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1 HAS
BEEN, see BE -
2 BE
Quenya uses forms of ná as the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns “in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another” (VT49:28). It may also denote a position, as in tanomë nauvan “I will be there” (VT49:19). PE17:68 mentions návë “being” as a “general infinitive” form; the gloss would suggest that návë may also be regarded as a gerund. Present tense ná “is” (Nam), pl. nar or nár ”are" (PE15:36, VT49:27, 30), dual nát (VT49:30). Also attested with various pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë “you (sg.) are” (polite and familiar, respectively), nás “it is”, násë “(s)he is”, nalmë “we are” (VT49:27, 30). Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps intended as aorist forms (nain “I am”, naityë/nailyë “you are”); VT49:30 however lists aorist forms with no intruding i (nanyë *“I am”, nalyë *”thou art”, ná “is”, nassë *”(s)he is”, nalmë *“we are”, nar “are”). Pa.t. nánë or né “was”, pl. náner/nér and dual nét “were” (VT49:6, 10, 27, 30). According to VT49:31, né “was” cannot receive pronominal endings (though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29), and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “you were”, anes “(s)he/it was” (VT49:28). Future tense nauva "will be" (VT42:34, VT49:19; alternative form uva only in VT49:30) Perfect anaië “has been” (VT49:27, first written as anáyë). The form na may be used as imperative (na airë "be holy", VT43:14, alcar...na Erun "glory...be to God", VT44:34); this imperative na is apparently incorporated in the word nai "be it that" (misleading translation "maybe" in LotR). This nai can be combined with a verb to express a hope that something will happen (Nam: nai hiruvalyë Valimar, “may you find Valimar”) or if the verb is in the present rather than the future tense, that it is already happening (VT49:39: nai Eru lye mánata “God bless you” or *”may God be blessing you”). According to PE17:58, imperative na is short for á na with the imperative particle included. – Ná "is" appears with a short vowel (na) in some sources, but writers should probably maintain the long vowel to avoid confusion with the imperative na (and with the wholly distinct preposition na "to"). The short form na- may however be usual before pronominal suffixes. By one interpretation, na with a short vowel represents the aorist (VT49:27). – The word ëa is variously translated "is", "exists", "it is", "let it be". It has a more absolute meaning than ná, with reference to existence rather than being a mere copula. It may also be used (with prepositional phrases) to denote a position: i ëa han ëa “[our Father] who is beyond [the universe of] Eä” (VT43:12-14), i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa “the One who is above all thrones” (UT:305). The pa.t. of this verb is engë, VT43:38, perfect engië or rarely éyë, future euva, VT49:29. – Fíriel's Song contains a word ye "is" (compare VT46:22), but its status in LotR-style Quenya is uncertain. – NOT BE, NOT DO: Also attested is the negative copula uin and umin "I do not, am not" (1st pers. aorist), pa.t. úmë. According to VT49:29, forms like ui “it is not”, uin(yë) “I am not”, uil(yë) *“you are not”, *uis *”(s)he is not” and uilmë *”we are not” are cited in a document dating from about 1968, though some of this was struck out. The monosyllable ú is used for “was not” in one text. The negation lá can be inflected for time “when verb is not expressed”. Tense-forms given: (aorist) lanyë “I do not, am not”; the other forms are cited without pronominal suffixes: present laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva, imperative ala, alá. MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN. –VT49:27-34, Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:34/An Introduction to Elvish:5, VT42:34,Silm:21/391, FS, UGU/UMU, VT49:13 -
3 BLEND
(noun) ostimë (pl. ostimi is attested). This term refers to a kind of "strengthened" elements within a stem, where a single sound has been expanded into two different elements while maintaining a unitary effect and significance; souch as s- being turned ito st-, or m being strengthened to mb. However, this may be the meaning of the word in linguistic terminology only; it may be permissible to use it for "blend" in more general senses as well. –VT39:9 -
