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view+of+things

  • 41 широко

    widely, broadly;
    extensively, on a large scale;
    ~ открытый, раскрытый wide open;
    ~ распространённый widespread;
    ~ известный widely known;
    ~ раскрыть глаза open one`s eyes wide;
    жить ~ live on a lavish scale;
    ~ толковать, понимать что-л. interpret smth. loosely;
    ~ образованный человек person of wide learning;
    ~ смотреть на вещи take* а broad view of things.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > широко

  • 42 optimistic, optimistical

    оптимистичный, оптимистический;
    - an * view of things оптимистический взгляд на вещи;
    - I am * about the chance of good weather this weekend по-моему, можно надеяться на хорошую погоду в выходные дни

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > optimistic, optimistical

  • 43 back

    Ⅰ
    back [bæk] n
    большо́й чан
    Ⅱ
    back [bæk]
    1. n
    1) спина́;

    to turn one's back upon smb. отверну́ться от кого́-л.; поки́нуть кого́-л.

    ;

    to be on one's back лежа́ть ( больным) в посте́ли

    2) спи́нка ( стула; в одежде, выкройке)
    3) за́дняя или оборо́тная сторона́; изна́нка, подкла́дка;

    back of the head заты́лок

    ;

    back of the hand ты́льная сторона́ руки́

    4) корешо́к ( книги)
    5) о́бух
    6) спорт. защи́тник ( в футболе)
    7) гре́бень (волны, холма)
    8) мор.:

    back of a ship киль су́дна

    9) горн., геол. вися́чий бок ( пласта); кро́вля ( забоя); потоло́к ( выработки)
    ◊

    back to back вплотну́ю, вприты́к; спина́ к спине́

    ;

    back to front за́дом наперёд

    ;

    with one's back to the wall прижа́тый к сте́нке; в безвы́ходном положе́нии

    ;

    at the back of one's mind подсозна́тельно

    ;

    to be at the back of smth. быть та́йной причи́ной чего́-л.

    ;

    behind one's back без ве́дома, за спино́й

    ;

    to turn one's back обрати́ться в бе́гство

    ;

    to put one's back (into) рабо́тать с энтузиа́змом (над)

    ;

    to break the back of зако́нчить са́мую трудоёмкую часть ( работы)

    ;

    to get ( или to put, to set) smb.'s back up рассерди́ть кого́-л.; раздража́ть кого́-л.

    ;

    to know the way one knows the back of one's hand ≅ знать как свои́ пять па́льцев

    2. a
    1) за́дний; отдалённый;

    back entrance чёрный ход

    ;

    to take a back seat стушева́ться, отойти́ на за́дний план; заня́ть скро́мное положе́ние

    ;

    back vowel фон. гла́сный за́днего ря́да

    ;

    back areas воен. тылы́, тыловы́е райо́ны

    ;

    back elevation стр., тех. вид сза́ди, за́дний фаса́д

    ;

    back filling стр. засы́пка, забу́тка

    2) ста́рый;
    а) ста́рый но́мер ( газеты, журнала; тж. back issue);
    б) отста́лый челове́к; ретрогра́д;
    в) что-л. устаре́вшее, утра́тившее новизну́
    3) запозда́лый; просро́ченный ( о платеже);

    back payment расчёты за́дним число́м; просро́ченный платёж

    4) отста́лый;

    a back view of things отста́лые взгля́ды

    5) обра́тный
    3. v
    1) подде́рживать; подкрепля́ть; субсиди́ровать
    2) держа́ть пари́, ста́вить ( на лошадь и т.п.)
    3) дви́гать(ся) в обра́тном направле́нии, пя́тить(ся); оса́живать; отступа́ть; идти́ за́дним хо́дом;

    to back water ( или the oars) мор. таба́нить

    4) служи́ть спи́нкой
    5) служи́ть фо́ном
    6) служи́ть подкла́дкой
    7) ста́вить на подкла́дку
    8) амер. разг. носи́ть на спине́
    9) переплета́ть ( книгу)
    10) индосси́ровать ( вексель)
    11) амер. грани́чить, примыка́ть (on, upon)
    12) е́здить верхо́м; приуча́ть ( лошадь) к седлу́; сади́ться в седло́
    а) отшатну́ться;
    б) уклони́ться ( от решения и т.п.);
    back down отступа́ться, отка́зываться от чего-л.;
    back off отступи́ть, ретирова́ться; отказа́ться (напр. от своих слов);
    back out отказа́ться от уча́стия; уклони́ться (of — от чего-л.);
    а) подде́рживать;
    б) дава́ть за́дний ход
    ◊

    to back the wrong horse сде́лать плохо́й вы́бор, просчита́ться, ошиби́ться в расчётах

    4. adv
    1) наза́д, обра́тно;

    back home сно́ва до́ма, на ро́дине

    ;

    back and forth взад и вперёд

    ;

    back from the door! прочь от две́ри!

