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who+had+been

  • 21 Born, Ignaz Edler von

    [br]
    b. 26 December 1742 Karlsburg, Transylvania (now Alba lulia, Romania)
    d. 24 July 1791 Vienna, Austria
    [br]
    Austrian metallurgical and mining expert, inventor of the modern amalgamation process.
    [br]
    At the University of Prague he studied law, but thereafter turned to mineralogy, physics and different aspects of mining. In 1769–70 he worked with the mining administration in Schemnitz (now Banská Stiavnica, Slovakia) and Prague and later continued travelling to many parts of Europe, with special interests in the mining districts. In 1776, he was charged to enlarge and systematically to reshape the natural-history collection in Vienna. Three years later he was appointed Wirklicher Hofrat at the mining and monetary administration of the Austrian court.
    Born, who had been at a Jesuit college in his youth, was an active freemason in Vienna and exercised remarkable social communication. The intensity of his academic exchange was outstanding, and he was a member of more than a dozen learned societies throughout Europe. When with the construction of a new metallurgic plant at Joachimsthal (now Jáchymov, Czech Republic) the methods of extracting silver and gold from ores by the means of quicksilver demanded acute consideration, it was this form of scientific intercourse that induced him in 1786 to invite many of his colleagues from several countries to meet in Schemnitz in order to discuss his ideas. Since the beginnings of the 1780s Born had developed the amalgamation process as had first been applied in Mexico in 1557, by mixing the roasted and chlorinated ores with water, ingredients of iron and quicksilver in drums and having the quicksilver refined from the amalgam in the next step. The meeting led to the founding of the Societät der Bergbaukunde, the first internationally structured society of scientists in the world. He died as the result of severe injuries suffered in an accident while he was studying fire-setting in a Slovakian mine in 1770.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1774 (ed.), Briefe an J.J.Ferber über mineralogische Gegenstände, Frankfurt and Leipzig.
    1775–84, Abhandlungen einer Privatgesellschaft in Böhmen, zur Aufnahme der
    Mathematik, der vaterländischen Geschichte und der Naturgeschichte, 6 vols, Prague. 1786, Über das Anquicken der gold-und silberhaltigen Erze, Rohsteine, Schwarzkupfer
    und Hüttenspeise, Vienna.
    1789–90, co-edited with F.W.H.von Trebra, Bergbaukunde, 2 vols, Leipzig.
    Further Reading
    C.von Wurzbach, 1857, Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Österreich, Vol. II, pp. 71–4.
    L.Molnár and A Weiß, 1986, Ignaz Edler von Born und die Societät der Bergbaukunde 1786, Vienna: Bundesministerium für Handel, Gewerbe und Industrie (provides a very detailed description of his life, the amalgamation process and the society of 1786). G.B.Fettweis, and G.Hamann (eds), 1989, Über Ignaz von Born und die Societät der
    Bergbaukunde, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaft (provides a very detailed description).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Born, Ignaz Edler von

  • 22 Castro, Inês de

    (?- 1355)
       Born in Galicia, Inês de Castro came from an important Castilian family; she went to Portugal in the retinue of the Castilian princess Constança, who married Pedro I, when he was a prince. Inês and Pedro fell in love, had one or two children, and continued their relationship despite the existence of the approved royal marriage to Constança. This contributed to the premature death of Constança and introduced once again the fear of Castil-ian intervention in Portugal into royal court politics. Pedro's father, King Afonso IV, feared that Ines's Castilian family might meddle in succession politics and threaten the future accession of Pedro and Constança's legitimate son, Fernando, to the Portuguese throne. Taking advice from leading counselors, King Afonso had Inês murdered in 1355. For a while, Pedro rebelled against his father's action, but later a truce was declared.
       Historians debate what happened next, but in the following century, after Pedro's death, a legend grew in Spain that became the basis for the romantic story of Pedro and the corpse of Inês. The legend was adopted in various novels, operas, songs, poetry, and folklore, and was noteworthy in the literature of France, Portugal, and other countries. It was said that Pedro tracked down and killed all who had been involved in Inês's murder, then disinterred her corpse, put it on the throne, and ceremonially acclaimed it queen of Portugal.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Castro, Inês de

