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towards+the+end+of

  • 81 tail off

    1) (to become fewer, smaller or weaker (at the end): His interest tailed off towards the end of the film.) μειώνομαι, ξεθυμαίνω
    2) ((also tail away) (of voices etc) to become quieter or silent: His voice tailed away into silence.) σβήνω

    English-Greek dictionary > tail off

  • 82 tail off

    1) (to become fewer, smaller or weaker (at the end): His interest tailed off towards the end of the film.) vytrácet se, zmenšovat se
    2) ((also tail away) (of voices etc) to become quieter or silent: His voice tailed away into silence.) rozplývat se

    English-Czech dictionary > tail off

  • 83 tail off

    1) (to become fewer, smaller or weaker (at the end): His interest tailed off towards the end of the film.) vytrácať sa, zmenšovať sa
    2) ((also tail away) (of voices etc) to become quieter or silent: His voice tailed away into silence.) rozplývať sa

    English-Slovak dictionary > tail off

  • 84 tail off

    1) (to become fewer, smaller or weaker (at the end): His interest tailed off towards the end of the film.) diminuer
    2) ((also tail away) (of voices etc) to become quieter or silent: His voice tailed away into silence.) se taire peu à peu

    English-French dictionary > tail off

  • 85 tail off

    1) (to become fewer, smaller or weaker (at the end): His interest tailed off towards the end of the film.) minguar
    2) ((also tail away) (of voices etc) to become quieter or silent: His voice tailed away into silence.) enfraquecer

    English-Portuguese (Brazil) dictionary > tail off

  • 86 напоследок

    нареч.;
    разг. in the end, finally, after all (в конце концов) ;
    ultimately
    нареч. разг. (под конец) towards the end;
    finally, after all;
    (на прощание) by way of farewell.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > напоследок

  • 87 late

    1. adjective
    1) spät; (after proper time) verspätet

    be late for the train — den Zug verpassen

    the train is [ten minutes] late — der Zug hat [zehn Minuten] Verspätung

    spring is late this year — dieses Jahr haben wir einen späten Frühling

    late riser — Spätaufsteher, der/-aufsteherin, die

    late shift — Spätschicht, die

    it is late — es ist [schon] spät

    have a late dinner — [erst] spät zu Abend essen

    late summer — Spätsommer, der

    2) (deceased) verstorben
    3) (former) ehemalig; vormalig
    4) (recent) letzt...

    in late times — in letzter Zeit. See also academic.ru/88633/later">later; latest

    2. adverb
    1) (after proper time) verspätet

    [too] late — zu spät

    they got home very late — sie kamen [erst] sehr spät nach Hause

    2) (far on in time) spät

    late last century — [gegen] Ende des letzten Jahrhunderts

    late in life — erst im fortgeschrittenen Alter

    3) (at or till a late hour) spät

    be up/sit up late — bis spät in die Nacht od. lange aufbleiben

    work late at the office — [abends] lange im Büro arbeiten

    late of... — ehemals wohnhaft in...; ehemaliger Mitarbeiter [einer Firma]