    2) тому́ наза́д

    to talk ( или to answer) back возража́ть

    ;

    to pay back отпла́чивать

    ;

    to love back отвеча́ть взаи́мностью

    а) в стороне́, вдалеке́ от;

    back from the road в стороне́ от доро́ги

    ;
    б) амер. сза́ди, позади́; за (тж. back of)
    ◊

    to go back from ( или on, upon) one's word отказа́ться от обеща́ния

    Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > back

  • 44 back

    I
    1. [bæk] n
    1. 1) спина

    broad back - широкая спина; широкие плечи

    to carry smth. on one's back - а) нести что-л. на спине; б) нести непосильное бремя; ≅ надеть себе на шею хомут

    to pat on the back - а) похлопать по спине; б) покровительствовать (кому-л.); поощрять (кого-л.); в) подбадривать

    to stab in the back - а) всадить нож в спину; б) предать; в) предательски нападать; клеветать, злословить за чьей-л. спиной

    he has a strong back - а) у него широкая спина; б) он всё вынесет; его не сломить

    excuse my back - извините, я повернулся или я сижу к вам спиной

    2) спина, спинка ( животного)
    3) pl высококачественные, первосортные кожи
    4) спина, спинка ( одежды)
    2. 1) спинной хребет; позвоночник
    2) поясница, крестец
    3. 1) задняя, тыльная часть (чего-л.)

    the back of the foot - анат. тыл стопы

    back of a rudder - мор. спинка руля

    this sound is pronounced with the back of the tongue - фон. этот звук произносится с помощью задней части языка

    2) тех. задняя грань ( резца); затылок или обух инструмента

    back of an arch - стр. внешняя поверхность арки

    4. задняя, более отдалённая часть (чего-л.); задний план

    at the back of - сзади, позади [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    at the back of one's mind - в глубине души [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    we must get to the back of this - мы должны добраться /докопаться/ до сути дела

    5. оборотная сторона; оборот, изнанка

    the back of cloth [rug] - изнанка ткани [ковра]

    6. гребень (волны, горы)

    the monument stood on the back of a hill - памятник стоял на вершине холма

    7. нагота, неприкрытое тело ( когда речь идёт об одежде); одежда

    back and belly - одежда и стол /еда/ [см. тж. ♢ ]

    I haven't a rag to my back - а) мне нечего надеть; б) мне нечем прикрыть свою наготу

    she puts all she earns on her back - она тратит на одежду всё, что зарабатывает

    8. спорт. защитник (тж. full back)
    9. мор. киль; кильсон
    10. горн. висячий бок ( пласта); кровля ( забоя); потолок ( выработки); кливажная трещина

    ♢ back to back - вплотную, впритык

    the back of beyond - глушь, край света

    at the back of beyond - шутл. на краю света; в недосягаемости; ≅ у чёрта на куличках [ср. тж. 4]

    with one's back to /against/ the wall - припёртый к стенке, в отчаянном положении

    behind smb.'s back - за чьей-л. спиной, в отсутствие кого-л.; за глаза, тайком

    to be on smb.'s back - привязываться /приставать/ к кому-л.; не давать житья кому-л.; придираться к кому-л.; набрасываться /накидываться/ на кого-л.

    she is always on his back if he comes home late - когда он приходит домой поздно, ему всегда достаётся от неё

    to get off smb.'s back - отстать /отвязаться/ от кого-л.; оставить в покое кого-л.

    to be (flat /put, thrown/) on one's back - быть в безнадёжном /беспомощном/ положении

    he is flat on his back after a long succession of failures - постоянные неудачи сломили его; ≅ его положили на обе лопатки

    to be at the back of smb., to stand behind smb.'s back - а) стоять за кем-л., оказывать кому-л. поддержку; б) преследовать кого-л.; гнаться по пятам за кем-л.

    to be at the back of the pack - «наступать на пятки», идти непосредственно за лидером, «дышать в спину»

    to be at the back of smth. - а) скрываться за чем-л., таиться в чём-л.; what's at the back of it? - что за этим кроется?; б) быть зачинщиком чего-л.

    to turn one's back - обратиться в бегство; отступить; ≅ показать пятки

    to get one's back up - а) рассердиться, разозлиться, выйти из себя; ощетиниться; б) заупрямиться, упереться

    to put /to set/ smb.'s back up - рассердить кого-л., восстановить кого-л. против себя

    to see smb.'s back, to see the back of smb. - а) видеть чей-л. уход; I'm always glad to see the back of him - я всегда жду не дождусь его ухода; б) избавиться /отделаться/ от кого-л.

    to put one's back into one's work - работать энергично /с энтузиазмом/; вкладывать всю душу в работу

    to give smb. the back - отвернуться от кого-л., игнорировать кого-л.

    to turn one's back upon /on/ smb. - повернуться к кому-л. спиной, отвернуться от кого-л.; порвать отношения с кем-л.

