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61 robor
rōbur ( rōbor, v. Lucr. p. 140 Lachm.; also an older form rōbus, Cato, R. R. 17, 1; Col. 2, 6, 1; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 264 Müll.), ŏris, n. [cf. Sanscr. radh-as, abundance; Gr. rhônnumi for rhôthnumi, to strengthen, rhômê], a very hard kind of oak (cf.:I.quercus, ilex),
Plin. 16, 6, 8, § 19; 16, 7, 10, § 28; 16, 38, 73, § 186; 16, 40, 76, § 204; 16, 40, 77, § 218.— Hence,Lit.1.In gen., a very hard kind of tree or wood:2.morsus roboris,
i. e. of the wild olive, Verg. A. 12, 783 (a little before: foliis oleaster amaris Hic steterat);so of the same,
id. G. 2, 305; cf.:solido de robore myrtus,
id. ib. 2, 64:annoso validam robore quercum,
i. e. of an old and sturdy trunk, id. A. 4, 441; so,annoso robore quercus,
Ov. M. 8, 743:antiquo robore quercus,
with ancient trunk, Verg. G. 3, 332:Massyla, i. e. citri,
Stat. S. 3, 3, 94; also,Maurorum,
id. ib. 4, 2, 39.—Absol., usu., an oak-tree, an oak in gen.:3.fixa est pariter cum robore cervix,
i. e. was pinned fast to the oak, Ov. M. 3, 92:agitata robora pulsant (delphines),
id. ib. 1, 303.—Oak-wood, oak:II.naves totae factae ex robore,
Caes. B. G. 3, 13; cf.:(sapiens) non est e saxo sculptus aut e robore dolatus,
Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101; and with this cf. id. Div. 2, 41, 85. — Poet.:illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,
Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:o saxis nimirum et robore nati!
Stat. Th. 4, 340. —Transf.A.Of things made of oak or of any other hard wood.1.In gen.:2.Lacedaemonii cottidianis epulis in robore accumbunt,
i. e. on oaken, hard benches, Cic. Mur. 35, 74.— So of the wooden horse before Troy:sacrum,
Verg. A. 2, 230; of a lance:ferro praefixum,
id. ib. 10, 479; Sil. 2, 244; 267; of a club, Ov. M. 12, 349; Mart. 9, 44, 4 et saep.:aratri,
i. e. the oaken plough, Verg. G. 1, 162; Val. Fl. 7, 555.—In partic., the lower and stronger part of the prison at Rome, built by Servius Tullius, was called Robur (also Tullianum):B. 1.Robus in carcere dicitur is locus, quo praecipitatur maleficorum genus, quod ante arcis robusteis includebatur, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. robum, p. 264 Müll.: in robore et tenebris exspiret,
Liv. 38, 59 fin.:robur et saxum minitari,
Tac. A. 4, 29; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1:verbera, carnifices, robur,
Lucr. 3, 1017; Hor. C. 2, 13, 19 (v. carcer and Tullianum).—Lit.:2.duri robora ferri,
Lucr. 2, 449; so,ferri,
Verg. A. 7, 609:saxi,
Lucr. 1, 882:navium,
Liv. 37, 30: omnia pariter crescunt et robora sumunt, gain strength, [p. 1598] Lucr. 5, 820; 895; cf.:qui si jam satis aetatis atque roboris haberet, ipse pro Sex. Roscio diceret,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 51, 149:paululum jam roboris accessit aetati,
id. Cael. 30, 73:solidaeque suo stant robore vires,
Verg. A. 2, 639; Vulg. Judic. 8, 21:si quod est robur,
Flor. 2, 1, 1.—Trop., power, strength, force, vigor (very freq.):b.alter virtutis robore firmior quam aetatis,
Cic. Phil. 10, 8, 16:in animi excelsi atque invicti magnitudine ac robore,
id. Off. 1, 5, 14; so,animi (with magnitudo),
id. de Or. 2, 84, 343; id. Tusc. 1, 40, 95:robur incredibile animi,
id. Mil. 37, 101:quantum in cujusque animo roboris est ac nervorum,
id. Fam. 6, 1, 3:multo plus firmamenti ac roboris,
id. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; so (with firmamentum) id. Mur. 28, 58; (with firmitas) id. Fin. 5, 5, 12:hi tot equites Romani quid roboris hujus petitioni attulerunt?