    [a bit] late in the day — (fig. coll.) reichlich spät

    3. noun
    * * *
    [leit] 1. adjective
    1) (coming etc after the expected or usual time: The train is late tonight; I try to be punctual but I am always late.) spät
    2) (far on in the day or night: late in the day; late at night; It was very late when I got to bed.) spät
    3) (dead, especially recently: the late king.) früher
    4) (recently, but no longer, holding an office or position: Mr Allan, the late chairman, made a speech.) ehemalig
    2. adverb
    1) (after the expected or usual time: He arrived late for his interview.) zu spät
    2) (far on in the day or night: They always go to bed late.) spät
    •
    - lateness
    - lately
    - later on
    - of late
    * * *
    [leɪt]
    I. adj
    <-r, -st>
    1. (behind time) verspätet attr
    ▪ to be \late bus, flight, train Verspätung haben; person zu spät kommen, sich akk verspäten
    my bus was 20 minutes \late mein Bus hatte 20 Minuten Verspätung
    sorry I'm \late tut mir leid, dass ich zu spät komme [o dass ich mich verspätet habe]
    we apologize for the \late arrival of the bus die verspätete Ankunft des Busses bitten wir zu entschuldigen
    interests will be charged for \late payment bei verspäteter Zahlung werden Zinsen fällig
    ▪ to be \late for sth zu spät zu etw dat kommen
    hurry up or you'll be \late for the bus beeil dich, sonst verpasst du noch den Bus
    to be \late for work zu spät zur Arbeit kommen
    2. (in the day) spät
    let's go home, it's getting \late lass uns nach Hause gehen, es ist schon spät
    I didn't know it was that \late! ich hatte keine Ahnung, dass es schon so spät ist!
    what are you doing up at this \late hour? warum bist du denn noch um diese Uhrzeit [o noch zu so später Stunde] auf?
    what is the \latest time I can have an appointment? wann wäre der späteste Termin?
    I've had too many \late nights last month ich bin letzten Monat zu oft zu spät ins Bett gekommen
    is it too \late to phone Jean? kann man Jean um diese Uhrzeit noch anrufen?
    I'm sorry the call is so \late tut mir leid, dass ich so spät [noch] anrufe
    \late last night she phoned me sie rief mich gestern Abend ganz spät noch an
    this part of town gets quite dangerous \later at night zu später Stunde wird es in diesem Stadtteil ziemlich gefährlich
    a \late breakfast/lunch ein spätes Frühstück/Mittagessen
    \late news Spätnachrichten pl
    here is a \late news flash jetzt noch ein paar Spätnachrichten
    to keep \late hours shops lange [o spät] geöffnet haben
    \late opening hours lange Öffnungszeiten
    \late shift Spätschicht f
    \late train Spätzug m
    3. attr (towards the end) spät
    she made some \late changes to the team sie hat die Teamzusammenstellung noch kurzfristig geändert
    they won the game with a \late goal sie gewannen mit einem Tor kurz vor Spielende
    in \later life she started painting in späteren Jahren hat sie angefangen zu malen
    \late tomorrow afternoon/evening/morning morgen am späten Nachmittag/Abend/Vormittag
    in the \late afternoon/evening spät am Nachmittag/Abend, spätnachmittags/spätabends
    in the \late morning am späten Vormittag
    the \late nineteenth century das ausgehende [o späte] 19. Jahrhundert
    \late October Ende Oktober
    the \late 70s die späten Siebzigerjahre
    \late strawberries Späterdbeeren pl
    \late summer/autumn [or AM also fall] der Spätsommer/-herbst
    to be in one's \late thirties/twenties Ende dreißig/zwanzig sein
    4. attr ARTS, MUS spät
    I prefer her earlier paintings to her \later work mir gefallen ihre frühen Gemälde besser als ihr Spätwerk
    \late Gothic style späte Gotik
    a \late work by Brahms ein spätes Stück von Brahms
    5. attr (former) früher, ehemalig
    a \late collegue of mine ein früherer [o ehemaliger] Kollege von mir
    6. attr (deceased) verstorben
    the \late Albert Einstein Albert Einstein
    her \late husband ihr verstorbener Mann
    7. attr (recent) jüngste(r, s); (last) letzte(r, s)
    some \late news has just come in that... soeben ist die Meldung hereingekommen, dass...
    II. adv
    <-r, -s>
    the train arrived \late der Zug hatte Verspätung
    sorry, I'm running a bit \late today tut mir leid, ich bin heute etwas spät dran
    she married \late sie hat spät geheiratet
    on Sundays I get up \late Sonntags stehe ich später auf
    can I stay up \late tonight? darf ich heute länger aufbleiben?
    to work \late länger arbeiten
    Ann has to work \late today Ann muss heute Überstunden machen
    [too] \late zu spät
    he arrived \late er traf zu spät ein
    the letter arrived two days \late der Brief ist zwei Tage zu spät angekommen
    he realized the truth too \late er hat die Wahrheit zu spät erkannt
    2. (at an advanced time) zu fortgeschrittener [o vorgerückter] Stunde
    there's a good film on \late heute kommt spätabends [o spät am Abend] ein guter Film
    \late that evening, there was knock at the door am späten Abend [o spätabends] klopfte es an der Tür
    we talked \late into the night wir haben bis spät in die Nacht geredet
    it happened \late last century, in 1998 to be exact es ist kurz vor der Jahrtausendwende passiert, um genau zu sein im Jahr 1998
    \late in the afternoon/at night am späten Nachmittag/Abend, spätnachmittags/spätabends
    \late in the evening/night spät am Abend/in der Nacht
    \late in the day spät [am Tag], gegen Ende des Tages; ( fig: late) spät; ( fig: at the very last moment) im [aller]letzten Augenblick
    it's rather \late in the day to do sth ( fig) es ist schon beinahe zu spät um etw zu tun
    too \late in the day ( also fig) zu spät
    \late in the game gegen Ende des Spiels; ( fig)
    it's too \late in the game to do sth es ist zu spät um etw zu tun
    \late in life in fortgeschrittenem Alter, spät [im Leben]
    he got his driver's licence \late in life er machte erst sehr spät den Führerschein
    \late in March/this month/this year gegen Ende März/des Monats/des Jahres
    to get up \late spät aufstehen
    to stay up \late lange aufbleiben
    as \late as noch
    they were using horses on this farm [until] as \late as the 1980s auf dieser Farm arbeiteten sie noch bis in die Achtzigerjahre mit Pferden
    of \late in letzter Zeit
    4. ( form: formerly)
    ▪ \late of bis vor Kurzem
    Dr. Averly, \late of Newcastle General Hospital,... Herr Dr. Averly, bis vor Kurzem noch am Allgemeinen Krankenhaus von Newcastle [tätig],...
    * * *
    [leɪt]
    1. adj (+er)