    to how /to crouch/ one's back - гнуть спину (перед кем-л.); подчиняться; подхалимничать

    to cast behind the back - библ. забыть и простить

    to beat smb. back and belly - избить до полусмерти [см. тж. 7]

    you give me a pain in the back - ≅ ты мне ужасно надоел

    2. [bæk] a
    1. задний

    back rows - задние /последние/ ряды

    back edge /margin/ - полигр. внутреннее /корешковое/ поле ( страницы)

    back elevation - тех., стр. вид сзади, задний фасад

    back vowel - фон. гласный заднего ряда

    back light - кино задний контржурный свет

    back lighting - кино контржурное освещение

    back projection - кино рирпроекция, проекция на просвет

    2. отдалённый, дальний

    back alley - а) глухой переулок; б) трущобы, задворки

    back district - амер. сельский район, глушь

    3. обратный

    back freight - обратный фрахт /груз/

    back azimuth - топ. обратный азимут; обратное направление

    4. 1) запоздалый, отсталый
    2) старый

    a back number /issue/ (of a magazine) - а) старый номер (журнала); б) отсталый человек, ретроград; в) нечто устаревшее, несовременное, допотопное

    5. преим. амер. задержанный, просроченный; следуемый или уплачиваемый за прошлое время

    back pay - а) амер. жалованье за проработанное время; б) задержанная зарплата

    back rent [taxes] - амер. квартирная плата [налоги] за прошедшее время

    back lessons - невыученные уроки, уроки за пропущенное время

    6. воен. тыловой

    back areas - тыл(ы), тыловые районы

    3. [bæk] adv
    1. сзади, позади

    keep back! - не подходи(те)!, отойди(те)!

    2. 1) обратно, назад

    back there! - осади!; назад!

    I knew him back home - я знал его, когда жил на родине

    to get [to take, to send, to bring] back - получить [взять, послать, принести] назад /обратно/

    to go [to come, to run, to ride, to fly] back - пойти [прийти, прибежать, ехать, лететь] обратно

    to sit back - откинуться на спинку кресла; удобно усесться

    to look back - а) оглядываться назад, кинуть взгляд в прошлое; б) жалеть о прошлом; раскаиваться в содеянном

    to go back from /upon/ one's word - не сдержать, нарушить слово

    to step back - а) сделать шаг назад; б) нанести защитный удар

    to push the bolt back - отодвинуть засов /задвижку/

    he is just back from voyage - он только что вернулся из морского путешествия

    when will they be back? - когда они вернутся?

    2) снова, опять
    3) тех. (в направлении) против часовой стрелки
    3. 1) (тому) назад

    if we go back a few years... - если вернуться к тому /если вспомнить/, что было несколько лет (тому) назад...

    far back in the Middle Ages - давным-давно, ещё в средние века

    2) с опозданием; с отставанием

    to pay back - а) отдать долг; б) отплатить

    to answer back - возражать (особ. на замечание)

    to hit /to strike/ back - дать сдачи

    to bow back to smb. - отвечать на приветствие

    I had a bit of my own back on him - разг. я отомстил ему

    back from - в стороне, вдалеке от

    back of - амер. а) сзади, позади; he rode back of the cart - он ехал верхом позади телеги; б) (стоящий или скрывающийся) за

    various motives were back of this reversal of policy - эта перемена политики диктовалась многими соображениями

    each speaker told what the organization back of him wanted - каждый оратор рассказал, чего хочет организация, которую он представляет

    4. [bæk] v
    1. 1) поддерживать, подкреплять (тж. back up)

    to back a plan [a draft resolution, an appeal] - поддержать план [проект резолюции, призыв]

    to back smb. (up) - оказывать кому-л. поддержку, содействовать кому-л.

    2) закреплять (якорь и т. п.)
    3) укреплять; подпирать (стену и т. п.)
    4) наклонять; прислонять
    2. субсидировать; финансировать

    his father backed him in business - отец финансировал его дело /предприятие/

    the project was backed by the Chicago financiers - предприятие субсидировалось финансистами Чикаго

    3. 1) ставить (на игрока, боксёра, лошадь)

    to back a wrong horse - а) поставить не на ту лошадь; б) просчитаться, ошибиться в расчётах

    2) (on) надеяться на (кого-л., что-л.)

    I backed on his ability to get out of scrapes - я рассчитывал на его способность выходить сухим из воды

    4. 1) двигать в обратном направлении; осаживать; отводить

    to back out - выехать откуда-л. задним ходом

    to back the oars - мор. табанить

    to back water - а) мор. табанить; б) идти на попятный, отступать; отступаться

    back her! - мор. задний ход! ( команда)

    2) двигаться в обратном направлении, идти задним ходом; отходить, отступать; пятиться

    he backed a step or two to let them pass - он отступил на несколько шагов, чтобы пропустить их

    5. садиться на лошадь; ехать верхом; объезжать лошадь
    6. 1) покрывать; снабжать спинкой

    the wardrobe was backed with plywood - задняя стенка шкафа была обшита фанерой

    2) ставить на подкладку
    7. примыкать (сзади)

    the hills backed the town - за городом раскинулись холмы, город стоял у подножия холмов

    we saw a sandy beach backed by chalk cliffs - мы увидели песчаный пляж на фоне меловых утёсов

    8. 1) подписывать, скреплять подписью; утверждать; визировать
    2) фин. индоссировать ( вексель)

    to back a bill - поставить свою подпись на оборотной стороне векселя, гарантировать оплату векселя

