-
1 can-
1 prefix "k" "four" KÁNAT 2 vb. "command, order" give an order or with things as object "demand" PM:361-362; where various derivatives of the stem KAN- are listed; the verb *can- is not directly cited, but seems implied by the statement "in Quenya the sense command had become the usual one". The undefined verb canya- listed elsewhere PE17:113 may also be taken as the actual verbal derivative that Tolkien here refers to. -
2 lerta-
vb."can" in the sense "be free to do", being under no restraint physical or other. Lertan quetë "I can speak because I am free to do so, there being no obstacle of promise, secrecy, or duty". Where the absence of a physical restraint is considered, this verb can be used in much the same sense as pol- VT41:6 -
3 pol-
1 vb. "can" = have physical power and ability, as in polin quetë "I can speak because mouth and tongue are free". Cf. ista-, lerta- as verbs "can" with somewhat different shades of meaning. VT41:6, PE17:181 -
4 ua-
negative verb not do, not be. If a verb is to be negated, ua coming before the verb receives any pronominal endings and presumably also any endings for plurality or duality, -r or -t, whereas the uninflected tense-stem of the verb follows: With the ending -n for I, one can thus have constructions like uan carë *I do not aorist, uan carnë *I did not past, uan cára *I am not doing present, uan caruva *I shall not do future. The verb ua- can itself be fully conjugated: \#ua aorist or present?, únë past, úva future, \#uië perfect the aorist and perfect are attested only with the ending -n I. In archaic Quenya these tense-forms could be combined with an uninflected aorist stem, e.g. future *úvan carë = later Quenya uan caruva, I shall not do. In later Quenya, only the forms ua present or aorist and occasionally the past tense form \#únë were used in normal prose únen *I did not, was not. PE17:144; compare FS for úva as a future-tense negative verb will not -
5 ista-
2 vb. "know", pa.t. sintë IS, LT2:339, VT48:25. This past tense Tolkien called "certainly irregular" VT48:25, where an alternative pa.t. isintë is also mentioned, but sintë is said to be the older form; compare editorial notes in VT48:32. Ista- is also used for "can" in the sense of "know how to", as in istan quetë "I can speak because I have learned a language" VT41:6 Passive participle sinwa known, certain, ascertained VT49:68 -
6 ó-
usually reduced to o- when unstressed a prefix "used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units". In omentië, onóna, ónoni, q.v. WJ:367, PE17:191; in the Etymologies, stem WŌ, the prefix o-, ó- is simply defined as "together". In VT43:29 is found a table showing how pronominal endings can be added to the preposition ó-; the resulting forms are onyë or óni *"with me", ómë *"with us" also in VT43:36, where "us" is said to be exclusive, ólyë or ólë *"with you" olyë only sg. "you", whereas ólë can be either sg. or pl., ósë *"with him/her", ótë *"with them" of animates where "them" refers to non-persons, óta or shortened ót is used, though the conceptual validity of ta as a pl. pronoun is questionable, ósa or shortened ós "with it". Two additional forms, ótar and ótari, presumably mean with them of inanimate things; see VT49:56 for a possible second attestation of tar as the word for plural inanimate they. However, Tolkien's later decision to the effect that ó- refers to two parties only may throw doubt upon the conceptual validity of some of these forms, where at least three persons would be implied like ótë "with them", where one person is "with" two or more others though Tolkien indicates that two groups may also be involved where the preposition ó- is used. The explicit statement in WJ:367 that the prepostion o variant of ó did not exist independently in Quenya is however difficult to get around, so instead using the preposition ó/o with or without endings for "with", writers may rather use as, the form appearing in the last version of Tolkien's Quenya Hail Mary also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with you". -
7 yu-
or yú- prefix "twi-" or "both" VT45:13, VT46:23, VT48:20; see yualë, yúcalë, yurasta below. According to PE14:84, yú can function independently as the adverb twice. -
8 car-
1 vb. "make, do, build, form" 1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit. Regarding the form carize- PE17:128, see -s \#1. Pa.t. carnë KAR, PE17:74, 144. The infinitival aorist stem carë "k" by Patrick Wynne called a general aorist infinitive in VT49:34 occurs in ecë nin carë sa I can do it VT49:34, also in áva carë "don't do it" WJ:371 and uin carë PE17:68; in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the simplest aorist infinitive, the same source referring to carië as the general infinitive of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar k "those who form words" WJ:391, cf. VT49:16, continuative cára, future caruva PE17:144, carita "k", infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" VT42:33, with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalyas "your doing it" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle \#carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina "k", read perhaps *cárina. Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15. PE17:68 refers to a simple past passive participle of the form carinwa kari-nwa. Rare past participle active ? cárienwa k *having done PE17:68, unless this is also a kind of passive participle the wording of the source is unclear. Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë "káre" "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë LR:362 even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë war-made, made war see \#ohtacar-. Also *cárië with various suffixes: cárier "kárier" is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence *"they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto "k" must also be *"they made" cf. -lto. Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë hard to make / do, urucarin made with difficulty PE17:154, saucarya evil-doing PE17:68. 2 prep. "with" carelyë "with thee", prepositional element evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien VT43:29 -