  • 23 Jobs, Steven Paul

    [br]
    b. 24 February 1955 San Francisco, California, USA
    [br]
    American engineer who, with Stephen Wozniak, built the first home computer.
    [br]
    Moving with his family to Mountain View, Palo Alto, in 1960, Jobs entered Homestead High School, Cupertino, in 1968. At about the same time he joined the Explorers' Club for young engineers set up by Hewlett-Packard Company. As a result of this contact, three years later he met up with Stephen Wozniak, who was working at Hewlett-Packard and helped him with the construction of the first home computer based on the 8-bit MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor. In 1973 he went to Reid College, Portland, Oregon, to study engineering, but he dropped out in the second semester and spent time in India. On his return he obtained a job with Atari to design video games, but he soon met up again with Wozniak, who had been unable to interest Hewlett-Packard in commercial development of his home computer. Together they therefore founded Apple Computer Company to make and market it, and found a willing buyer in the Byte Shop chain store. The venture proved successful, and with the help of a financial backer, Mike Markkula, a second version, the Apple II, was developed in 1976. With Jobs as Chairman, the company experienced a phenomenal growth and by 1983 had 4,700 employees and an annual turnover of US$983 million. The company then began to run into difficulties and John Sculley, a former president of Pepsi-Cola, was brought in to manage the business while Jobs concentrated on developing new computers, including the Apple Macintosh. Eventually a power struggle developed, and with Sculley now Chairman and Chief Executive, Jobs resigned in 1985 to set up his own computer company, NeXt.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    First National Technology Medal (with Wozniak) 1985.
    Further Reading
    J.S.Young, 1988, Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward: Scott Foresman \& Co. (includes a biography and a detailed account of Apple Company).
    M.Moritz, 1984, The Little Kingdom. The Private Story of Apple Computers.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Jobs, Steven Paul

  • 24 Longbotham, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals
    [br]
    b. mid-seventeenth century Halifax (?), Yorkshire, England d. 1801
    [br]
    English canal engineer.
    [br]
    The nature of Longbotham's career before 1766 is unknown, although he was associated with Smeaton as a pupil and thus became acquainted with canal engineering. In 1766 he suggested a canal linking Leeds and Liverpool across the Pennines. The suggestion was accepted and in 1767–8 he surveyed the line of the Leeds \& Liverpool Canal. This was approved by the promoters and by Brindley, who had been called in as an assessor. The Act was obtained in 1770 and Longbotham was first appointed as Clerk of Works under Brindley as Chief Engineer. As the latter did not take up the appointment, Longbotham became Chief Engineer and from 1770 to 1775 was responsible for the design of locks and aqueducts. He also prepared contracts and supervised construction. Meanwhile, in 1768 he had proposed a canal from the Calder and Hebble to Halifax. In 1773 he was elected to the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers. As soon as a part of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal was opened he started a passenger packet service, but in 1775, after completing both 50 miles (80 km) of the canal and the Bradford Canal, he was dismissed from his post because of discrepancies in his accounts. However, in the early 1790s he again advised the Leeds and Liverpool proprietors, who were in difficulties on the summit level. Longbotham had colliery interests in the Uphol-land area of Wigan, and in 1787 he surveyed a proposed route for the Lancaster Canal. In 1792 he was also associated with the Grand Western Canal. Details of his later life are scarce, but it is known that he died in poverty in 1801 and that the Leeds \& Liverpool company paid his funeral expenses.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Longbotham, John