    9. аккомпанировать; сопровождать музыкой (тж. back up)

    ♢ to back and fill - а) мор. лежать в дрейфе; б) передвигаться зигзагами; в) амер. колебаться, проявлять нерешительность

    he backed and filled until the last moment - он колебался до последней минуты

    II [bæk] n
    корыто; чан; большой бак

    НБАРС > back

  • 45 back

    I
    1. [bæk] n
    1. 1) спина

    broad back - широкая спина; широкие плечи

    to carry smth. on one's back - а) нести что-л. на спине; б) нести непосильное бремя; ≅ надеть себе на шею хомут

    to pat on the back - а) похлопать по спине; б) покровительствовать (кому-л.); поощрять (кого-л.); в) подбадривать

    to stab in the back - а) всадить нож в спину; б) предать; в) предательски нападать; клеветать, злословить за чьей-л. спиной

    he has a strong back - а) у него широкая спина; б) он всё вынесет; его не сломить

    excuse my back - извините, я повернулся или я сижу к вам спиной

    2) спина, спинка ( животного)
    3) pl высококачественные, первосортные кожи
    4) спина, спинка ( одежды)
    2. 1) спинной хребет; позвоночник
    2) поясница, крестец
    3. 1) задняя, тыльная часть (чего-л.)

    the back of the foot - анат. тыл стопы

    back of a rudder - мор. спинка руля

    this sound is pronounced with the back of the tongue - фон. этот звук произносится с помощью задней части языка

    2) тех. задняя грань ( резца); затылок или обух инструмента

    back of an arch - стр. внешняя поверхность арки

    4. задняя, более отдалённая часть (чего-л.); задний план

    at the back of - сзади, позади [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    at the back of one's mind - в глубине души [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    we must get to the back of this - мы должны добраться /докопаться/ до сути дела

    5. оборотная сторона; оборот, изнанка

    the back of cloth [rug] - изнанка ткани [ковра]

    6. гребень (волны, горы)

    the monument stood on the back of a hill - памятник стоял на вершине холма

    7. нагота, неприкрытое тело ( когда речь идёт об одежде); одежда

    back and belly - одежда и стол /еда/ [см. тж. ♢ ]

    I haven't a rag to my back - а) мне нечего надеть; б) мне нечем прикрыть свою наготу

    she puts all she earns on her back - она тратит на одежду всё, что зарабатывает

    8. спорт. защитник (тж. full back)
    9. мор. киль; кильсон
    10. горн. висячий бок ( пласта); кровля ( забоя); потолок ( выработки); кливажная трещина

    ♢ back to back - вплотную, впритык

    the back of beyond - глушь, край света

    at the back of beyond - шутл. на краю света; в недосягаемости; ≅ у чёрта на куличках [ср. тж. 4]

    with one's back to /against/ the wall - припёртый к стенке, в отчаянном положении

    behind smb.'s back - за чьей-л. спиной, в отсутствие кого-л.; за глаза, тайком

    to be on smb.'s back - привязываться /приставать/ к кому-л.; не давать житья кому-л.; придираться к кому-л.; набрасываться /накидываться/ на кого-л.

    she is always on his back if he comes home late - когда он приходит домой поздно, ему всегда достаётся от неё

    to get off smb.'s back - отстать /отвязаться/ от кого-л.; оставить в покое кого-л.

    to be (flat /put, thrown/) on one's back - быть в безнадёжном /беспомощном/ положении

    he is flat on his back after a long succession of failures - постоянные неудачи сломили его; ≅ его положили на обе лопатки

    to be at the back of smb., to stand behind smb.'s back - а) стоять за кем-л., оказывать кому-л. поддержку; б) преследовать кого-л.; гнаться по пятам за кем-л.

    to be at the back of the pack - «наступать на пятки», идти непосредственно за лидером, «дышать в спину»

    to be at the back of smth. - а) скрываться за чем-л., таиться в чём-л.; what's at the back of it? - что за этим кроется?; б) быть зачинщиком чего-л.

    to turn one's back - обратиться в бегство; отступить; ≅ показать пятки

    to get one's back up - а) рассердиться, разозлиться, выйти из себя; ощетиниться; б) заупрямиться, упереться

    to put /to set/ smb.'s back up - рассердить кого-л., восстановить кого-л. против себя

    to see smb.'s back, to see the back of smb. - а) видеть чей-л. уход; I'm always glad to see the back of him - я всегда жду не дождусь его ухода; б) избавиться /отделаться/ от кого-л.

    to put one's back into one's work - работать энергично /с энтузиазмом/; вкладывать всю душу в работу

    to give smb. the back - отвернуться от кого-л., игнорировать кого-л.

    to turn one's back upon /on/ smb. - повернуться к кому-л. спиной, отвернуться от кого-л.; порвать отношения с кем-л.