id. Planc. 8, 21:pectus robore fultum,
Ov. Tr. 5, 12, 11:te mea robora fallunt,
id. H. 16, 367:velocitate pari, robore animi virumque praestanti,
Liv. 24, 26, 11:verba quanti roboris plena,
Sen. Ep 10, 3:qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint,
Quint. 10, 3, 10; cf.:robur oratorium adicere sententiis,
id. 10, 5, 4; 8, prooem. §3: illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,
Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:O saxis nimirum et robore nati,
Stat. Th. 4, 340. —Authority: nostrarum constitutionum, Just. Inst. prooem. 6.—c.Concr., the strongest, most effective, or best part, the pith, kernel, strength of any thing; of soldiers, the flower of the troops, choice troops, etc. (freq. and class.):versaris in optimorum civium vel flore vel robore,
Cic. Or. 10, 34: et robur et suboles militum interiit, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33; cf.:quod fuit roboris, duobus proeliis interiit,
Caes. B. C. 3, 87:quod roboris ea provincia habuerat,
Liv. 30, 2; Ov. M. 14, 454 al.:senatūs robur,
Liv. 5, 39. — Plur.:tunc C. Flavius Pusio, Cn. Titinnius, C. Maecenas, illa robora populi Romani,
Cic. Clu. 56, 163:haec sunt nostra robora,
id. Att. 6, 5, 3; Liv. 7, 7; 12; 21, 54; 22, 6; 23, 16; 25, 6 init.:robora pubis,
Verg. A. 8, 518; Ov. M. 7, 510:ingentia robora virorum,
Plin. Pan. 34, 3:conferta robora virorum,
Curt. 3, 5, 13: betae, i. e. stalks, Col. poët. 10, 326. — Of a place, a stronghold:quod coloniam virium et opum validam robur ac sedem bello legisset,
Tac. H. 2, 19.— Absol.: robus, the name of an excellent kind of wheat:quoniam et pondere et nitore praestat,
Col. 2, 6, 1. -
62 robur
rōbur ( rōbor, v. Lucr. p. 140 Lachm.; also an older form rōbus, Cato, R. R. 17, 1; Col. 2, 6, 1; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 264 Müll.), ŏris, n. [cf. Sanscr. radh-as, abundance; Gr. rhônnumi for rhôthnumi, to strengthen, rhômê], a very hard kind of oak (cf.:I.quercus, ilex),
Plin. 16, 6, 8, § 19; 16, 7, 10, § 28; 16, 38, 73, § 186; 16, 40, 76, § 204; 16, 40, 77, § 218.— Hence,Lit.1.In gen., a very hard kind of tree or wood:2.morsus roboris,
i. e. of the wild olive, Verg. A. 12, 783 (a little before: foliis oleaster amaris Hic steterat);so of the same,
id. G. 2, 305; cf.:solido de robore myrtus,
id. ib. 2, 64:annoso validam robore quercum,
i. e. of an old and sturdy trunk, id. A. 4, 441; so,annoso robore quercus,
Ov. M. 8, 743:antiquo robore quercus,
with ancient trunk, Verg. G. 3, 332:Massyla, i. e. citri,
Stat. S. 3, 3, 94; also,Maurorum,
id. ib. 4, 2, 39.—Absol., usu., an oak-tree, an oak in gen.:3.fixa est pariter cum robore cervix,
i. e. was pinned fast to the oak, Ov. M. 3, 92:agitata robora pulsant (delphines),
id. ib. 1, 303.—Oak-wood, oak:II.naves totae factae ex robore,
Caes. B. G. 3, 13; cf.:(sapiens) non est e saxo sculptus aut e robore dolatus,
Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101; and with this cf. id. Div. 2, 41, 85. — Poet.:illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,
Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:o saxis nimirum et robore nati!
