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121 cz|oło
Ⅰ n 1. (część twarzy) forehead, brow- wysokie/niskie czoło a high/low forehead- płaskie/wypukłe czoło a receding/protruding forehead- przetarła spocone czoło she wiped the sweat from her forehead a. mopped her brow- czoło pokryte zmarszczkami a wrinkled forehead- nosił kapelusz zsunięty na czoło he wore a hat pulled down over his eyes- nosić czapkę z czoła to wear a cap pulled back- czesać się z czoła to wear one’s hair swept back- marszczyć czoło to frown2. sgt (L czele) (przód) head- czoło pochodu/lodowca the head of a parade/glacier- na czele czegoś at the head a. top of sth- kroczył na czele pochodu he led the parade- od początku na czele znajdowały się dwie Amerykanki the two Americans have been in the lead from the beginning- stać na czele czegośprzen. to head a. lead sth- po wyborach stanęła na czele związku after the elections she became head of the union- cała klasa, z wychowawczynią na czele, wpłaciła datkiprzen. led by their form teacher the whole a. entire class, made donationsⅡ czołem inter. (przy powitaniu) hello; (przy pożegnaniu) see you pot., cheers! GB pot.- cześć, czołem, do jutra cheers, see you tomorrow- czołem, żołnierze good morning/afternoon, men- □ czoło burzy Meteo. storm front- czoło fali Fiz. wave front■ bić czołem komuś/czemuś a. przed kimś/czymś to bow (down) before a. to sb/sth- chylić czoło a. czoła przed kimś/czymś to take one’s hat off to sb- stawić czoła a. czoło komuś/czemuś face (up to) sb/sth- z podniesionym czołem with head held highThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > cz|oło
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122 Article 117
1. The Government of the Russian Federation may offer to resign and the President of the Russian Federation either shall accept or reject the resignation.2. The President of the Russian Federation may take a decision on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation. 3. The State Duma may express no-confidence to the Government of the Russian Federation. A no-confidence resolution shall be adopted by a majority of votes of the total number of the deputies of the State Duma. After the State Duma expresses no-confidence to the Government of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation shall be free to announce the resignation of the Government or to reject the decision of the State Duma. In case the State Duma again expresses no-confidence to the Government of the Russian Federation during three months, the President of the Russian Federation shall announce the resignation of the Government or dissolve the State Duma. 4. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation may raise before the State Duma the issue of no-confidence to the Government of the Russian Federation. If the State Duma votes no-confidence, the President shall adopt in seven days a decision on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation or dissolve the State Duma and announce new elections. 5. In case of a resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation it shall continue to work on the instruction of the President of the Russian Federation until a new Government of the Russian Federation is formed. __________ <На русском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (Russian)"]Статья 117[/ref]> <На немецком языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (German)"]Artikel 117[/ref]> <На французском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (French)"]Article 117[/ref]>The Constitution of Russia. English-Russian dictionary > Article 117
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123 resign
[rɪ'zaɪn]гл.1) уходить в отставку, подавать в отставку; оставлять постto resign one's office / post / position — отказаться от своей должности, уйти в отставку
They expect the governor to resign his office. — Они полагают, что губернатор уйдёт в отставку.
He resigned as secretary of defense one day before last fall's elections. — Он ушёл в отставку с поста министра обороны за день до выборов прошлой осенью.
Syn:2) отказываться (от претензий, мысли и т. п.)to resign a claim — отказаться от требования, претензии
Syn:3) ( resign to) передавать, перепоручатьThe mother was unwilling to resign the child to the care of her relatives. — Мать не хотела отдавать ребёнка под опеку своих родственников.