    to how /to crouch/ one's back - гнуть спину (перед кем-л.); подчиняться; подхалимничать

    to cast behind the back - библ. забыть и простить

    to beat smb. back and belly - избить до полусмерти [см. тж. 7]

    you give me a pain in the back - ≅ ты мне ужасно надоел

    2. [bæk] a
    1. задний

    back rows - задние /последние/ ряды

    back edge /margin/ - полигр. внутреннее /корешковое/ поле ( страницы)

    back elevation - тех., стр. вид сзади, задний фасад

    back vowel - фон. гласный заднего ряда

    back light - кино задний контржурный свет

    back lighting - кино контржурное освещение

    back projection - кино рирпроекция, проекция на просвет

    2. отдалённый, дальний

    back alley - а) глухой переулок; б) трущобы, задворки

    back district - амер. сельский район, глушь

    3. обратный

    back freight - обратный фрахт /груз/

    back azimuth - топ. обратный азимут; обратное направление

    4. 1) запоздалый, отсталый
    2) старый

    a back number /issue/ (of a magazine) - а) старый номер (журнала); б) отсталый человек, ретроград; в) нечто устаревшее, несовременное, допотопное

    5. преим. амер. задержанный, просроченный; следуемый или уплачиваемый за прошлое время

    back pay - а) амер. жалованье за проработанное время; б) задержанная зарплата

    back rent [taxes] - амер. квартирная плата [налоги] за прошедшее время

    back lessons - невыученные уроки, уроки за пропущенное время

    6. воен. тыловой

    back areas - тыл(ы), тыловые районы

    3. [bæk] adv
    1. сзади, позади

    keep back! - не подходи(те)!, отойди(те)!

    2. 1) обратно, назад

    back there! - осади!; назад!

    I knew him back home - я знал его, когда жил на родине

    to get [to take, to send, to bring] back - получить [взять, послать, принести] назад /обратно/

    to go [to come, to run, to ride, to fly] back - пойти [прийти, прибежать, ехать, лететь] обратно

    to sit back - откинуться на спинку кресла; удобно усесться

    to look back - а) оглядываться назад, кинуть взгляд в прошлое; б) жалеть о прошлом; раскаиваться в содеянном

    to go back from /upon/ one's word - не сдержать, нарушить слово

    to step back - а) сделать шаг назад; б) нанести защитный удар

    to push the bolt back - отодвинуть засов /задвижку/

    he is just back from voyage - он только что вернулся из морского путешествия

    when will they be back? - когда они вернутся?

    2) снова, опять
    3) тех. (в направлении) против часовой стрелки
    3. 1) (тому) назад

    if we go back a few years... - если вернуться к тому /если вспомнить/, что было несколько лет (тому) назад...

    far back in the Middle Ages - давным-давно, ещё в средние века

    2) с опозданием; с отставанием

    to pay back - а) отдать долг; б) отплатить

    to answer back - возражать (особ. на замечание)

    to hit /to strike/ back - дать сдачи

    to bow back to smb. - отвечать на приветствие

    I had a bit of my own back on him - разг. я отомстил ему

    back from - в стороне, вдалеке от

    back of - амер. а) сзади, позади; he rode back of the cart - он ехал верхом позади телеги; б) (стоящий или скрывающийся) за

    various motives were back of this reversal of policy - эта перемена политики диктовалась многими соображениями

    each speaker told what the organization back of him wanted - каждый оратор рассказал, чего хочет организация, которую он представляет

    4. [bæk] v
    1. 1) поддерживать, подкреплять (тж. back up)

    to back a plan [a draft resolution, an appeal] - поддержать план [проект резолюции, призыв]

    to back smb. (up) - оказывать кому-л. поддержку, содействовать кому-л.

    2) закреплять (якорь и т. п.)
    3) укреплять; подпирать (стену и т. п.)
    4) наклонять; прислонять
    2. субсидировать; финансировать

    his father backed him in business - отец финансировал его дело /предприятие/

    the project was backed by the Chicago financiers - предприятие субсидировалось финансистами Чикаго

    3. 1) ставить (на игрока, боксёра, лошадь)

    to back a wrong horse - а) поставить не на ту лошадь; б) просчитаться, ошибиться в расчётах

    2) (on) надеяться на (кого-л., что-л.)

    I backed on his ability to get out of scrapes - я рассчитывал на его способность выходить сухим из воды

    4. 1) двигать в обратном направлении; осаживать; отводить

    to back out - выехать откуда-л. задним ходом

    to back the oars - мор. табанить

    to back water - а) мор. табанить; б) идти на попятный, отступать; отступаться

    back her! - мор. задний ход! ( команда)

    2) двигаться в обратном направлении, идти задним ходом; отходить, отступать; пятиться

    he backed a step or two to let them pass - он отступил на несколько шагов, чтобы пропустить их

    5. садиться на лошадь; ехать верхом; объезжать лошадь
    6. 1) покрывать; снабжать спинкой

    the wardrobe was backed with plywood - задняя стенка шкафа была обшита фанерой

    2) ставить на подкладку
    7. примыкать (сзади)

    the hills backed the town - за городом раскинулись холмы, город стоял у подножия холмов

    we saw a sandy beach backed by chalk cliffs - мы увидели песчаный пляж на фоне меловых утёсов