Stat. Th. 4, 340. —Transf.A.Of things made of oak or of any other hard wood.1.In gen.:2.Lacedaemonii cottidianis epulis in robore accumbunt,
i. e. on oaken, hard benches, Cic. Mur. 35, 74.— So of the wooden horse before Troy:sacrum,
Verg. A. 2, 230; of a lance:ferro praefixum,
id. ib. 10, 479; Sil. 2, 244; 267; of a club, Ov. M. 12, 349; Mart. 9, 44, 4 et saep.:aratri,
i. e. the oaken plough, Verg. G. 1, 162; Val. Fl. 7, 555.—In partic., the lower and stronger part of the prison at Rome, built by Servius Tullius, was called Robur (also Tullianum):B. 1.Robus in carcere dicitur is locus, quo praecipitatur maleficorum genus, quod ante arcis robusteis includebatur, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. robum, p. 264 Müll.: in robore et tenebris exspiret,
Liv. 38, 59 fin.:robur et saxum minitari,
Tac. A. 4, 29; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1:verbera, carnifices, robur,
Lucr. 3, 1017; Hor. C. 2, 13, 19 (v. carcer and Tullianum).—Lit.:2.duri robora ferri,
Lucr. 2, 449; so,ferri,
Verg. A. 7, 609:saxi,
Lucr. 1, 882:navium,
Liv. 37, 30: omnia pariter crescunt et robora sumunt, gain strength, [p. 1598] Lucr. 5, 820; 895; cf.:qui si jam satis aetatis atque roboris haberet, ipse pro Sex. Roscio diceret,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 51, 149:paululum jam roboris accessit aetati,
id. Cael. 30, 73:solidaeque suo stant robore vires,
Verg. A. 2, 639; Vulg. Judic. 8, 21:si quod est robur,
Flor. 2, 1, 1.—Trop., power, strength, force, vigor (very freq.):b.alter virtutis robore firmior quam aetatis,
Cic. Phil. 10, 8, 16:in animi excelsi atque invicti magnitudine ac robore,
id. Off. 1, 5, 14; so,animi (with magnitudo),
id. de Or. 2, 84, 343; id. Tusc. 1, 40, 95:robur incredibile animi,
id. Mil. 37, 101:quantum in cujusque animo roboris est ac nervorum,
id. Fam. 6, 1, 3:multo plus firmamenti ac roboris,
id. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; so (with firmamentum) id. Mur. 28, 58; (with firmitas) id. Fin. 5, 5, 12:hi tot equites Romani quid roboris hujus petitioni attulerunt?
id. Planc. 8, 21:pectus robore fultum,
Ov. Tr. 5, 12, 11:te mea robora fallunt,
id. H. 16, 367:velocitate pari, robore animi virumque praestanti,
Liv. 24, 26, 11:verba quanti roboris plena,
Sen. Ep 10, 3:qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint,
Quint. 10, 3, 10; cf.:robur oratorium adicere sententiis,
id. 10, 5, 4; 8, prooem. §3: illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,
Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:O saxis nimirum et robore nati,
Stat. Th. 4, 340. —Authority: nostrarum constitutionum, Just. Inst. prooem. 6.—c.Concr., the strongest, most effective, or best part, the pith, kernel, strength of any thing; of soldiers, the flower of the troops, choice troops, etc. (freq. and class.):versaris in optimorum civium vel flore vel robore,
Cic. Or. 10, 34: et robur et suboles militum interiit, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33; cf.:quod fuit roboris, duobus proeliis interiit,
Caes. B. C. 3, 87:quod roboris ea provincia habuerat,
Liv. 30, 2; Ov. M. 14, 454 al.:senatūs robur,
Liv. 5, 39. — Plur.:tunc C. Flavius Pusio, Cn. Titinnius, C. Maecenas, illa robora populi Romani,
Cic. Clu. 56, 163:haec sunt nostra robora,
id. Att. 6, 5, 3; Liv. 7, 7; 12; 21, 54; 22, 6; 23, 16; 25, 6 init.:robora pubis,
Verg. A. 8, 518; Ov. M. 7, 510:ingentia robora virorum,
Plin. Pan. 34, 3:conferta robora virorum,
Curt. 3, 5, 13: betae, i. e. stalks, Col. poët. 10, 326. — Of a place, a stronghold:quod coloniam virium et opum validam robur ac sedem bello legisset,
Tac. H. 2, 19.— Absol.: robus, the name of an excellent kind of wheat:quoniam et pondere et nitore praestat,
Col. 2, 6, 1. -
63 yoke
[jəuk]1. noun1) a wooden frame placed over the necks of oxen to hold them together when they are pulling a cart etc.نير2) a frame placed across a person's shoulders, for carrying buckets etc.إطار خَشَبي لِحِمل دِلاء الماء على الكَتِفَيْن3) something that weighs people down, or prevents them being free:نير العُبودِيَّهthe yoke of slavery.
