    • raný
    • brzy
    • časný
    • časně
    • brzo

    English-Czech dictionary > early

  • 51 early

    ['ə:li] 1. adverb
    1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) skoro
    2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) skôr
    2. adjective
    1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) skorý, raný
    2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) prvotný
    3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) predčasný, skorý
    4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) skorý
    •
    - early bird
    * * *
    • vcas
    • vcasný
    • zavcasu
    • zaciatocný
    • skoro
    • skorý
    • ranný
    • prvotný

    English-Slovak dictionary > early

  • 52 early

    ['ə:li] 1. adverb
    1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) la început(ul)
    2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) (mai) devreme
    2. adjective
    1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) devreme; de (la) început
    2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) vechi
    3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) prematur; (prea) de­vreme
    4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) urgent
    •
    - early bird

    English-Romanian dictionary > early

  • 53 early

    ['ə:li] 1. adverb
    1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) νωρίς
    2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) νωρίτερα
    2. adjective
    1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) αρχικός/πρωινός
    2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) πρώτος
    3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) πρόωρος,πρώιμος
    4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) έγκαιρος,χωρίς καθυστέρηση
    •
    - early bird

    English-Greek dictionary > early

  • 54 early

    ['ə:li] 1. adverb
    1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) tôt
    2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) de bonne heure, en avance
    2. adjective
    1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) tôt, au début de
    2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) ancien
    3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) prématuré, tôt
    4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) prompt
    •
    - early bird

    English-French dictionary > early

  • 55 early

    ['ə:li] 1. adverb
    1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) no início
    2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) cedo
    2. adjective
    1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) cedo, no início
    2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) primitivo
    3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) antecipado
    4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) breve
    •
    - early bird

    English-Portuguese (Brazil) dictionary > early

  • 56 Ethnic minorities

       Traditionally and for a half millennium, Portugal has been a country of emigration, but in recent decades it has become a country of net immigration. During Portugal's long period of overseas empire, beginning in the 15th century, there was always more emigration overseas than immigration to Portugal. There were, nevertheless, populations of natives of Africa, Asia, and the Americas who came to Portugal during the 1450-1975 era. Historians continue to debate the actual numbers of migrants of African descent to Portugal during this period, but records suggest that the resident African population in Portugal during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries was a minority of some consequence but not as large as previously imagined.
       After the wars of independence in Africa began in 1961, and after India conquered and annexed former Portuguese Goa, Damão, and Diu in December of that year, Portugal began to receive more migrants from Asia and Africa than before. First came political refugees carrying Portuguese passports from former Portuguese India; these left India for Portugal in the early 1960s. But the larger numbers came from Portugal's former colonial territories in Africa, especially from Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau; these sought refuge from civil wars and conflicts following the end of the colonial wars and independence from Portugal. While a considerable number of the refugee wave of 1975-76 from these territories were of African as well as Afro-European descent, larger numbers of African migrants began to arrive in the 1980s. A major impetus for their migration to Portugal was to escape civil wars in Angola and Mozambique.
       Another wave of migrants of European descent came beginning in the 1990s, primarily from Ukraine, Russia, Rumania, and Moldova. Following the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, and the implosion of the Soviet Union, migrants from these countries arrived in Portugal in some number. At about the same time, there arrived migrants from Brazil and another former colony of Portugal, the isolated, poverty-stricken Cape Verde Islands. The largest number of foreign immigrants in Portugal continue to be the Brazilians and the Cape Verdeans, whose principal language is also Portuguese.
       Different ethnic migrant groups tended to work in certain occupations; for example, Brazilians were largely professional people, including dentists and technicians. Cape Verdeans, by and large, as well as numbers of other African migrants from former Portuguese African territories, worked in the construction industry or in restaurants and hotels. As of 2004, the non- European Union (EU) migrant population was over 374,000, while the EU migrant numbers were about 74,000.
       Of the foreign migrants from EU countries, the largest community was the British, with as many as 20,000 residents, with smaller numbers from France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. About 9,000 Americans reside in Portugal. Unlike many migrants from the non-EU countries noted above, who sought safety and a way to make a decent living, migrants from Europe and the United States include many who seek a comfortable retirement in Portugal, with its warm, sunny climate, fine cuisine, and security.
        1999 2004
       Brazil 20,851 Brazil 66,907
       Cape Verde Isl. Cape Verde Isl. 64,164
       Angola 17,721 Angola 35,264
       Guinea Bissau 25,148
       São Tomé 10,483
       Mozambique 5,472
       Ukraine 66,227
       Romania 12,155
       Moldova 13,689