Syn:4) ( resign to) уступать, сдаваться; подчиняться, покорятьсяSyn:5) сдать партию ( в шахматах) -
124 repubblica
sf [re'pubblika] repubblica (-che)la Prima/Seconda Repubblica — terms used to refer to Italy before and after the political changes resulting from the 1994 elections
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125 adversarius
adversārĭus, a, um, adj. [adversus].I.Turned toward one or lying before one's eyes; hence, adversārĭa, ōrum (sc. scripta), in mercantile language, a book at hand in which all matters are entered temporarily as they occur, a waste-book, day-book, journal, memoranda, etc.:II.Quid est quod neglegenter scribamus adversaria? quid est. quod diligenter conficiamus tabulas? Qua de causa? Quia haec sunt menstrua, illae sunt aeternae: haec delentur statim, illae servantur sancte, etc.,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 2, 5 and 7.Standing opposite or opposed to one, as an antagonist, in any kind of contest, in which the contending parties may be the best friends, e. g. in elections, auctions, discussions, etc. (cf. Doed. Syn. 4, 395;A.in gen., only of persons, while contrarius is used of things,
Front. Differ. 2198 P.).Adj.:B.tribunus seditiosis adversarius,
Cic. Clu. 34, [p. 49] 94:vis juri adversaria,
id. Caecin. 2:opinio oratori,
id. de Or. 2, 37:duces,
id. Phil. 3, 8:populus, adversarius, invidus etiam potentiae,
in hostile opposition to those in power, Nep. Timoth. 3:factio,
id. Phoc. 3:frater,
Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 63 al. —Subst.: adversārĭus, i, m., an antagonist, opponent, adversary, an enemy, rival (the most usual class. signif. of the word):► The histt.valentiorem nactus adversarium,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 64: injuria adversariūm, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 14; cf. id. Ad. prol. 2:tribuni plebis illius adversarii, defensores mei,
Cic. Mil. 15; so id. Quint. 2; id. Vatin. 1; id. Har. Resp. 16, 24; Nep. Dion. 7; Hor. S. 1, 9, 75.—Of wrestlers and other athletæ:pugiles etiam cum feriunt adversarium... ingemiscunt,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 23, 56; also,in auctions, of opposing bidders: res major est quam facultates nostrae praesertim adversario et cupido et locuplete,
Cic. Att. 12, 43; cf. id. ib. 13, 31.—In Cic. also in the fem.: adversārĭa, ae:est tibi gravis adversaria constituta et parata, incredibilis quaedam exspectatio,
id. Fam. 2, 4, 2; and in the neutr. plur.: adversārĭa, ōrum, the arguments, assertions of the antagonist, Cic. Or. 35, 122.more freq. than Cic. and Hor. use adversarius like hostis for an enemy in war:adversarios in fuga esse,
Nep. Them. 4:multitudo adversariorum,
id. Dat. 6:montem occupat, ne forte cedentibus adversariis receptui foret,
Sall. J. 50; Suet. Caes. 30, 36, 68; id. Dom. 1; Curt. 3, 11; Vulg. Deut. 20, 4; Aur. Vict. Vir. Illustr. 75, 8; 69, 2; cf. advosem in Fest. p. 25 Müll. -
126 Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães
(1918-)Historian, academic, political figure. Internationally, Portugal's most celebrated historian of the 20th century. Born into a family with strong republican and antidictatorial tendencies, Godinho chose an academic career following his graduation (1940) in history and philosophy from the Faculty of Letters, University of Lisbon. He taught history at the same institution until 1944, when his academic career was cut short by the Estado Novo's orders. He resumed his academic career in France, where he taught history and received his doctorate in history at the Sorbonne (1959). He returned briefly to Portugal but, during the academic/political crisis of 1962, he was fired from his faculty position at the Instituto Superior de Estudos Ultramarinos in Lisbon.In the 1960s and early 1970s, Godinho's scholarly publications on the social and economic history of the Portuguese overseas empire (1400-1700) first made a lasting impact both in Portuguese historiography and world historiography regarding the Age of Discoveries. His notion of a world system or economy, with ample quantitative data on prices, money, and trade in the style and spirit of the French Annales School of History, had an important influence on social scientists outside Portugal, including on American scholar Immanuel Wallerstein and his world system studies. Godinho's work emphasized social and economic history before 1750, and his most notable works included Prix et monnaies au Portugal (1955), A Economia dos Descobrimentos Henriquinos (1962), and, in three volumes, Os Descobrimentos e a Economia Mundial (1963-71).As a staunch opponent of the Estado Novo who had been dismissed yet again from 1962 to 1971, Godinho concentrated on his research and publications, as well as continuing activity in oppositionist parties, rallies, and elections. Disillusioned by the false "Spring" of freedom under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano (1968-74), he returned to France to teach. Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Godinho returned to newly democratic Portugal. During several provisional governments (1974-75), he was appointed minister of education and initiated reforms. The confusing political maelstrom of revolutionary Portugal, however, discouraged his continuation in public office. He returned to university teaching and scholarship, and then helped establish a new institution of higher learning, the Universidade Nova de Lisboa (New University of Lisbon), where he retired, loaded with honors and acclaim, at age 70 in 1988.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães
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127 Santana Lopes, Pedro Miguel de