    to be late (for sth) — (zu etw) zu spät kommen

    the train/bus is (five minutes) late — der Zug/Bus hat (fünf Minuten) Verspätung

    dinner will be late tonight — wir essen heute Abend später; (in hotels) es wird heute Abend später serviert

    he is late with his rent — er hat seine Miete noch nicht bezahlt

    my period is late, I am late — meine Periode ist noch nicht da

    that made me late for work —

    I don't want to make you late for work — ich möchte nicht, dass du zu spät zur Arbeit kommst

    due to the late arrival of... — wegen der verspäteten Ankunft... (+gen)

    it's too late in the day (for you) to do that —

    it's not too late to change your mind — es ist noch nicht zu spät, um es sich anders zu überlegen

    2)
    3) hour spät; opening hours lang

    late train/bus — Spätzug/-bus m

    at this late hour — zu so später Stunde, so spät

    they work late hours —

    the night was cold and the hour late — die Nacht war kalt und es war sehr spät

    late potato/summer/edition/programme — Spätkartoffel f/-sommer m/-ausgabe f/-programm nt

    "late opening until 7pm on Fridays" — "freitags verlängerte Öffnungszeiten bis 19 Uhr"

    late entrants to the examination will be charged £10 extra — für Nachmeldungen zur Prüfung wird eine Gebühr von £ 10 erhoben

    a man in his late eighties — ein Mann hoch in den Achtzigern, ein Endachtziger

    a late 18th-century building — ein Gebäude aus dem späten 18. Jahrhundert

    4) (= deceased) verstorben

    the late John F. Kennedy — John F. Kennedy

    5)

    (= former) the late Prime Minister — der frühere or vorige Premierminister

    6) (= recent) jüngst
    7)

    late of No 13 White St — ehemals White St Nr. 13

    2. adv
    spät

    I'll be home late today — ich komme heute spät nach Hause, es wird heute spät

    the train arrived/was running eight minutes late — der Zug hatte acht Minuten Verspätung

    late last century/in the year — (gegen) Ende des letzten Jahrhunderts/Jahres

    they scored late in the second half —

    we decided rather late in the day to come too — wir haben uns ziemlich spät entschlossen, auch zu kommen

    he left it very late in the day (to decide) — er hat (mit seiner Entscheidung) bis zum letzten Augenblick gewartet