  • 25 Maybach, Wilhelm

    [br]
    b. 9 February 1846 Heilbronn, Württemberg, Germany
    d. 14 December 1929 Stuttgart, Germany
    [br]
    German engineer and engine designer, inventor of the spray carburettor.
    [br]
    Orphaned at the age of 10, Maybach was destined to become one of the world's most renowned engine designers. From 1868 he was apprenticed as a draughtsman at the Briiderhaus Engineering Works in Reurlingen, where his talents were recognized by Gottlieb Daimler, who was Manager and Technical Director. Nikolaus Otto had by then developed his atmospheric engine and reorganized his company, Otto \& Langen, into Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz, of which he appointed Daimler Manager. After employment at a machine builders in Karlsruhe, in 1872 Maybach followed Daimler to Deutz where he worked as a partner on the design of high-speed engines: his engines ran at up to 900 rpm, some three times as fast as conventional engines of the time. Maybach made improvements to the timing, carburation and other features. In 1881 Daimler left the Deutz Company and set up on his own as a freelance inventor, moving with his family to Bad Cannstatt; in April 1882 Maybach joined him as Engineer and Designer to set up a partnership to develop lightweight high-speed engines suitable for vehicles. A motor cycle appeared in 1885 and a modified horse-drawn carriage was fitted with a Maybach engine in 1886. Other applications to small boats, fire-engine pumps and small locomotives quickly followed, and the Vee engine of 1890 that was fitted into the French Peugeot automobiles had a profound effect upon the new sport of motor racing. In 1895 Daimler won the first international motor race and the same year Maybach became Technical Director of the Daimler firm. In 1899 Emil Jellinek, Daimler agent in France and also Austro-Hungarian consul, required a car to compete with Panhard and Levassor, who had been victorious in the Paris-Bordeaux race; he wanted more power and a lower centre of gravity, and turned to Maybach with his requirements, the 35 hp Daimler- Simplex of 1901 being the outcome. Its performance and road holding superseded those of all others at the time; it was so successful that Jellinek immediately placed an order for thirty-six cars. His daughter's name was Mercedes, after whom, when the merger of Daimler and Benz came about, the name Mercedes-Benz was adopted.
    In his later years, Maybach designed the engine for the Zeppelin airships. He retired from the Daimler Company in 1907.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Society of German Engineers Grashof Medal (its highest honour). In addition to numerous medals and titles from technical institutions, Maybach was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Stuttgart Institute of Technology.
    Further Reading
    F.Schidberger, Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach and Karl Benz, Stuttgart: Daimler Benz AG.
    1961, The Annals of Mercedes-Benz Motor Vehicles and Engines, 2nd edn, Stuttgart: Daimler Benz AG.
    E.Johnson, 1986, The Dawn of Motoring.
    KAB / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Maybach, Wilhelm

  • 26 a hot spot

       1) тpуднoe или oпacнoe пoлoжeниe (ocoб. вo вpeмя вoйны)
        The Administration wanted to distinguish financially between men who had been in 'hot spots' and those who had only served in non-combat zones (The Economist). I would be in a hot spot if the payment didn't come through before he tried to cash my cheque, but I had to risk that
       2) гopячaя тoчкa, paйoн бecпopядкoв, cтoлкнoвeний и т. п. (тж. a trouble spot)
        Another "hot spot"... was one that a friend and I blundered into some years ago in North Carolina. The locality was the scene of very bitter strikes, and when we arrived the whole town was in a state of internal excitement (W. Foster). There are several diplomatic trouble spots in Africa
       3) paзг. злaчнoe мecтo, пoпуляpный нoчнoй клуб (ocoб. извecтный буйным пoвeдeниeм пoceтитeлeй или cтpиптизoм)
        I figured you live in a small town in Michigan and you can stay away from the hot spots because there aren't any and that way you save money (J. O'Hara)

    Concise English-Russian phrasebook > a hot spot

  • 27 initial

    i'niʃəl
    1. adjective
    (of, or at, the beginning: There were difficulties during the initial stages of building the house.) inicial

    2. noun
    (the letter that begins a word, especially a name: The picture was signed with the initials JJB, standing for John James Brown.) inicial

    3. verb
    (to mark or sign with initials of one's name: Any alteration on a cheque should be initialled.) firmar con las iniciales

    1) (to start (eg a plan, scheme, changes, reforms etc): He initiated a scheme for helping old people with their shopping.) iniciar, poner en marcha

