with+you

usually reduced to o- when unstressed a prefix "used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units". In omentië, onóna, ónoni, q.v. WJ:367, PE17:191; in the Etymologies, stem WŌ, the prefix o-, ó- is simply defined as "together". In VT43:29 is found a table showing how pronominal endings can be added to the preposition ó-; the resulting forms are onyë or óni *"with me", ómë *"with us" also in VT43:36, where "us" is said to be exclusive, ólyë or ólë *"with you" olyë only sg. "you", whereas ólë can be either sg. or pl., ósë *"with him/her", ótë *"with them" of animates – where "them" refers to non-persons, óta or shortened ót is used, though the conceptual validity of ta as a pl. pronoun is questionable, ósa or shortened ós "with it". Two additional forms, ótar and ótari, presumably mean “with them” of inanimate things; see VT49:56 for a possible second attestation of tar as the word for plural inanimate “they”. However, Tolkien's later decision to the effect that ó- refers to two parties only may throw doubt upon the conceptual validity of some of these forms, where at least three persons would be implied like ótë "with them", where one person is "with" two or more others – though Tolkien indicates that two groups may also be involved where the preposition ó- is used. The explicit statement in WJ:367 that the prepostion o variant of ó did not exist independently in Quenya is however difficult to get around, so instead using the preposition ó/o with or without endings for "with", writers may rather use as, the form appearing in the last version of Tolkien's Quenya Hail Mary also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with you".

pronominal element "you", originally the "reverential 2nd person sing" RGEO:73, VT49:56. However, singular le was apparently altered to lye q.v., and le took on a plural significance le for pl. “you” is apparently derived from de, the ancient 2nd person pl. stem, VT49:50-51. Stressed lé VT49:51, dual let *“the two of you” ibid.. At certain points in Tolkien’s conception, le was still sg. “thou” rather than pl. “you”. It is attested as an ending in the imperative form antalë *"give thou" VT43:17; see anta-. The form ólë in VT43:29 apparently means *"with thee"; according to Tolkien’s later system, it would rather mean “with you” pl. Compare aselyë “with thee” sg. in a later source see as.

1 imperative verb "be it that", used with a verb usually in the future tense to express a wish. The translation "maybe" in Tolkien's rendering of Namárië is somewhat misleading; he used "be it that" in the interlinear translation in RGEO:67. Apparently this is na as the imperative "be!" with a suffix -i "that", cf. i \#3. It can be used with the future tense as an “expression of wish” VT49:39. Nai hiruvalyë Valimar! Nai elyë hiruva! *"May thou find Valimar. May even thou find it!" Nam, VT49:39. Nai tiruvantes "be it that they will guard it" "may they guard it" CO. Nai elen siluva parma-restalyanna *“may a star shine upon your book-fair” VT49:38, nai elen siluva lyenna *”may a star shine upon you” VT49:40, nai elen atta siluvat aurenna veryanwesto *”may two stars shine upon the day of your wedding” VT49:42-45, nai laurë lantuva parmastanna lúmissen tengwiesto “may a golden light fall on your book at the times of your reading” VT49:47. Nai may also be used with a present continuative verb if an ongoing situation is wished for: Nai Eru lye mánata “God bless you” VT49:39 or literally *”be it that God is already blessing you”. The phrase nai amanya onnalya *”be it that your child will be blessed” omits any copula; Tolkien noted that “imperative of wishes precedes adj.” VT49:41. VT49:28 has the form nái for “let it be that”; Patrick Wynne theorizes that nái is actually an etymological form underlying nai VT49:36 2 prefix “ill, grievously, abominably” PE17:151, cf. naiquet-. Earlier material also lists aninterjection nai "alas" NAY; this may be obsoleted by \# 1 above; Namárië uses ai! in a similar sense