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Ethnic minorities

  • 57 early

    early ['ɜ:lɪ]
    matinal ⇒ 1 (a) premier ⇒ 1 (b) en avance ⇒ 1 (c), 2 (c) de bonne heure ⇒ 1 (c), 2 (a), 2 (c) précoce ⇒ 1 (d)
    (compar earlier, superl earliest)
    (a) (morning) matinal;
    ∎ I had an early breakfast j'ai déjeuné de bonne heure;
    ∎ to get off to an early start partir de bonne heure;
    ∎ the early shuttle to London le premier avion pour Londres;
    ∎ it's too early to get up il est trop tôt pour se lever;
    ∎ it's earlier than I thought il est plus tôt que je ne pensais;
    ∎ to be an early riser être matinal ou un lève-tôt;
    ∎ very early in the morning très tôt;
    ∎ early morning call appel m matinal;
    ∎ could you give me an early call at 6:30? pouvez-vous me réveiller à 6 heures 30?;
    ∎ early morning tea thé m du matin;
    ∎ early morning walk promenade f matinale
    (b) (belonging to the beginning of a period of time → machine, film, poem) premier; (→ Edwardian, Victorian etc) du début de l'époque;
    ∎ in the early afternoon/spring/fifties au début de l'après-midi/du printemps/des années cinquante;
    ∎ in the early nineteenth century au début du XIXème siècle;
    ∎ the earlier applicants were better than the later ones les premiers candidats étaient meilleurs que les derniers;
    ∎ when was that? - early September quand était-ce? - début septembre;
    ∎ from the earliest days of the century depuis le tout début du siècle;
    ∎ British it's early days yet (difficult to be definite) il est trop tôt pour se prononcer; (might yet be worse, better) il est encore tôt;
    ∎ from the earliest times depuis le début des temps;
    ∎ I need an early night je dois me coucher de bonne heure;
    ∎ a couple of early nights wouldn't do you any harm cela ne te ferait pas de mal de te coucher de bonne heure pendant quelques jours;
    ∎ it's too early to tell il est trop tôt pour se prononcer, on ne peut encore rien dire;
    ∎ the earliest human artefacts les premiers objets fabriqués par l'homme;
    ∎ the early Roman Empire l'Empire romain naissant;
    ∎ an early 18th-century form of democracy une forme de démocratie propre au début du XVIIIème siècle;
    ∎ the early American settlers les premiers pionniers américains;
    ∎ an early Picasso une des premières œuvres de Picasso;
    ∎ he's in his early twenties il a une vingtaine d'années;
    ∎ in his early youth quand il était très jeune;
    ∎ a man in early middle age un homme d'une quarantaine d'années;
    ∎ from an early age dès l'enfance;
    ∎ at an early age de bonne heure, très jeune;
    ∎ he received his early education in Paris il reçut sa première éducation à Paris;
    ∎ my earliest recollections mes souvenirs les plus lointains;
    ∎ early reports from the front indicate that… les premières nouvelles du front semblent indiquer que…;
    ∎ in the early stages of the project dans une phase initiale du projet
    ∎ to be early (person, train, flight, winter) être en avance;
    ∎ I am half an hour early je suis en avance d'une demi-heure;
    ∎ let's have an early lunch déjeunons de bonne heure;
    ∎ you're too early vous arrivez trop tôt, vous êtes en avance;
    ∎ Easter is early this year Pâques est de bonne heure cette année
    (d) (premature) précoce, hâtif; (death) prématuré;
    ∎ early beans haricots mpl de primeur;
    ∎ early vegetables/fruit/produce primeurs fpl;
    ∎ we're having an early winter l'hiver est précoce
    (e) (relating to the future → reply) prochain;
    ∎ at an early date de bonne heure;
    ∎ at an earlier date plus tôt;
    ∎ we need an early meeting il faut que nous nous réunissions bientôt;