    8. 1) подписывать, скреплять подписью; утверждать; визировать
    2) фин. индоссировать ( вексель)

    to back a bill - поставить свою подпись на оборотной стороне векселя, гарантировать оплату векселя

    9. аккомпанировать; сопровождать музыкой (тж. back up)

    ♢ to back and fill - а) мор. лежать в дрейфе; б) передвигаться зигзагами; в) амер. колебаться, проявлять нерешительность

    he backed and filled until the last moment - он колебался до последней минуты

    II [bæk] n
    корыто; чан; большой бак

    НБАРС > back

  • 46 optimistic optimistical

    optimistic, optimistical
    1> оптимистичный, оптимистический;
    _Ex:
    an optimistic, optimistical view of things оптимистический
    взгляд на вещи;
    _Ex:
    I am optimistic, optimistical about the chance of good
    weather this weekend по-моему, можно надеяться на хорошую
    погоду в выходные дни

    НБАРС > optimistic optimistical

  • 47 दिट्ठसंसदन

    දිට්ඨසන්සදන diTThasansadana diṭṭhasansadana n
    to compare one's view on things seen or known.

    Pali-English dictionary > दिट्ठसंसदन

  • 48 ♦ rose

    ♦ rose (1) /rəʊz/
    A n.
    1 (bot., Rosa) rosa
    2 [u] color rosa; rosa
    3 ( gioielleria, = rose diamond) rosetta: rose cut, taglio a rosetta
    5 (pl., poet.) (la) rosa ( delle guance); (il) colorito roseo
    6 (med.) erisipela; risipola (pop.)
    7 (archit., = rose window) rosone
    B a. attr.
    rosa; color rosa
    ● (fig.) roses all the way, tutto rose e fiori □ (bot.) rose-apple ( Eugenia jambos), melarosa; giambo □ (bot.) rose-bay, ( Nerium oleander) oleandro; ( Rhododendron) rododendro □ rose bed, roseto □ (zool.) rose-beetle, ( Cetonia) cetonia; ( Cetonia aurata) cetonia dorata □ (tecn.) rose bit, punta a rosetta □ rose bowl, vaso per le rose □ rose-bush (o rose-tree), pianta di rose; rosaio □ (bot.) rose-campion ( Lychnis coronaria), cotonaria □ (zool.) rose-chafer = rose-beetle ► sopra □ rose colour, rosa; color rosa □ rose-coloured, rosa; roseo □ (zool., Sturnus roseus) rose-coloured starling, storno roseo □ (bot.) rose gall, galla di rosa canina □ rose garden, rosaio; roseto □ (bot.) rose hip, falso frutto della rosa □ (fam.) rose-laurel, oleandro □ rose leaf, petalo di rosa; foglia di rosa □ rose-lipped, dalle labbra color di rosa □ rose (o rose-head) nail, chiodo dalla capocchia a rosetta □ rose oil, olio essenziale (o essenza) di rosa □ rose pink, rosa; color rosa □ rose quartz, quarzo rosa □ (med.) rose-rash, roseola □ (tecn.) rose reamer, allargatore a punta; svasatore □ rose-red, rosso come una rosa; vermiglio □ rose vinegar, aceto rosato; infuso di rose in aceto ( usato un tempo per il mal di testa) □ rose water, acqua di rose □ (archit.) rose window, rosone □ (fig.) to come up smelling of roses, uscirne ( da una situazione difficile) candido come la neve □ (fig.) to see the world through rose-coloured (o rose-tinted) glasses, vedere tutto rosa □ (fig.) to take a rose-coloured view of things, veder tutto rosa □ (fig.) under the rose, in confidenza; in gran segreto □ everything's coming up roses, va tutto a gonfie vele □ (prov.) There's no rose without a thorn, non c'è rosa senza spine NOTE DI CULTURA: War of the Roses: la guerra delle Due Rose ( 1455-85) tra le Case di Lancaster ( la rosa rossa) e York ( la rosa bianca) ebbe inizio sotto il regno di Enrico VI ( Lancaster) e si concluse con la sconfitta e morte di Riccardo III ( York) nella battaglia di Bosworth Field e con l'ascesa al trono del vincitore, Enrico VII, che diede origine alla dinastia dei Tudor.
    rose (2) /rəʊz/
    pass. di to rise.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ rose

  • 49 gloomy adj

    ['ɡluːmɪ]
    - ier comp - iest superl (place, character) cupo (-a), tetro (-a), (person) triste, (atmosphere, weather, day) deprimente, (sky) fosco (-a), (outlook) nero (-a)

    to feel gloomy — sentirsi giù or depresso (-a)