1 vb. "is" am. Nam, RGEO:67. This is the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns “in statements or wishes asserting or desiring a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another” VT49:28. Also in impersonal constructions: ringa ná “it is cold” VT49:23. The copula may however be omitted “where the meaning is clear” without it VT49:9. Ná is also used as an interjection “yes” or “it is so” VT49:28. Short na in airë na, " is holy" VT43:14; some subject can evidently be inserted in the place of. Short na also functions as imperative: alcar mi tarmenel una/u Erun "glory in high heaven ube/u to God" VT44:32/34, also na airë "be holy" VT43:14; also cf. nai “be it that” see nai \#1. The imperative participle á may be prefixed á na, PE17:58. However, VT49:28 cites ná as the imperative form. Pl. nar or nár “are" PE15:36, VT49:27, 9, 30; dual nát VT49:30. With pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë “you sg. are” polite and familiar, respectively, nás “it is”, násë “she is”, nalmë “we are” VT49:27, 30. Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps to be taken as representing the aorist: nain, naityë, nailyë 1st person sg, and 2nd person familiar/polite, respectively; does a followingna represent the aorist with no pronominal ending? However, the forms nanyë, nalyë, ná, nassë, nalme, nar changed from nár are elsewhere said to be “aorist”, without the extra vowel i e.g. nalyë rather than nailyë; also notice that *“she is” is here nassë rather than násë VT49:30.Pa.t. nánë or né “was”, pl. náner/nér and dual nét “were” VT49:6, 9, 10, 27, 28, 30, 36. According to VT49:31, né “was” cannot receive pronominal endings though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29, and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “you were”, anes “she/it was” VT49:28-29. Future tense nauva "will be" VT42:34, VT49:19, 27; another version however gives the future tense as uva, VT49:30. Nauva with a pronominal ending occurs in tanomë nauvan “I will be there” VT49:19, this example indicating that forms of the verb ná may also be used to indicate position. Perfect anaië “has been” VT49:27, first written as anáyë. Infinitive or gerund návë “being”, PE17:68. See also nai \#1. 2, also nán, conj. "but, on the contrary, on the other hand" NDAN; the form nan, q.v., is probably to be preferred to avoid confusion with ná "is", *nán "I am".

prep.and adv.? "outside, beside, besides" ARsup2/sup, VT49:57. According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë “he is out”, VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ara, see ar \#1. – VT49:25 lists what seems to be ara combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni arni *”beside me”, astyë *“beside you” informal, allë *“besides you” formal, arsë *”beside him/her”, plural anwë armë *“beside us” exclusive, arwë *“beside us” inclusive, astë ardë *“beside you” plural, astë artë *“beside them”; dual anwet armet *“beside us two”. Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-. The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence *“beside the” VT49:24-25

1 "the", indeclinable definite article I, Nam, RGEO:67, Markirya, WJ:369, WJ:398, MC:215, 216, 221. A variant in q.v. is also attested. Hyphenated i- in i-mar "the earth" FS, i-Ciryamo "the mariner's" UT:8, i-aldar *"the trees" Narqelion, attached with a dot in i·yulmar *"the cups" VT48:11, I·Eldanyárë "the History of the Elves" LR:199, i·arya *“the best” PE17:57, directly prefixed with no hyphen or dot in icilyanna = i cilyanna in SD:247, also ihyarma “the left hand” in VT49:22 but i hyarma in other versions of the same text. 2 relative pronoun "the one/they who; that which" both article and relative pronoun in CO: i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa: the One who is above all thrones", i hárar "they who are sitting"; cf. also the phrase i hamil mára "that which you deem good" VT42:33. Notice that before a verb, i means "the one who", or, in the case of a plural verb, "those who"; e.g. i carir quettar ómainen "those who form words with voices" WJ:391. According to VT47:21, i as a relative pronoun is the personal plural form corresponding to the personal sg. ye and the impersonal sg. ya. This agrees with the example i carir..., but as is evident from the other examples listed above, Tolkien in certain texts also used i as a singular relative pronoun, both personal Eru i... and impersonal i hamil. In the sense of a plural personal relative pronoun, i is also attested in the genitive ion and ablative illon cases, demonstrating that unlike the indeclinable article i, the relative pronoun i can receive case endings. Both are translated "from whom": ion/ illon camnelyes "from whom you received it" referring to several persons VT47:21. 3 conj. “that”. Savin Elessar ar ui/u nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe that Elessar really existed and uthat/u he was a king of Gondor” VT49:27, savin…ui/u Elesarno quetië naitë *”I believe uthat/u Elessar’s speaking is true” VT49:28Also cf. nai, nái “be it that” see nai \#1, which may seem to incorporate this conjunction.