    ∎ Commerce at your earliest convenience dans les meilleurs délais;
    ∎ what is your earliest possible delivery date? quelle est votre première possibilité de livraison?;
    ∎ give us the earliest possible notice avertissez-nous le plus tôt possible
    (a) (in the morning → rise, leave) tôt, de bonne heure;
    ∎ let's set off as early as we can mettons-nous en route le plus tôt possible;
    ∎ how early should I get there? à quelle heure dois-je y être?
    ∎ early in the evening/in the afternoon tôt le soir/(dans) l'après-midi;
    ∎ early in the year/winter au début de l'année/de l'hiver;
    ∎ as early as the tenth century dès le dixième siècle;
    ∎ I can't make it earlier than 2.30 je ne peux pas avant 14 heures 30;
    ∎ what's the earliest you can make it? (be here) quand pouvez-vous être ici?;
    ∎ early on tôt;
    ∎ early on it was apparent that… il est vite apparu que…;
    ∎ early on in June au début du mois de juin;
    ∎ earlier on plus tôt
    (c) (ahead of schedule) en avance; (earlier than usual) de bonne heure;
    ∎ I want to leave early tonight (from work) je veux partir de bonne heure ce soir;
    ∎ shop/post early for Christmas faites vos achats/postez votre courrier à l'avance pour Noël
    ∎ to die early (young) mourir jeune; (sooner than expected) mourir prématurément;
    ∎ this flower blooms very early cette fleur s'épanouit très précocement
    ∎ at the earliest au plus tôt;
    ∎ we can't deliver earlier than Friday nous ne pouvons pas livrer avant vendredi
    ►► Marketing early adopter réceptif m précoce, adopteur m précoce;
    early American = style de mobilier et d'architecture du début du XIXème siècle;
    early bird (early riser) lève-tôt mf; (person who arrives early) = personne qui arrive tôt;
    ∎ proverb the early bird catches the worm (it's good to get up early) le monde appartient à ceux qui se lèvent tôt; (it's good to arrive early) les premiers arrivés sont les mieux servis;
    American Commerce early bird special = dans un restaurant, prix avantageux accordés aux clients qui consomment avant une certaine heure;
    the early Church l'Église f primitive;
    British Commerce early closing = jour où l'on ferme tôt;
    ∎ it's early closing today (for all shops) les magasins ferment de bonne heure aujourd'hui; (for this shop) on ferme de bonne heure aujourd'hui;
    British Politics Early Day Motion = proposition de loi dont la discussion n'est pas à l'ordre du jour, présentée par un député qui recherche l'appui de collègues de façon à attirer l'attention du parlement sur une question;
    early English gothique m anglais primitif;
    Marketing early follower suiveur m immédiat;
    Early Learning Centre = chaîne de magasins de jouets d'éveil, en Grande-Bretagne;
    Marketing early majority majorité f innovatrice;
    Art the early masters les primitifs mpl;
    early music (baroque) musique f ancienne;
    Finance early redemption amortissement m anticipé;
    early retirement retraite f anticipée;
    ∎ to take early retirement prendre sa retraite anticipée, partir en retraite anticipée
    ⓘ Here's one I made earlier L'émission éducative britannique Blue Peter, diffusée sur le petit écran depuis de nombreuses années, comprend souvent des séquences de travaux manuels et de cuisine. Les animateurs présentent toujours le produit fini à la caméra en prononçant les mots here's one I made earlier ("en voici un que j'ai confectionné au préalable"). On utilise cette phrase de façon humoristique lorsqu'on montre à quelqu'un une chose que l'on a réalisée.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > early