    English-Italian dictionary > gloomy adj

  • 50 jaundiced jaun·diced adj

    ['dʒɔːndɪst]
    (fig: cynical) cinico (-a), Med itterico (-a)

    to have or take a jaundiced view of things — vedere le cose cinicamente

    English-Italian dictionary > jaundiced jaun·diced adj

  • 51 back

    I
    noun
    большой чан
    II
    1. noun
    1) спина; to turn one's back upon smb. отвернуться от кого-л.; покинуть кого-л.; to be on one's back лежать (больным) в постели
    2) спинка (стула; в одежде, выкройке)
    3) гребень (волны, холма)
    4) задняя или оборотная сторона; изнанка, подкладка; back of the head затылок; back of the hand тыльная сторона руки
    5) naut. back of a ship киль судна
    6) корешок (книги)
    7) обух
    8) mining geol. висячий бок (пласта); кровля (забоя); потолок (выработки)
    9) sport защитник (в футболе)
    with one's back to the wall прижатый к стенке; в безвыходном положении
    at the back of one's mind подсознательно
    to be at the back of smth. быть тайной причиной чего-л.
    behind one's back без ведома, за спиной
    to turn one's back обратиться в бегство
    to put one's back (into) работать с энтузиазмом (над)
    to break the back of закончить самую трудоемкую часть (работы)
    to get (или to put, to set) smb.'s back up рассердить кого-л.; раздражать кого-л.
    to know the way one knows the back of one's hand = знать как свои пять пальцев
    2. adjective
    1) задний; отдаленный; back entrance черный ход; back street отдаленная улица, улочка; to take a back seat стушеваться, отойти на задний план; занять скромное положение; back vowel phon. гласный заднего ряда; back areas mil. тылы, тыловые районы; back elevation constr. tech. вид сзади, задний фасад; back filling constr. засыпка, забутка
    2) запоздалый; просроченный (о платеже); back payment расчеты задним числом; просроченный платеж
    3) старый;
    back number
    а) старый номер (газеты, журнала; тж. back issue);
    б) отсталый человек; ретроград;
    в) что-л. устаревшее, утратившее новизну
    4) отсталый; a back view of things отсталые взгляды
    5) обратный
    3. verb
    1) поддерживать; подкреплять; субсидировать
    2) служить спинкой
    3) служить фоном
    4) служить подкладкой
    5) ставить на подкладку
    6) amer. collocation носить на спине
    7) двигать(ся) в обратном направлении, пятить(ся); осаживать; отступать; идти задним ходом; to back water (или the oars) naut. табанить
    8) переплетать (книгу)
    9) держать пари, ставить (на лошадь и т. п.)
    10) индоссировать (вексель)
    11) amer. граничить, примыкать (on, upon)
    12) ездить верхом; приучать (лошадь) к седлу; садиться в седло
    back down
    back out
    ccc.htm>back up
    to back the wrong horse сделать плохой выбор, просчитаться, ошибиться в расчетах
    Syn:
    uphold
    4. adverb
    1) назад, обратно; back home снова дома, на родине; back and forth взад и вперед; back from the door! прочь от двери!
    2) тому назад
    3) указывает на ответное действие; to talk (или to answer) back возражать; to pay back отплачивать; to love back отвечать взаимностью
    back from
    to go back from (или upon) one's word отказаться от обещания
    * * *
    1 (a) обратный
    2 (d) назад; обратно
    3 (v) индоссировать; поддержать; поддерживать; субсидировать; финансировать
    * * *
    1) спина, спинка 2) задний 3) назад
    * * *
    [ bæk] n. спина, спинка, хребет; задняя сторона, тыльная сторона, задняя грань; оборотная сторона, изнанка; защитник [спорт.]; гребень; висячий бок пласта; кровля, потолок; большой чан; обух; подкладка, корешок v. подкреплять, подпирать, поддерживать; примыкать; субсидировать; двигать в обратном направлении, осаживать, пятить, двигаться в обратном направлении, отступать, идти задним ходом, пятиться; носить на спине; переплетать; служить подкладкой, служить спинкой; ставить, ставить на подкладку; ездить верхом, садиться в седло, приучать к седлу, adj. задний, тыльный; отсталый; отдаленный; обратный; запоздалый, старый, просроченный adv. назад, обратно, вспять; тому назад
    * * *
    вперед-назад
    вспять
    гребень
    забутка
    задний
    закреплять
    запоздалый
    изнанка
    индоссировать
    корешок
    кровля
    назад
    обратно
    обух
    осаживать
    отдаленный
    отсталый
    отступать
    переплести
    переплетать
    поддержать
    поддерживать
    подкладка
    подкреплять
    позади
    потолок
    представляет
    примыкать
    просроченный
    просчитаться
    пятить
    ретроград
    спина
    спинка
    ставить
    старый
    субсидировать
    туда-назад
    туда-обратно
    уклониться
    улочка
    финансировать
    * * *
    I сущ. чан; корыто; кадка II 1. сущ. 1) а) спина б) позвоночник 2) зад, задняя часть, задняя сторона 3) а) оборот, оборотная сторона б) корешок (книги) в) тыльная сторона (ножа); обух (топора) 4) спинка 5) гребень (волны, холма) 2. прил. 1) спинной 2) задний 3) глухой, отдаленный; воен. тыловой 4) запоздалый; просроченный (о платеже) 3. гл. 1) а) поддерживать б) подтверждать, подкреплять доказательствами и т. п. в) муз. аккомпанировать (певцу) 2) а) двигать назад, в обратном направлении б) двигаться в обратном направлении 3) а) служить спинкой; служить фоном; служить подкладкой б) ставить на подкладку; переплетать (книгу) 4) держать пари, ставить (на лошадь и т. п.) 5) охот. делать стойку (не видя дичи) вслед за бегущей впереди собакой 4. нареч. 1) назад (в обратном направлении) 2) обратно (на прежнее место) 3) обратно, назад 4) (тому) назад