pron. “thou/thee, you”, 2nd person sg. formal/polite corresponding to familiar/intimatetye, q.v. VT49:36 It seems the original stem-form was le VT49:50, distinct from de as a plural “you”, but when initial d became l and the forms threatened to fall together, le was apparently altered to lye by analogy with the ending -lyë and the emphatic pronoun elyë. Stressed lyé VT49:51. For lye as object, cf. nai Eru lye mánata “God bless you” VT49:39. Allative lyenna *”to you, upon you” VT49:40-41. Compare the reflexive pronoun imlë *"yourself, thyself", q.v. it did not have to be *imlyë, for the corresponding pl. pronoun indë “yourselves” is distinct anyhow.

1 vocative particle "O" in a vanimar "O beautiful ones" LotR3:VI ch. 6, translated in Letters:308; also attested repeatedly in VT44:12 cf. 15: A Hrísto *"o Christ", A Eruion*"o God the son/son of God", a Aina Fairë *"o Holy Spirit", a aina Maria *"o holy Mary". 2 conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna *”and northwards” in a late text, VT49:26. According to PE17:41, “Old Quenya” could have the conjunction a as a variant of ar before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw f is not mentioned, PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r,þ, s. See ar \#1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen “he ran with his speed” i.e. as quickly as he could is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is *“he ran and did so with his speed” PE17:58. 3, also á, imperative particle. An imperative with “immediate time reference” is expressed by á in front of the verb or “occasionally after it, sometimes before and after for emphasis”, with the verb following in “the simplest form also used for the uninflected ‘aorist’ without specific time reference past or present or future” PE17:93. Cf. a laita te, laita te! "o bless them, bless them!", á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!", literally *"o rule Manwë!" see laita, vala for reference; cf. also á carë *“do!”, á ricë “try!”, á lirë “sing!”, á menë “proceed!”, a norë “run!” PE17:92-93, notice short a in this example, á tula *"come!" VT43:14. In the last example, the verb tul- “come” receives an ending -a that probably represents the suffixed form of the imperative particle, this apparently being an example of the imperative element occurring both “before and after” the verbal stem “for emphasis” PE17:93. This ending may also appear on its own with no preceding a/á, as in the command queta “speak!” PE17:138. Other examples of imperatives with suffixed -a include cena and tira VT47:31, see cen-, tir-; the imperatives of these same verbs are however also attested as á tirë, á cenë PE17:94 with the imperative particle remaining independent and the following verb appearing as an uninflected aorist stem. This aorist can be plural to indicate a 3rd person pl. subject: á ricir! “let them try!” PE17:93. Alyë VT43:17, VT44:9 seems to be the imperative particle a with the pronominal suffix -lyë "you, thou" suffixed to indicate the subject who is to carry out the command; attested in the phrase alyë anta *"give thou" elided aly' in VT43:11, since the next word begins in e-: aly' eterúna me, *"do thou deliver us"; presumably other pronominal suffixes could likewise be added. The particle a is also present in the negative imperatives ala, \#ála or áva, q.v.

pronominal ending “thou, you” VT49:48, 2nd person sg. formal/polite:hiruvalyë "thou shalt find" Nam, RGEO:67, carilyë *“you do” VT49:16. Long form of -l, q.v. The ending also occurs in alyë, the imperative particle a with a pronominal suffix VT43:17; see a \#3. The intimate/familiar ending corresponding to polite/formal -lyë is -tyë, q.v cf. PE17:135 where Tolkien states that hiruvalyë “thou shalt find” from Namárië would be hiruvatyë if the polite pronoun were replaced by the familiar one. Compare the independent pronoun tye. In VT49:51, Tolkien denies that the ending -tyë has any short form see, however, -t \# 3. Cf. natyë “you are”; see ná \#1. Compare tye, -tya.