(1956-)Portuguese lawyer and politician, and prime minister (2004-05). Born in Lisbon in 1956, Santana Lopes took a law degree from the University of Lisbon and was a Student Union leader. In 1976, he joined the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and became a legal advisor to Prime Minister Francisco Sá Carneiro. Santana Lopes has always considered himself a follower of the late Sá Carneiro. In 1986, he became assistant state secretary to Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva, and the following year was elected to the European Parliament, in which he served for two years. In 1991, Cavaco Silva named him secretary of state for culture. He served in various other posts, including mayor of Lisbon, and he founded a weekly newspaper, Semanário.In 1998, Santana Lopes withdrew from politics after being negatively depicted in a private television station comic sketch. Instead, he continued in politics and rose to the vice-presidency of the PSD. José Manuel Durão Barroso resigned in July 2004 to become president of the European Commission, and Santana Lopes became PSD leader. Since his party was the major partner in the governing coalition at this time and Barroso had resigned his post, Santana Lopes succeeded him.Santana Lopes' brief premiership was fraught with difficulties. The national economy was in a crisis, and there were frequent cabinet shuffles, factionalism among PSD leaders, and questions being raised about the competence of Santana Lopes to govern effectively. President Jorge Sampaio called a parliamentary election for February 2005, following the resignation of the minister of sport from the cabinet and that minister's attacks on the prime minister's conduct. The Socialist Party (PS) under José Sócrates won the election, and Santana Lopes left office to resume his post as mayor of Lisbon. Santana Lopes, however, after in-fighting with his party and following the party's failure to endorse him as a candidate for the upcoming municipal elections, resigned this post one month before the election of February 2005.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Santana Lopes, Pedro Miguel de
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128 Women
A paradox exists regarding the equality of women in Portuguese society. Although the Constitution of 1976 gave women full equality in rights, and the right to vote had already been granted under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano during the Estado Novo, a gap existed between legal reality and social practice. In many respects, the last 30 years have brought important social and political changes with benefits for women. In addition to the franchise, women won—at least on paper—equal property-owning rights and the right of freedom of movement (getting passports, etc.). The workforce and the electorate afforded a much larger role for women, as more than 45 percent of the labor force and more than 50 percent of the electorate are women. More women than ever attend universities, and they play a larger role in university student bodies. Also, more than ever before, they are represented in the learned professions. In politics, a woman served briefly as prime minister in 1979-80: Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo. Women are members of government cabinets ("councils"); women are in the judicial system, and, in the late 1980s, some 25 women were elected members of parliament (Assembly of the Republic). Moreover, women are now members of the police and armed forces, and some women, like Olympic marathoner Rosa Mota, are top athletes.Portuguese feminists participated in a long struggle for equality in all phases of life. An early such feminist was Ana de Castro Osório (1872-1935), a writer and teacher. Another leader in Portugal's women's movement, in a later generation, was Maria Lamas (18931983). Despite the fact that Portugal lacked a strong women's movement, women did resist the Estado Novo, and some progress occurred during the final phase of the authoritarian regime. In the general elections of 1969, women were granted equal voting rights for the first time. Nevertheless, Portuguese women still lacked many of the rights of their counterparts in other Western European countries. A later generation of feminists, symbolized by the three women writers known as "The Three Marias," made symbolic protests through their sensational writings. In 1972, a book by the three women writers, all born in the late 1930s or early 1940s (Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa), was seized by the government and the authors were arrested and put on trial for their writings and outspoken views, which included the assertion of women's rights to sexual and reproductive freedom.The Revolution of 25 April 1974 overthrew the Estado Novo and established in law, if not fully in actual practice in society, a full range of rights for women. The paradox in Portuguese society was that, despite the fact that sexual equality was legislated "from the top down," a gap remained between what the law said and what happened in society. Despite the relatively new laws and although women now played a larger role in the workforce, women continued to suffer discrimination and exclusion. Strong pressures remained for conformity to old ways, a hardy machismo culture continued, and there was elitism as well as inequality among classes. As the 21st century commenced, women played a more prominent role in society, government, and culture, but the practice of full equality was lacking, and the institutions of the polity, including the judicial and law enforcement systems, did not always carry out the law.
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