    2) (to take (a person) into a society etc, especially with secret ceremonies: No-one who had been initiated into the society ever revealed the details of the ceremony.) admitir

    (a person who has been initiated (into a society etc).) iniciado

    - initiation
    - initiative
    initial1 adj inicial
    initial2 n inicial
    the initials on the case were A.R.H. las iniciales en la maleta eran A.R.H.
    tr[ɪ'nɪʃəl]
    1 inicial, primero,-a
    1 inicial nombre femenino, letra inicial
    1 firmar con las iniciales
    initial [ɪ'nɪʃəl] vt, - tialed or - tialled ; - tialing or - tialling : poner las iniciales a, firmar con las iniciales
    initial adj
    : inicial, primero
    ♦ initially adv
    : inicial f
    adj.
    • inicial adj.
    n.
    • inicial s.m.
    v.
    • firmar con iniciales v.
    • marcar con iniciales v.

    I ɪ'nɪʃəl
    adjective inicial

    in the initial stages — en la etapa inicial, al principio


    II
    noun inicial f

    III
    transitive verb, BrE - ll- inicialar, ponerle* las iniciales a
    [ɪ'nɪʃǝl]
    1.
    ADJ [shock, success, cost, report] inicial

    my initial reaction was to... — mi primera reacción fue...

    in the initial stages — al principio, en la etapa inicial, en la primera etapa

    2.
    N (=letter) inicial f
    3.
    VT [+ letter, document] firmar con las iniciales
    4.
    CPD

    initial expenses NPL — gastos mpl iniciales

    * * *

    I [ɪ'nɪʃəl]
    adjective inicial

    in the initial stages — en la etapa inicial, al principio


    II
    noun inicial f

    III
    transitive verb, BrE - ll- inicialar, ponerle* las iniciales a

    English-spanish dictionary > initial

  • 28 initial

    i'niʃəl 1. adjective
    (of, or at, the beginning: There were difficulties during the initial stages of building the house.) start-, begynnelses-, utgangs-
    2. noun
    (the letter that begins a word, especially a name: The picture was signed with the initials JJB, standing for John James Brown.) forbokstav
    3. verb
    (to mark or sign with initials of one's name: Any alteration on a cheque should be initialled.) merke med ens initialer

    1) (to start (eg a plan, scheme, changes, reforms etc): He initiated a scheme for helping old people with their shopping.) starte opp, sette i gang

    2) (to take (a person) into a society etc, especially with secret ceremonies: No-one who had been initiated into the society ever revealed the details of the ceremony.) innvie, initiere, ta opp

    (a person who has been initiated (into a society etc).) innviet (medlem)

    - initiation
    - initiative
    initial
    I
    subst. \/ɪˈnɪʃ(ə)l\/
    forbokstav, initial
    II
    verb \/ɪˈnɪʃ(ə)l\/
    1) signere, sette signatur på, undertegne med initialer, parafere
    2) merke med initialer
    III
    adj. \/ɪˈnɪʃ(ə)l\/
    1) begynnelses-, innledende
    2) utgangs-, første

    English-Norwegian dictionary > initial

  • 29 initial

    [i'niʃəl] 1. adjective
    (of, or at, the beginning: There were difficulties during the initial stages of building the house.) fyrstur, byrjunar-
    2. noun
    (the letter that begins a word, especially a name: The picture was signed with the initials JJB, standing for John James Brown.) upphafsstafur
    3. verb
    (to mark or sign with initials of one's name: Any alteration on a cheque should be initialled.) merkja upphafsstöfum

    [-ʃieit]

    1) (to start (eg a plan, scheme, changes, reforms etc): He initiated a scheme for helping old people with their shopping.)

    2) (to take (a person) into a society etc, especially with secret ceremonies: No-one who had been initiated into the society ever revealed the details of the ceremony.)

    [-ʃiət]

    (a person who has been initiated (into a society etc).)