  • 58 Art

       Portugal did not produce an artist of sufficient ability to gain recognition outside the country until the 19th century. Domingos Antônio Segueira (1768-1837) became well known in Europe for his allegorical religious and historical paintings in a neoclassical style. Portuguese painting during the 19th century emphasized naturalism and did not keep abreast of artistic innovations being made in other European countries. Portugal's best painters lived abroad especially in France. The most successful was Amadeo Souza- Cardoso who, while living in Paris, worked with the modernists Modigliani, Georges Braque, and Juan Gris. Souza-Cardoso introduced modernism into Portuguese painting in the early 20th century. A sustained modernist movement did not develop in Portugal, however. Naturalism remained the dominant school, and Portugal remained isolated from international artistic trends, owing to Portugal's conservative artistic climate, which prevented new forms of art from taking root, and the lack of support from an artistically sophisticated, art-buying elite supported by a system of galleries and foundations.
       Interestingly, it was during the conservative Estado Novo that modernism began to take root in Portugal. As Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar's secretary for national propaganda, Antônio Ferro, a writer, journalist, and cultural leader who admired Mussolini, encouraged the government to allow modern artists to create the heroic imagery of the Estado Novo following the Italian model that linked fascism with futurism. The most important Portuguese artist of this period was Almada Negreiros, who did the murals on the walls of the legendary café A Brasileira in the Chiado district of Lisbon, the paintings at the Exposition of the Portuguese World (1940), and murals at the Lisbon docks. Other artists of note during this period included Mário Eloy (1900-51), who was trained in Germany and influenced by George Grosz and Otto Dix; Domingos Alvarez (1906-42); and Antônio Pedro (1909-66).
       During the 1950s, the Estado Novo ceased to encourage artists to collaborate, as Portuguese artists became more critical of the regime. The return to Portugal of Antônio Pedro in 1947 led to the emergence of a school of geometric abstract painting in Oporto and the reawakening of surrealism. The art deco styles of the 1930s gave way to surrealism and abstract expression.
       In the 1960s, links between Portugal's artistic community and the international art world strengthened. Conscription for the wars against the nationalist insurgencies in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau (1961-75) resulted in a massive exodus of Portugal's avante-garde artists to Europe to avoid military service. While abroad, artists such as Joaquin Rodrigo (1912-93), Paula Rego (1935-), João Cutileiro (1947-), and others forged links with British, French, Italian, and Spanish artistic communities.
       The Revolution of 25 April 1974 created a crisis for Portugal's artists. The market for works of art collapsed as left-wing governments, claiming that they had more important things to do (eliminate poverty, improve education), withdrew support for the arts. Artists declared their talents to be at the "service of the people," and a brief period of socialist realism prevailed. With the return of political stability and moderate governments during the 1980s, Portugal's commercial art scene revived, and a new period of creativity began. Disenchantment with the socialist realism (utopianism) of the Revolution and a deepening of individualism began to be expressed by Portuguese artists. Investment in the arts became a means of demonstrating one's wealth and social status, and an unprecedented number of art galleries opened, art auctions were held, and a new generation of artists became internationally recognized. In 1984, a museum of modern art was built by the Gulbenkian Foundation adjacent to its offices on the Avenida de Berna in Lisbon. A national museum of modern art was finally built in Oporto in 1988.
       In the 1980s, Portugal's new generation of painters blended post-conceptualism and subjectivism, as well as a tendency toward decon-structionism/reconstructionism, in their work. Artists such as Cabrita Reis (1956-), Pedro Calapez (1953-), José Pedro Croft (1957-), Rui Sanches (1955-), and José de Guimarães (1949-) gained international recognition during this period. Guimarães crosses African art themes with Western art; Sarmento invokes images of film, culture, photography, American erotica, and pulp fiction toward sex, violence, and pleasure; Reis evolved from a painter to a maker of installation artist using chipboard, plaster, cloth, glass, and electrical and plumbing materials.
       From the end of the 20th century and during the early years of the 21st century, Portugal's art scene has been in a state of crisis brought on by a declining art trade and a withdrawal of financial support by conservative governments. Although not as serious as the collapse of the 1970s, the current situation has divided the Portuguese artistic community between those, such as Cerveira Pito and Leonel Moura, who advocate a return to using primitive, strongly textured techniques and others such as João Paulo Feliciano (1963-), who paint constructivist works that poke fun at the relationship between art, money, society, and the creative process. Thus, at the beginning of the 21st century, the factors that have prevented Portuguese art from achieving and sustaining international recognition (the absence of a strong art market, depending too much on official state support, and the individualistic nature of Portuguese art production) are still to be overcome.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Art

  • 59 age

    ei‹
    1. noun
    1) (the amount of time during which a person or thing has existed: He went to school at the age of six (years); What age is she?) edad
    2) ((often with capital) a particular period of time: This machine was the wonder of the age; the Middle Ages.) época, edad
    3) (the quality of being old: This wine will improve with age; With the wisdom of age he regretted the mistakes he had made in his youth.) edad
    4) ((usually in plural) a very long time: We've been waiting (for) ages for a bus.) años, siglos

    2. verb
    (to (cause to) grow old or look old: He has aged a lot since I last saw him; His troubles have aged him.) envejecer
    - ageless
    - age-old
    - the aged
    - come of age
    - of age
    age n edad
    at the age of 10 a la edad de 10 años / a los 10 años
    tr[eɪʤ]
    1 envejecer
    1 envejecer
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    of age mayor de edad
    to come of age llegar a la mayoría de edad
    to look one's age representar la edad que uno tiene
    under age menor de edad
    age ['eɪʤ] vi, aged ; aging : envejecer, madurar
    age n
    1) : edad f
    ten years of age: diez años de edad
    to be of age: ser mayor de edad
    2) period: era f, siglo m, época f
    3)
    old age : vejez f
    4) ages npl
    : siglos mpl, eternidad f
    n.
    • edad s.f.
    • era s.f.
    • siglo s.m.
    • tiempo s.m.
    • vejez s.f.
    • época s.f.
    v.
    • añejar v.
    • envejecer v.
    eɪdʒ
    I
    1) c u (of person, animal, thing) edad f

    what age was she when she died? — ¿qué edad or cuántos años tenía cuando murió?