4 CARRY
– GL:38 has yulu-, but in WJ:416 the same stem (there spelt JULU) is said to mean "drink", indicating that yulu- "carry" had probably been abandoned in Tolkien's later Quenya. Use rather \#col-; see BEAR. -
5 CHOKE
quoro- (suffocate), CHOKED quorin (drowned). Verbs in –o seem not to occur in later Quenya; read *quor-? It has also been questioned whether the combination quo- is still possible in Tolkien's later Quenya. –LT1:264 -
6 DEPART
\#av- (cited in the form avin "he departs", read "I depart" in LotR-style Quenya), pa.t. ambë. Also vanya- (pa.t. vannë). (The latter verb Tolkien may have been abandoned in favour of auta-; see PASS.) Lendë pa.t. of lelya/lenna "go" is also glossed as "departed". DEPARTED (adj) vanwa (gone, vanished, lost, past, no longer to be had, dead) –QL:33, WAN, LED cf. VT45:27, WJ:366, Nam -
7 DEPRIVED
\#racina (only pl. racinë is attested) (stripped); DEPRIVED OF úna (destitute, forlorn); DEPRIVED SIGN \#racina tengwë (only pl. racinë tengwi is attested). Also translated "stripped sign", this was in early Elvish analysis of Quenya the term for a consonant with no following vowel; the vowel was held to have disappeared or been omitted. –VT39:16, 14 -
8 EARTH
cemen (soil). (Note: at the time Tolkien wrote Etym, he thought of cemen as the genitive of cén, but later cemen evidently became the nominative form, as it had been in earlier writings [LT1:257]. In Silm:433, it is said that cemen [kemen] refers to "the Earth as a flat floor beneath menel, the heavens". LT1:257, reproducing early material, also has cemi "earth, soil, land" and Kémi "Mother Earth".) Locative cemendë "on earth" in VT43:17. HEAVEN AND EARTH Menel Cemenyë (VT47:11). EARTH-QUEEN Kementári (Yavanna's title); EARTHEN, OF EARTH cemna. (LR:363 gves "kemina", but according to VT45:19, this is a misreading for "kemna" in Tolkien's manuscript.) EARTH (= world) Ambar (world) (Tolkien equated Ambar with Oikoumene, a Greek word denoting "world" considered as "the inhabited world of Men". But ambar also seems to mean "doom", q.v. MR:337 (cf. WJ:419) has Imbar instead of Ambar; the literal meaning of both words is said to be "habitation") EARTH-DWELLERS –LT2:343 gives indi, rendered "earthdwellers" and said to be another word for "men", but this is hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya. –KEM/Silm:433/LT1:257/VT44:34, MBAR cf. Letters:283 or SD:409 -
9 ELF-FRIEND
Elendil (actually meaning *"star-friend". Tolkien notes: "It is not surprising that the Edain...found it difficult to discern whether words and names containing the element el referred to the stars or to the Elves. This is seen in the name Elendil, which was meant to bear the sense "Elf-friend". Properly in Quenya it meant 'a lover or student of the stars'... 'Elf-friend' would have been more correctly represented by Quen(den)dil or Eldandil.") –WJ:410 -
10 FURTHER, FURTHERMORE
(adv.) entë (moreover, what is more). The word an may also be used = ”moreover, furthermore, and so – for, to proceed”, but an would often imply “for”, introducing the reason for what has already been said. –VT47:15, VT49:19Quettaparma Quenyallo (English-Quenya) > FURTHER, FURTHERMORE
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11 GALADRIEL
Altariel (Altariell-; gen. Altariello is attested. Altariel is the form used in Noldorin Quenya, Galadriel's own mother-tongue; the Telerin form is Alatáriel [UT:266]. According to PM:347, the true Quenya equivalent of the Telerin form would have been Ñaltariel, but this form was apparently not used.) –Silm:433, RGEO:66 -
12 GIVE
anta- (pa.t. \#antanë is attested in VT49:14 [antanen “I gave”], though the pa.t. “gave” was ánë in early "Qenya", QL:31; possibly both forms are valid in later Quenya as well). In one text, Tolkien apparently used ana as the imperative "give!", but the text was rewritten and this may have been an ephemeral form (VT44:13). GIVE INSTRUCTIONS TO, see INSTRUCT. GIVER antë (f), anto (m) (the latter word from Etym is probably obsoleted by anto "mouth" in LotR:1157 – an alternative word for "[male] giver" might be *antando). Another fem. word for "giver" is \#ánië, isolated from massánië (see BREAD-GIVER). –ANA, VT44:13, PM:404 -
13 I