    - initiation
    - initiative

    English-Icelandic dictionary > initial

  • 30 initial

    [i'niʃəl] 1. adjective
    (of, or at, the beginning: There were difficulties during the initial stages of building the house.) kezdeti
    2. noun
    (the letter that begins a word, especially a name: The picture was signed with the initials JJB, standing for John James Brown.) kezdőbetű, iniciálé
    3. verb
    (to mark or sign with initials of one's name: Any alteration on a cheque should be initialled.) kézjeggyel ellát

    [-ʃieit]

    1) (to start (eg a plan, scheme, changes, reforms etc): He initiated a scheme for helping old people with their shopping.) kezdeményez

    2) (to take (a person) into a society etc, especially with secret ceremonies: No-one who had been initiated into the society ever revealed the details of the ceremony.) beavat vkit vmibe

    [-ʃiət]

    (a person who has been initiated (into a society etc).) beavatott (személy)

    - initiation
    - initiative

    English-Hungarian dictionary > initial

  • 31 initial

    [i'niʃəl] 1. adjective
    (of, or at, the beginning: There were difficulties during the initial stages of building the house.) inicial
    2. noun
    (the letter that begins a word, especially a name: The picture was signed with the initials JJB, standing for John James Brown.) inicial
    3. verb
    (to mark or sign with initials of one's name: Any alteration on a cheque should be initialled.) rubricar

    [-ʃieit]

    1) (to start (eg a plan, scheme, changes, reforms etc): He initiated a scheme for helping old people with their shopping.) iniciar

    2) (to take (a person) into a society etc, especially with secret ceremonies: No-one who had been initiated into the society ever revealed the details of the ceremony.) iniciar

    [-ʃiət]

    (a person who has been initiated (into a society etc).) iniciado

    - initiation
    - initiative
    * * *
    in.i.tial
    [in'iʃəl] n inicial: primeira letra de uma palavra. • vt pôr as iniciais, rubricar. • adj inicial, no princípio.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > initial

  • 32 initial

    adj. baştaki, baş, ilk
    ————————
    n. baş harf, ilk harf, önses
    * * *
    1. başlangıç 2. başlangıçtaki
    * * *
    [i'niʃəl] 1. adjective
    (of, or at, the beginning: There were difficulties during the initial stages of building the house.) başlangıç, ilk, ön
    2. noun
    (the letter that begins a word, especially a name: The picture was signed with the initials JJB, standing for John James Brown.) paraf, ismin baş harfleri
    3. verb
    (to mark or sign with initials of one's name: Any alteration on a cheque should be initialled.) parafe etmek

    [-ʃieit]

    1) (to start (eg a plan, scheme, changes, reforms etc): He initiated a scheme for helping old people with their shopping.) başla(t)mak

    2) (to take (a person) into a society etc, especially with secret ceremonies: No-one who had been initiated into the society ever revealed the details of the ceremony.) üyeliğe kabul etmek/sokmak

    [-ʃiət]

    (a person who has been initiated (into a society etc).) yeni üye

    - initiation
    - initiative

    English-Turkish dictionary > initial

  • 33 initial

    [i'niʃəl] 1. adjective
    (of, or at, the beginning: There were difficulties during the initial stages of building the house.) začeten
    2. noun
    (the letter that begins a word, especially a name: The picture was signed with the initials JJB, standing for John James Brown.) začetnica
    3. verb
    (to mark or sign with initials of one's name: Any alteration on a cheque should be initialled.) parafirati

    [-ʃieit]

    1) (to start (eg a plan, scheme, changes, reforms etc): He initiated a scheme for helping old people with their shopping.) vpeljati

    2) (to take (a person) into a society etc, especially with secret ceremonies: No-one who had been initiated into the society ever revealed the details of the ceremony.) vpeljati

    [-ʃiət]

    (a person who has been initiated (into a society etc).) novinec

    - initiation
    - initiative
    * * *
    I [iníšəl]
    adjective ( initially adverb)
    začeten, prvoten
    initial word — kratica, sestavljena iz začetnih črk (npr. UNRA)
    II [iníšəl]
    noun
    začetnica (črka), velika začetnica; plural monogram, inicialke
    III [iníšəl]
    transitive verb
    zaznamovati z začetnimi črkami, parafirati; napraviti monogram