4) the part of a garment that fits over the shoulders and round the neck:ثَوب فوْق الكَتِفَيْن مُعلَّق بالعُنقa black dress with a white yoke.
2. verbto join with a yoke:يَشُد النير الى الثَّورَيْنHe yoked the oxen to the plough.
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64 yoke
[jəuk] 1. noun1) (a wooden frame placed over the necks of oxen to hold them together when they are pulling a cart etc.) joug2) (a frame placed across a person's shoulders, for carrying buckets etc.) palanche3) (something that weighs people down, or prevents them being free: the yoke of slavery.) joug4) (the part of a garment that fits over the shoulders and round the neck: a black dress with a white yoke.) empiècement2. verb(to join with a yoke: He yoked the oxen to the plough.) mettre au joug -
65 yoke
[jəuk] 1. noun1) (a wooden frame placed over the necks of oxen to hold them together when they are pulling a cart etc.) canga2) (a frame placed across a person's shoulders, for carrying buckets etc.) canga3) (something that weighs people down, or prevents them being free: the yoke of slavery.) jugo4) (the part of a garment that fits over the shoulders and round the neck: a black dress with a white yoke.) pala2. verb(to join with a yoke: He yoked the oxen to the plough.) cangar -
66 Clymer, George E.
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 1754 Bucks County, Pennsylvania, USAd. 27 August 1834 London, England[br]American inventor of the Columbian printing press.[br]Clymer was born on his father's farm, of a family that emigrated from Switzerland in the early eighteenth century. He attended local schools, helping out on the farm in his spare time, and he showed a particular talent for maintaining farm machinery. At the age of 16 he learned the trade of carpenter and joiner, which he followed in the same district for over twenty-five years. During that time, he showed his talent for mechanical invention in many ways, including the invention of a plough specially adapted to the local soils. Around 1800, he moved to Philadelphia, where his interest was aroused by the erection of the first bridge over the Schuylkill River. He devised a pump to remove water from the cofferdams at a rate of 500 gallons per day, superior to any other pumps then in use. He obtained a US patent for this in 1801, and a British one soon after.Clymer then turned his attention to the improvement of the printing press. For three and a half centuries after its invention, the old wooden-framed press had remained virtually unchanged except in detail. The first real change came in 1800 with the introduction of the iron press by Earl Stanhope. Modified versions were developed by other inventors, notably George Clymer, who after more than ten years' effort achieved his Columbian press. With its new system of levers, it enabled perfect impressions to be obtained with far less effort by the pressman. The Columbian was also notable for its distinctive cast-iron ornamentation, including a Hermes on each pillar and alligators and other reptiles on the levers. Most spectacular, it was surmounted by an American spread eagle, usually covered in gilt, which also served as a counterweight to raise the platen. The earliest known Columbian, surviving only in an illustration, bears the inscription Columbian Press/No.25/invented by George Clymer/Anno Domini 1813/Made in Philadelphia 1816. Few American printers could afford the US$400 selling price, so in 1817 Clymer went to England, where it was taken up enthusiastically. He obtained a British patent for it the same year, and by the following March it was being manufactured by the engineering firm R.W.Cope, although Clymer was probably making it on his own account soon afterwards. The Columbian was widely used for many years and continued to be made even into the twentieth century. The King of the Netherlands awarded Clymer a gold medal for his invention and the Tsar of Russia gave him a present for installing the press in Russia. Doubtless for business reasons, Clymer spent most of his remaining years in England and Europe.[br]Further ReadingJ.Moran, 1973, Printing Presses, London: Faber \& Faber.—1969, contributed a thorough survey of the press in J. Printing Hist. Soc., no. 3.LRD
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