    at the age of 17 — a la edad de or a los 17 años

    from an early age — desde pequeño, desde temprana edad (liter)

    to act one's age: it's time he acted his age ya es hora de que siente cabeza or de que empiece a actuar con madurez; (before n) age discrimination discriminación f por razones de edad; age group grupo m etario (frml); the 12 to 15 age group el grupo de edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 15 años; age limit — límite m de edad

    2) u ( maturity)

    to be of/under age — ser* mayor/menor de edad

    to come of age — llegar* a la mayoría de edad

    3) c
    a) (epoch, period) era f

    down o through the ages — a través de los tiempos

    b) ( long time) (colloq)

    I've been waiting ages o an age — llevo siglos or un siglo esperando (fam)


    II
    1.
    (pres p aging or ageing; past p aged eɪdʒd) intransitive verb \<\<person\>\> envejecer*; \<\<cheese\>\> madurar

    2.
    vt \<\<person\>\> hacer* envejecer, avejentar; \<\<wine\>\> añejar, criar*
    [eɪdʒ]
    1. N
    1) [of person, animal, building] edad f

    what age is she? — ¿qué edad tiene?, ¿cuántos años tiene?

    I have a daughter your age or the same age as you — tengo una hija de tu edad or de tu misma edad

    • act your age! — ¡compórtate de acuerdo con tu edad!, ¡no seas niño!

    • people of all ages — gente de todas las edades

    • at my age — a mi edad

    at the age of 11 — a los 11 años, a la edad de 11 años

    • from an early age — desde muy pequeño

    • to feel one's age — sentirse viejo

    • she looks/doesn't look her age — aparenta/no aparenta la edad que tiene

    • 60 is no age at all — 60 años no son nada

    • he is five years of age — tiene cinco años (de edad)

    2) (=adulthood)

    • to be of age — ser mayor de edad

    • to come of age — (lit, fig) llegar a or alcanzar la mayoría de edad

    • to be under age — ser menor de edad

    3) (=old age)

    • age is beginning to tell on him — los años empiezan a pesar sobre él

    • wine improves with age — el vino mejora con el paso del tiempo

    4) (=era) era f

    the age we live in — los tiempos que vivimos, los tiempos que corren

    enlightenment, nuclear, reason 1., 3)
    5) * (=long time)

    we waited an age or for ages — esperamos una eternidad

    it's ages or an age since I saw him — hace siglos or un siglo que no lo veo

    2.
    VT [+ person] envejecer; [+ wine] envejecer, criar, añejar
    3.
    VI [person] envejecer; [wine] madurar, añejarse

    • to age well — [wine] mejorar con los años

    she has aged well — se conserva bien para la edad que tiene, le sientan bien los años

    4.
    CPD

    age bracket N — grupo m de edad, grupo m etario more frm

    age difference N — diferencia f de edad

    age discrimination N — discriminación f por razón de edad

    age gap N — diferencia f de edad

    age group N — grupo m de edad, grupo m etario more frm

    the 40 to 50 age group — el grupo que comprende los de 40 a 50 años, el grupo de edad de 40 a 50

    age limit N — límite m de edad, edad f mínima/máxima

    age of consent N — edad f de consentimiento sexual

    • to be under the age of consent — no tener la edad de consentimiento sexual

    • to be over the age of consent — tener la edad de consentimiento sexual

    age range N — escala f de edad

    * * *
    [eɪdʒ]
    I
    1) c u (of person, animal, thing) edad f

    what age was she when she died? — ¿qué edad or cuántos años tenía cuando murió?

    at the age of 17 — a la edad de or a los 17 años

    from an early age — desde pequeño, desde temprana edad (liter)

    to act one's age: it's time he acted his age ya es hora de que siente cabeza or de que empiece a actuar con madurez; (before n) age discrimination discriminación f por razones de edad; age group grupo m etario (frml); the 12 to 15 age group el grupo de edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 15 años; age limit — límite m de edad

    2) u ( maturity)

    to be of/under age — ser* mayor/menor de edad

    to come of age — llegar* a la mayoría de edad

    3) c
    a) (epoch, period) era f

    down o through the ages — a través de los tiempos

    b) ( long time) (colloq)