(1st pers. sg): This pronoun normally appears as the ending -n or -nyë (VT49:51) added to verbs, e.g. carin and carinyë “I do”, maruvan "I will abide". The long form -nye must be used if another pronominal ending is to be added after it: utúvienyes, "I [-nye-] have found it [-s]". Independent pronouns: ni (in the "Arctic" sentence, ni is translated "I"), stressed ní with long vowel (VT49:51), as in ní nauva tanomë “I will be there” (VT49:19; ní nauva puts more emphasis on “I” than nauvan, with the pronoun expressed as an ending). The dative pronoun nin "for me" is transparently ni + the dative ending -n; other case endings may also be added to ni. It may be that ni, ní can also function as object (“me”), though a distinct form nye has also been proposed. The longer pronoun inyë may also be used where “I” is emphatic, and presumably can also take case endings. –VT49:48, 50, LotR:1008/1003, Arct, LR:61 -
14 MASTER
(noun) heru (pl. \#heruvi, gen.pl. \#heruion) (lord), \#tur (cf. Fëanturi "Masters of Spirits", a name of the Valar Mandos and Irmo). MASTER OF DOOM Turambar, MASTER OF DESIRE Irmo (lit. "Desirer", the name of a Vala); MASTERY túrë (victory, strength, might); MASTERED \#turúna (only the form turún`, with the final *-a elided, is attested. Silm:269 has turun instead of turún` – the accent and he elision mark seem to have been omitted.) –KHER, TUR/UT:438, Silm:261/269/423, 405, UT:138 -
15 PERPETUAL
\#oien (isolated from oiencarmë "perpetual production" – but it has also been suggested that this is oi-en-carmë *"ever-re-making", so the word \#oien is rather doubtful) –MR:329 -
16 POSSESS
harya-; POSSESSING arwa (+ genitive) (in control of) (Note: harya- is not used of one's offspring. In MR:228, Tolkien notes that "no Elf would speak of possessing children; he would say: 'three children have been added unto me', or 'are with me', or 'are in my house'.") –3AR -
17 SECURE
varna (protected, safe), SECURITY varnassë. (GL:58 gives moina "safe, secure", but in Tolkien's later Quenya moina means "dear, familiar", and the former moina seems to have been altered to muina "hidden, secret".) –BAR -
18 SHAGGY
aulë (May have been obsoleted by the later [TLT] word aulë "invention".) –LT1:249 -
19 SINCE
(= because) pan. “Since” with reference to time (as in “they have been here since last year”) may perhaps be expressed as “from” or “after”, q.v. –VT49:17, 18 -
20 SPEAR
hatal, ehtë, stem *ehti-. (The gloss of the word ecco has also been quoted as "spear", but this is a misreading; see SPINE.) SPEAR-HEAD nehtë (gore, wedge, narrow promontory. Note: a homophone means "honeycomb"), SPEAR-POINT nasta (gore, triangle), SPEARMAN ehtyar –VT49:14, EK/EKTE, SNAS cf. VT46:14, UT:282
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См. также в других словарях:
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Been to Hell — «Been to Hell» … Википедия
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been vs gone — been is the past participle of be gone is the past participle of go Been can be used to describe completed journeys. So if you have been to England twice, you have travelled there and back twice. For example: I ve been to Africa, but I ve … English dictionary of common mistakes and confusing words
been vs gone — been is the past participle of be gone is the past participle of go Been can be used to describe completed journeys. So if you have been to England twice, you have travelled there and back twice. For example: I ve been to Africa, but I ve … English dictionary of common mistakes and confusing words
been — been; car·a·been; car·been; cau·been; gom·been; she·been; … English syllables
Been — [OE. beon, ben, bin, p. p. of been, beon, to be. See {Be}.] The past participle of {Be}. In old authors it is also the pr. tense plural of {Be}. See 1st {Bee}. [1913 Webster] Assembled been a senate grave and stout. Fairfax. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
been in the wars — (UK) If someone has been in the wars, they have been hurt or look as if they have been in a struggle … The small dictionary of idiomes
been there, done that — spoken phrase used to say that you have done something and are no longer interested in it Thesaurus: not feeling excited or enthusiasticsynonym Main entry: be * * * I see there … Useful english dictionary
been — pp. of BE (Cf. be). Dismissive slang phrase been there, done that attested from 1994 (been there had the experience, usually of something disreputable, is from 1880s) … Etymology dictionary