    English-Slovenian dictionary > initial

  • 34 initial

    • nimikirjaimet
    • nimikirjain
    • varustaa nimikirjaimilla
    • esi-
    • etukirjain
    • alku
    • alkukirjain
    • alku-
    • allekirjoittaa
    • alkuperäinen
    • merkitä nimikirjaimensa
    • neitseellinen
    • parafoida
    • sananalkuinen
    • lähtö
    * * *
    i'niʃəl 1. adjective
    (of, or at, the beginning: There were difficulties during the initial stages of building the house.) alku-
    2. noun
    (the letter that begins a word, especially a name: The picture was signed with the initials JJB, standing for John James Brown.) alkukirjain, nimikirjaimet
    3. verb
    (to mark or sign with initials of one's name: Any alteration on a cheque should be initialled.) merkitä nimikirjaimensa

    1) (to start (eg a plan, scheme, changes, reforms etc): He initiated a scheme for helping old people with their shopping.) panna alulle

    2) (to take (a person) into a society etc, especially with secret ceremonies: No-one who had been initiated into the society ever revealed the details of the ceremony.) vihkiä jäseneksi

    (a person who has been initiated (into a society etc).) jäseneksi vihitty

    - initiation
    - initiative

    English-Finnish dictionary > initial

  • 35 initial

    I 1. [ɪ'nɪʃl]
    nome iniziale f.
    2.
    aggettivo iniziale
    II [ɪ'nɪʃl]
    verbo transitivo (forma in -ing ecc. BE - ll-, AE -l-) apporre le proprie iniziali su, siglare [ document]
    * * *
    [i'niʃəl] 1. adjective
    (of, or at, the beginning: There were difficulties during the initial stages of building the house.) iniziale
    2. noun
    (the letter that begins a word, especially a name: The picture was signed with the initials JJB, standing for John James Brown.) iniziale
    3. verb
    (to mark or sign with initials of one's name: Any alteration on a cheque should be initialled.) siglare

    [-ʃieit]

    1) (to start (eg a plan, scheme, changes, reforms etc): He initiated a scheme for helping old people with their shopping.)

    2) (to take (a person) into a society etc, especially with secret ceremonies: No-one who had been initiated into the society ever revealed the details of the ceremony.)

    [-ʃiət]

    (a person who has been initiated (into a society etc).)

    - initiation
    - initiative
    * * *
    I 1. [ɪ'nɪʃl]
    nome iniziale f.
    2.
    aggettivo iniziale
    II [ɪ'nɪʃl]
    verbo transitivo (forma in -ing ecc. BE - ll-, AE -l-) apporre le proprie iniziali su, siglare [ document]

    English-Italian dictionary > initial

  • 36 initial

    1. adjective
    anfänglich; zu Anfang auftretend [Symptome]; Anfangs[stadium, -schwierigkeiten]
    2. noun esp. in pl.
    Initiale, die
    3. transitive verb,
    (Brit.) - ll- abzeichnen [Scheck, Quittung]; paraphieren [Vertrag, Abkommen usw.]
    * * *
    [i'niʃəl] 1. adjective
    (of, or at, the beginning: There were difficulties during the initial stages of building the house.) anfänglich
    2. noun
    (the letter that begins a word, especially a name: The picture was signed with the initials JJB, standing for John James Brown.) die Initiale
    3. verb
    (to mark or sign with initials of one's name: Any alteration on a cheque should be initialled.) mit Initialen unterzeichen

    [-ʃieit]

    1) (to start (eg a plan, scheme, changes, reforms etc): He initiated a scheme for helping old people with their shopping.) ins Leben rufen

    2) (to take (a person) into a society etc, especially with secret ceremonies: No-one who had been initiated into the society ever revealed the details of the ceremony.) einweihen

    [-ʃiət]