    I've been waiting ages o an age — llevo siglos or un siglo esperando (fam)


    II
    1.
    (pres p aging or ageing; past p aged [eɪdʒd]) intransitive verb \<\<person\>\> envejecer*; \<\<cheese\>\> madurar

    2.
    vt \<\<person\>\> hacer* envejecer, avejentar; \<\<wine\>\> añejar, criar*

    English-spanish dictionary > age

  • 60 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance

       The world's oldest diplomatic connection and alliance, an enduring arrangement between two very different nations and peoples, with important practical consequences in the domestic and foreign affairs of both Great Britain (England before 1707) and Portugal. The history of this remarkable alliance, which has had commercial and trade, political, foreign policy, cultural, and imperial aspects, can be outlined in part with a list of the main alliance treaties after the first treaty of commerce and friendship signed between the monarchs of England and Portugal in 1373. This was followed in 1386 by the Treaty of Windsor; then in 1654, 1661, 1703, the Methuen Treaty; and in 1810 and 1899 another treaty also signed at Windsor.
       Common interests in the defense of the nation and its overseas empire (in the case of Portugal, after 1415; in the case of England, after 1650) were partly based on characteristics and common enemies both countries shared. Even in the late Middle Ages, England and Portugal faced common enemies: large continental countries that threatened the interests and sovereignty of both, especially France and Spain. In this sense, the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance has always been a defensive alliance in which each ally would assist the other when necessary against its enemies. In the case of Portugal, that enemy invariably was Spain (or component states thereof, such as Castile and Leon) and sometimes France (i.e., when Napoleon's armies invaded and conquered Portugal as of late 1807). In the case of England, that foe was often France and sometimes Spain as well.
       Beginning in the late 14th century, England and Portugal forged this unusual relationship, formalized with several treaties that came into direct use during a series of dynastic, imperial, naval, and commercial conflicts between 1373 and 1961, the historic period when the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance had its most practical political significance. The relative world power and importance of each ally has varied over the centuries. During the period 1373-1580, the allies were similar in respective ranking in European affairs, and during the period 1480-1550, if anything, Portugal was a greater world power with a more important navy than England. During 1580-1810, Portugal fell to the status of a third-rank European power and, during 1810-1914, England was perhaps the premier world power. During 1914-61, England's world position slipped while Portugal made a slow recovery but remained a third- or fourth-rank power.
       The commercial elements of the alliance have always involved an exchange of goods between two seafaring, maritime peoples with different religions and political systems but complementary economies. The 1703 Methuen Treaty establ ished a trade link that endured for centuries and bore greater advantages for England than for Portugal, although Portugal derived benefits: English woolens for Portuguese wines, especially port, other agricultural produce, and fish. Since the signing of the Methuen Treaty, there has been a vigorous debate both in politics and in historical scholarship as to how much each nation benefited economically from the arrangement in which Portugal eventually became dependent upon England and the extent to which Portugal became a kind of economic colony of Britain during the period from 1703 to 1910.
       There is a vast literature on the Alliance, much of it in Portuguese and by Portuguese writers, which is one expression of the development of modern Portuguese nationalism. During the most active phase of the alliance, from 1650 to 1945, there is no doubt but that the core of the mutual interests of the allies amounted to the proposition that Portugal's independence as a nation in Iberia and the integrity of its overseas empire, the third largest among the colonial powers as of 1914, were defended by England, who in turn benefited from the use by the Royal Navy of Portugal's home and colonial ports in times of war and peace. A curious impact on Portuguese and popular usage had also come about and endured through the impact of dealings with the English allies. The idiom in Portuguese, "é para inglês ver," means literally "it is for the Englishman to see," but figuratively it really means, "it is merely for show."
       The practical defense side of the alliance was effectively dead by the end of World War II, but perhaps the most definitive indication of the end of the political significance of an alliance that still continues in other spheres occurred in December 1961, when the army of the Indian Union invaded Portugal's colonial enclaves in western India, Goa, Damão, and Diu. While both nations were now North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies, their interests clashed when it came to imperial and Commonwealth conflicts and policies. Portugal asked Britain for military assistance in the use of British bases against the army of Britain's largest former colony, India. But Portugal was, in effect, refused assistance by her oldest ally. If the alliance continues into the 21st century, its essence is historical, nostalgic, commercial, and cultural.
        See also Catherine of Braganza.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Anglo-Portuguese Alliance

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