9 eterúna-
vb. also etrúna-, though the cluster tr seems unusual for Quenya "deliver" = "save". Tolkien may have abandoned this verb in favour of etelehta-, q.v. VT43:23; VT44:9, but the root also appears in \#runando "redeemer", so maybe eterúna- can stay with the meaning "redeem". -
10 intyë
*"yourself, thyself", 2nd person intimate sg. reflexive pronoun, e.g. *tiritye intyë, "you watch yourself" but apparently the general reflexive pronoun immo can also be used. Compare imlë. VT47:37 -
11 telco
noun "stem" of a Tengwa symbol Appendix E. The Etymologies gives telco "k" pl. telqui "q" "leg" the pl. form is said to be analogical TÉLEK. It seems, then, that the word can refer to a "stem" or "leg" in general as well as the stem of a Tengwa. In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, telco is used to refer to a carrier symbol VT46:18, 33 -
12 caita-
vb. "lie" = lie down, not "tell something untrue", aorist tense "lies" in the sentences sindanóriello caita mornië "out of a grey land darkness lies" Nam, RGEO:67, caitas lá/palla i sír it is lit. lies far beyond the river PE17:65; the latter example demonstrates that caita can also be used of a geographical feature that lies in a certain place. According to PE17:72 and VT48:12-13, the pa.t. is cainë or cëantë rather than **caitanë. The "Qenya" form kakainen, translated "were lying", may seem to be related VT27:7, 21 -
13 úcarë
noun "debt, trespass" úcaremmar "our debts, our trespasses", VT43:19. The related words \#úcar- to sin and \#úcarindo sinner would suggest that \#úcarë can also be translated sin. One may question whether the simplex form is \#úcarë or just \#úcar + -e- as a mere connecting vowel before the pronominal ending in úcaremmar, but compare lacarë, hrúcarë. -
14 randa
noun "cycle, age" 100 Valian Years RAD, cf. LR:171: an age, which is 100 years of the Valar. A Valian year is equated with ten of our years LR:171, making a randa the equivalent of 1,000 solar years but possibly the word can also be used for age in general. -
15 airë
1 adj. "holy", \#Airefëa "the Holy Spirit" VT43:37, dative airefëan on the previous page, airetári or Airë Tári "holy queen" a title of Varda, PM:363, genitive aire-tário "holy-queen's" Nam, RGEO:67. However, according to PM:363, airë is the noun "sanctity", while aira is the adjective "holy". VT43:14 refers to an etymological note of "Sept.-Oct. 1957" where airë is said to be a noun "sanctity, holiness", and the adjective "holy" is given as airëa. However, the verb \#airita- "hallow" seems to be formed from an adjective airë, airi- "holy". Evidently airë can function as both adjective "holy" and noun "holiness"; if so airë as adj. could represent a primitive adjective *gaisi, whereas airë as noun may descend from*gaisē. The former but not the latter would have the stem airi- as observed in the derived verb \#airita-, and compounds like airetári rather than *airitári would seem to contain properly the noun "holiness". 2 noun "sea" the form airen is given, intended as a genitive singular when Tolkien wrote this; in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be a dative sg. AYAR/AIR; cf. airon 3 noun "eternity" EY, VT45:13 -
16 nehtar
noun "slayer", isolated from Morinehtar "Darkness-slayer" PM:384, 385. It may be that a verbal stem \#nehta- "to slay, kill" can also be isolated from this noun, though the attested form is actually nahta- a possible example of A/E variation. -
17 tú
pron. they, them, 3rd person dual the two of them, both personal and neuter the pronoun can be used of persons and things alike. VT49:51 Tolkien also considered tet for the same meaning, listing it alongside tú in one source VT49:56, but this form was apparently abandoned. -
18 canya-
2 verb pa.t. canyanë given, undefined form occurring in PE17:113 together with the seeming variant canta-. See *can- \#2 for a conjecture regarding its meaning. -
19 indi
pl. noun, apparently a name of Men, hardly valid in Tolkien's later Quenya LT2:343. Compare, however, the final element of Valarindi "Offspring of the Valar", suggesting that \#indi can be used for "offspring" the Quenya word is apparently plural. It may be that in Valarindi, a h has dropped out following r, and that the independent word would be *hindi as a variant of -hín, -híni children. -
20 ala
1 imperative particle á, a combined with the negation lá, -la "not" to express a prohibition VT43:22; see lá \#1. Also with 1st person suffix -lyë alalyë and álalyë, VT43:10, 22, VT44:8 and 1st person pl. object suffix -më alamë and álamë, "do not do something to us", as in álaumë/u tulya, "do not lead uus/u", VT43:12, 22. In the essay Quendi and Eldar, negative imperatives are rather indicated by áva, q.v., but this form can well coexist with ala, \#ála. 5 prep. "after, beyond" MC:221, 214; however, LotR-style Quenya has han and pella "beyond" and apa "after" 6 also alar! or alla! interjection "hail, blessed be thou". VT45:5,14 7 noun "day", also alan "daytime". The forms allen, alanen listed after these words could be inflected forms of them, genitive "of daytime", constracted allen = al'nen and uncontracted. However, Tolkien struck out all of this VT45:13.
См. также в других словарях:
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