    (a person who has been initiated (into a society etc).) der/die Eingeweihte

    - academic.ru/38189/initially">initially
    - initiation
    - initiative
    * * *
    ini·tial
    [ɪˈnɪʃəl]
    I. adj attr, inv anfänglich, erste(r, s)
    my \initial surprise was soon replaced by delight meine anfängliche Überraschung wandelte sich schnell in Freude
    \initial reports say that... ersten Meldungen zufolge...
    an \initial letter ein erster Brief
    in the \initial phases [or stages] in der Anfangsphase
    \initial concentration CHEM Anfangskonzentration f
    \initial resistance PHYS Anfangswiderstand m
    \initial voltage ELEC Anfangsspannung f
    II. n Initiale f
    what does the \initial, X, in your name stand for? wofür steht das X in deinem Namen?
    ▪ \initials pl Initialen pl, Anfangsbuchstaben pl, Initialen pl ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ
    to mark [or sign] a page with one's \initials seine Initialen unter eine Seite setzen
    III. vt
    < BRIT - ll- or AM usu -l->
    ▪ to \initial sth etw abzeichnen [o paraphieren]
    * * *
    [I'nISəl]
    1. adj
    1) anfänglich, Anfangs-

    in the initial stages — im Anfangsstadium

    2) (LING) anlautend
    3) (TYP)

    initial letter — Anfangsbuchstabe m, Initiale f

    2. n
    Initiale f; (TYP ALSO) Anfangsbuchstabe m

    to sign a letter with one's initials — seine Initialen or (Pol) Paraphe unter einen Brief setzen; (Comm) einen Brief abzeichnen or mit seinem Namenszeichen versehen

    3. vt
    letter, document mit seinen Initialen unterzeichnen; (COMM) abzeichnen; (POL) paraphieren
    * * *
    initial [ıˈnıʃl]
    A adj (adv → initially)
    1. anfänglich, Anfangs…, Ausgangs…, erst(er, e, es):
    initial advertising WIRTSCH Einführungswerbung f;
    initial allowances pl Br Erst- oder Sonderabschreibung f bei Neuanschaffungen;
    a) Einrichtungskosten pl,
    b) Anlagekosten pl;
    initial cost WIRTSCH Anfangskosten pl;
    initial dividend WIRTSCH Abschlagsdividende f;
    initial estimates erste Schätzungen;
    initial letter Anfangsbuchstabe m;
    initial position MIL, TECH etc Ausgangsstellung f;
    initial material WIRTSCH Ausgangsmaterial n;
    initial payment Anzahlung f;
    initial salary Anfangsgehalt n;
    initial stage(s pl) Anfangsstadium n;
    initial subscription WIRTSCH Erstzeichnung f;
    initial symptoms erste Symptome, Anfangssymptome;
    initial teaching alphabet Lautschrift f für den Anfangsunterricht im Lesen; → outlay B
    2. TECH Anfangs…, Vor…:
    initial tension Vorspannung f
    3. LING anlautend:
    B s
    1. Initiale f, (großer) Anfangsbuchstabe
    2. pl Monogramm n
    3. BOT Meristemzelle f
    C v/t prät und pperf -tialed, besonders Br -tialled
    1. mit seinen Initialen versehen oder unterzeichnen, abzeichnen, POL paraphieren
    2. mit einem Monogramm versehen:
    initial(l)ed paper Monogrammpapier n
    * * *
    1. adjective
    anfänglich; zu Anfang auftretend [Symptome]; Anfangs[stadium, -schwierigkeiten]
    2. noun esp. in pl.
    Initiale, die
    3. transitive verb,
    (Brit.) - ll- abzeichnen [Scheck, Quittung]; paraphieren [Vertrag, Abkommen usw.]
    * * *
    adj.
    Anfangs- präfix.
    anfänglich adj. n.
    Anfang -ë m.
    Initiale -n f.