    Новый англо-русский словарь > back

  • 52 optimistic

    [͵ɒptıʹmıstık,-{͵ɒptıʹmıstık}(ə)l] a
    оптимистичный, оптимистический

    I am optimistic(al) about the chance of good weather this weekend - по-моему, можно надеяться на хорошую погоду в выходные дни

    НБАРС > optimistic

  • 53 optimistical

    [͵ɒptıʹmıstık,-{͵ɒptıʹmıstık}(ə)l] a
    оптимистичный, оптимистический

    I am optimistic(al) about the chance of good weather this weekend - по-моему, можно надеяться на хорошую погоду в выходные дни

    НБАРС > optimistical

  • 54 dispassionate

    dispassionate [dɪ'spæʃənət]
    (a) (calm) sans passion, dépassionné, calme
    (b) (impartial) impartial;
    ∎ to take a dispassionate view of things juger impartialement les choses

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > dispassionate

  • 55 myopic

    myopic [maɪ'ɒpɪk]
    myope;
    ∎ figurative they have a myopic view of things ils ne voient pas plus loin que le bout de leur nez

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > myopic

  • 56 roseate

    roseate ['rəʊzɪət]
    literary rose;
    ∎ to take a roseate view of things voir la vie en rose
    ►► Ornithology roseate tern sterne f de Dougall

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > roseate

  • 57 tend

    tend [tend]
    ∎ to tend to avoir tendance à, tendre à;
    ∎ he does tend to take himself seriously il a vraiment tendance à se prendre au sérieux;
    ∎ we tend to think of man as being separate from nature nous avons tendance à considérer que l'homme ne fait pas partie de la nature;
    ∎ some people like that kind of film, but I tend not to il y a des gens qui aiment ce genre de film, moi (je n'aime) pas trop;
    ∎ I tend to think (that) politics is a waste of time j'ai tendance à penser que la politique est une perte de temps;
    ∎ that does tend to be the case c'est souvent le cas
    ∎ red tending to orange rouge tirant sur l'orange
    (c) (go, move) tendre;
    ∎ his writings tend to or towards exoticism ses écrits tendent vers l'exotisme;
    ∎ in later life, she tended more towards a Marxist view of things vers la fin de sa vie, elle inclina ou évolua vers des idées marxistes
    ∎ she tended to his every wish elle lui a passé tous ses caprices, elle a fait ses quatre volontés;
    ∎ to tend to one's business/one's guests s'occuper de ses affaires/ses invités;
    ∎ to tend to sb's wounds panser ou soigner les blessures de qn
    (a) (take care of → sheep) garder; (→ the sick, wounded) soigner; (→ garden) entretenir, s'occuper de;
    ∎ to tend sb's wounds panser ou soigner les blessures de qn
    ∎ to tend the bar servir au bar

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > tend

  • 58 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 59 perspective

    pə'spektiv
    1) (the way of drawing solid objects, natural scenes etc on a flat surface, so that they appear to have the correct shape, distance from each other etc: Early medieval paintings lacked perspective.) perspectiva
    2) (a picture or view of something: I would like a clearer perspective of the situation.) perspectiva
    •
    perspective n perspectiva
    tr[pə'spektɪv]
    1 SMALLART/SMALL perspectiva
    2 figurative use (view, angle) perspectiva
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to get/keep things in perspective tratar de ver las cosas objetivamente, tratar de ver las cosas con cierta perspectiva
    perspective [pər'spɛktɪv] n
    : perspectiva f
    adj.
    • perspectiva adj.
    • perspectivo, -a adj.
    n.
    • perspectiva s.f.
    pər'spektɪv, pə'spektɪv
    a) u ( Art) perspectiva f
    b) u c (angle, view) perspectiva f
    [pǝ'spektɪv]
    N
    1) (lit)
    a) (Art) perspectiva f

    to be in/out of perspective — estar/no estar en perspectiva

    b) (=view) vista f
    2) (fig) perspectiva f

    • from our perspective — desde nuestro punto de vista

    • let's get things in perspective — pongamos las cosas en su sitio

    • to keep sth in perspective — guardar algo en su justa medida

    • to look at or see sth in perspective — mirar or ver algo en su justa medida

    • it helped me put things into perspective — me ayudó a ver las cosas con cierta perspectiva or en su justa medida

    • try to keep a sense of perspective — trata de ser objetivo

    * * *
    [pər'spektɪv, pə'spektɪv]
    a) u ( Art) perspectiva f
    b) u c (angle, view) perspectiva f

    English-spanish dictionary > perspective

  • 60 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

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