1 1st person pl. exclusive pronoun "we, us" VT49:51; VT43:23, VT44:9. This pronoun preserves the original stem-form VT49:50. Stressed mé VT49:51. Cf. also mel-lumna "us-is-heavy", sc. *"is heavy for us" LR:47, mel- is evidently an assimilated form of men "for us", dative of me; the form men is attested by itself, VT43:21. For me as object, cf. álaumë/u "do not do something to uus/u", negative imperative particle with object pronoun suffixed VT43:19: álamë tulya, "do not lead us", áumen/u "do something ufor us/u", imperative particle with dative pronoun suffixed ámen apsenë "forgive us", VT43:12, 18. Dual exclusive met "we/us two" Nam, VT49:51, "you and me" VT47:11; the latter translation would make met an inclusive pronoun, though it is elsewhere suggested that it is rather exclusive: "him/her and me", corresponding to wet q.v. as the true inclusive dual form. Rá men or rámen "for us/on our behalf", see rá. Locative messë "on us", VT44:12 also with prefix o, ó- ?"with" in the same source. See also ménë, ómë.

1 noun “way” = “method, manner” “as in that is not A’s way”. Not to be confused with lé as a stressed form of le = plural “you”; Tolkien was himself dissatisfied with this clash PE17:74. 2 prep. “with” PE17:95

prep. "in, within" MI, VT27:20, VT44:18, 34, VT43:30; the latter source also mentions the variant imi; mí "in the" Nam, RGEO:66; CO gives mi; the correct forms should evidently be mi = "in" and mí = mi i "in the"; VT49:35 also has mí with a long vowel, though the gloss is simply “in”. Used in PE17:71 cf. 70 of people clad “in” various colours, e.g. mi mísë “in grey”. Allative minna "to the inside, into" MI, also mina VT43:30. The forms mimmë and mingwë seem to incorporate pronominal suffixes for "us", hence ?"in us", inclusive and exclusive respectively. The pronoun -mmë denoted plural inclusive "we" when this was written, though Tolkien would later make it dual instead see -mmë. Second person forms are also given: mil or milyë *"in you" sg., millë "in you" pl. VT43:36. A special use of mi appears in the phrase Wendë mi Wenderon "Virgin of Virgins" VT44:18; here mi appears superfluous to achieve the desired meaning, but this combination of singular noun + mi + plural genitive noun may be seen as a fixed idiom expressing that the initial noun represents the most prominent member of a class.

pron. “you, thou, thee”, 2nd person intimate/familar LR:61, 70, Arct, VT49:36, 55, corresponding to formal/politelye. According to VT49:51, tye was used as an endearment especially between lovers, and grandparents and children also used it to address one another “to use the adult lye was more stern”. Tyenya “my tye”, used = “dear kinsman” VT49:51. The pronoun tye is derived from kie, sc. an original stem ki with an added -e VT49:50. Stressed tyé; dual tyet *“the two of you” VT49:51 – another note reproduced on the same page however states that tye has no dual form, and VT49:52 likewise states that the 2nd person familiar “never deleloped” dual or plural forms. Compare the reflexive pronoun intyë *"yourself". Possibly related to the pronominal stem KE 2nd person sg., if tye represents earlier *kye.

1 vb. "sit" KHAM 2 vb. "judge", attested in the aorist form hamil "you judge". VT42:33; notice the pronominal ending -l "you". See nemë. The verb \#ham- with the meaning "judge" may seem to be an ephemeral form in Tolkien's conception.

vb. "came", pl. eller with a plural subject MC:215; this is "Qenya"; in later Quenya, ellë could be the emphatic pronoun "you", pl., corresponding to singular elyë "thou" – at least in the conceptual phase where -llë was the ending for plural "you".

imperative particle with ending -lyë "you"; see a \#3.

vb. "send", attested in the past tense with pronominal suffixes: lentanelyes "you sent him". Changed by Tolkien to \#lelta-, q.v. VT47:22, 21

vb. "receive" attested in the past tense \#camnë with pronominal endings added: camnelyes "you received it" VT47:21

prep. with pron. suffix 1 *”beside you”, in this sense changed to ardë; 2 *”beside them”, in this sense changed to artë VT49:25. See ara.

1 “one of several suffixes indicating feminine agent”, as in Tintallë “kindler” vs. the verb tinta- “to kindle”. In the source PE17:69 Tolkien noted that -llë was little used because of the clash with the pronominal ending -llë see \#2 below, but the latter ending was later revised. 2 abandoned pronominal ending “you”, 2nd person pl. VT49:48; Tolkien later revised this ending to -ldë.