    English-german dictionary > initial

  • 37 initial

    [ɪ'nɪʃl] 1. adj 2. n

    can I have your initial, Mrs Jones? — poproszę o pierwszą literę Pani imienia, Pani Jones

    3. vt
    * * *
    [i'niʃəl] 1. adjective
    (of, or at, the beginning: There were difficulties during the initial stages of building the house.) początkowy
    2. noun
    (the letter that begins a word, especially a name: The picture was signed with the initials JJB, standing for John James Brown.) inicjał
    3. verb
    (to mark or sign with initials of one's name: Any alteration on a cheque should be initialled.) parafować

    [-ʃieit]

    1) (to start (eg a plan, scheme, changes, reforms etc): He initiated a scheme for helping old people with their shopping.) zapoczątkować

    2) (to take (a person) into a society etc, especially with secret ceremonies: No-one who had been initiated into the society ever revealed the details of the ceremony.) wtajemniczyć

    [-ʃiət]

    (a person who has been initiated (into a society etc).) wtajemniczony

    - initiation
    - initiative

    English-Polish dictionary > initial

  • 38 initial

    [i'niʃəl] 1. adjective
    (of, or at, the beginning: There were difficulties during the initial stages of building the house.) sākotnējs; sākuma-
    2. noun
    (the letter that begins a word, especially a name: The picture was signed with the initials JJB, standing for John James Brown.) iniciālis
    3. verb
    (to mark or sign with initials of one's name: Any alteration on a cheque should be initialled.) parakstīt ar iniciāļiem; parafēt (līgumu)

    [-ʃieit]

    1) (to start (eg a plan, scheme, changes, reforms etc): He initiated a scheme for helping old people with their shopping.) ierosināt; ieviest; uzsākt

    2) (to take (a person) into a society etc, especially with secret ceremonies: No-one who had been initiated into the society ever revealed the details of the ceremony.) ievest (sabiedrībā)

    [-ʃiət]

    (a person who has been initiated (into a society etc).) iesācējs; jaunuzņemtais

    - initiation
    - initiative
    * * *
    sākumburts; iniciāļi; parakstīt ar iniciāļiem; sākotnējs, sākuma

    English-Latvian dictionary > initial

  • 39 initial

    [i'niʃəl] 1. adjective
    (of, or at, the beginning: There were difficulties during the initial stages of building the house.) pradinis
    2. noun
    (the letter that begins a word, especially a name: The picture was signed with the initials JJB, standing for John James Brown.) inicialas
    3. verb
    (to mark or sign with initials of one's name: Any alteration on a cheque should be initialled.) pasirašyti inicialais

    [-ʃieit]

    1) (to start (eg a plan, scheme, changes, reforms etc): He initiated a scheme for helping old people with their shopping.) pradėti, duoti pradžią

    2) (to take (a person) into a society etc, especially with secret ceremonies: No-one who had been initiated into the society ever revealed the details of the ceremony.) priimti (į slaptą draugiją)

    [-ʃiət]

    (a person who has been initiated (into a society etc).) naujai priimtasis

    - initiation
    - initiative

    English-Lithuanian dictionary > initial

  • 40 initial

    adj. begynnelse-, inledande, utgångs-, första, initial-
    --------
    n. initial, första bokstaven i namn; begynnelsebokstav
    --------
    v. underteckna med sina initialer
    * * *
    [i'niʃəl] 1. adjective
    (of, or at, the beginning: There were difficulties during the initial stages of building the house.) inledande
    2. noun
    (the letter that begins a word, especially a name: The picture was signed with the initials JJB, standing for John James Brown.) initial
    3. verb
    (to mark or sign with initials of one's name: Any alteration on a cheque should be initialled.) märka (underteckna) med initialer

    [-ʃieit]

    1) (to start (eg a plan, scheme, changes, reforms etc): He initiated a scheme for helping old people with their shopping.) sätta i gång, initiera

    2) (to take (a person) into a society etc, especially with secret ceremonies: No-one who had been initiated into the society ever revealed the details of the ceremony.) inviga

    [-ʃiət]

    (a person who has been initiated (into a society etc).) invigd

    - initiation
    - initiative

    English-Swedish dictionary > initial

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