    * * *
    late [leıt]
    A adj (adv → lately)
    1. spät:
    at a late hour spät (a. fig), zu später Stunde;
    keep late hours spät aufstehen und spät zu Bett gehen;
    late fruits pl Spätobst n;
    late riser Spätaufsteher(in), Langschläfer(in);
    late shift WIRTSCH Spätschicht f, -dienst m;
    be on late shift Spätschicht oder -dienst haben;
    it’s getting late es ist schon spät;
    I had a late night ich bin erst spät ins Bett gekommen; → developer 3
    2. vorgerückt, spät…, Spät…:
    late summer Spätsommer m;
    Late Latin Spätlatein n;
    the late 18th century das späte 18. Jh.;
    late work Spätwerk n (eines Künstlers);
    she is (a woman) in her late sixties sie ist hoch in den Sechzigern, sie ist eine Endsechzigerin
    3. verspätet, zu spät:
    a) zu spät kommen, sich verspäten, spät dran sein,
    b) Verspätung haben (Zug etc),
    c) im Rückstand sein;
    be late for dinner zu spät zum Essen kommen;
    be 10 minutes late 10 Minuten zu spät kommen;
    you’ll be late for your own funeral umg hum du kommst noch zu deinem eigenen Begräbnis zu spät;
    it is too late es ist zu spät
    4. letzt(er, e, es), jüngst(er, e, es), neu:
    the late war der letzte Krieg;
    the latest fashion die neueste Mode;
    the latest news die neuesten Nachrichten;
    his latest work sein jüngstes Werk;
    of late years in den letzten Jahren; → thing2 3
    5. a) letzt(er, e, es), früher(er, e, es), ehemalig, vormalig:
    our late enemy unser ehemaliger Feind;
    the late government die letzte Regierung;
    my late residence meine frühere Wohnung;
    late of Oxford früher in Oxford (wohnhaft)
    b) verstorben:
    the late lamented der oder die jüngst Entschlafene oder Verstorbene
    B adv
    1. spät:
    as late as last year erst oder noch letztes Jahr;
    better late than never lieber spät als gar nicht;
    see you later auf bald!, bis später!;
    later on später;
    keep ( oder sit, stay) up late lang oder bis spät in die Nacht aufbleiben;
    late last month Ende letzten Monats;
    late in the day umg reichlich spät, ein bisschen spät;
    come latest als Letzter oder zuletzt kommen; → afternoon A, night Bes Redew, sleep A 1
    2. zu spät:
    the train came late der Zug hatte Verspätung
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) spät; (after proper time) verspätet

    the train is [ten minutes] late — der Zug hat [zehn Minuten] Verspätung

    late riser — Spätaufsteher, der/-aufsteherin, die

    late shift — Spätschicht, die

    it is late — es ist [schon] spät

    have a late dinner — [erst] spät zu Abend essen

    late summer — Spätsommer, der

    2) (deceased) verstorben
    3) (former) ehemalig; vormalig
    4) (recent) letzt...

    in late times — in letzter Zeit. See also later; latest

    2. adverb
    1) (after proper time) verspätet

    [too] late — zu spät

    they got home very late — sie kamen [erst] sehr spät nach Hause

    late last century — [gegen] Ende des letzten Jahrhunderts

    be up/sit up late — bis spät in die Nacht od. lange aufbleiben

    work late at the office — [abends] lange im Büro arbeiten

    late of... — ehemals wohnhaft in...; ehemaliger Mitarbeiter [einer Firma]

    [a bit] late in the day — (fig. coll.) reichlich spät

    3. noun

    English-german dictionary > late

  • 88 Bain, Alexander

    [br]
    b. October 1810 Watten, Scotland
    d. 2 January 1877 Kirkintilloch, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor and entrepreneur who laid the foundations of electrical horology and designed an electromagnetic means of transmitting images (facsimile).
    [br]
    Alexander Bain was born into a crofting family in a remote part of Scotland. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wick and during that time he was strongly influenced by a lecture on "Heat, sound and electricity" that he heard in nearby Thurso. This lecture induced him to take up a position in Clerkenwell in London, working as a journeyman clockmaker, where he was able to further his knowledge of electricity by attending lectures at the Adelaide Gallery and the Polytechnic Institution. His thoughts naturally turned to the application of electricity to clockmaking, and despite a bitter dispute with Charles Wheatstone over priority he was granted the first British patent for an electric clock. This patent, taken out on 11 January 1841, described a mechanism for an electric clock, in which an oscillating component of the clock operated a mechanical switch that initiated an electromagnetic pulse to maintain the regular, periodic motion. This principle was used in his master clock, produced in 1845. On 12 December of the same year, he patented a means of using electricity to control the operation of steam railway engines via a steam-valve. His earliest patent was particularly far-sighted and anticipated most of the developments in electrical horology that occurred during the nineteenth century. He proposed the use of electricity not only to drive clocks but also to distribute time over a distance by correcting the hands of mechanical clocks, synchronizing pendulums and using slave dials (here he was anticipated by Steinheil). However, he was less successful in putting these ideas into practice, and his electric clocks proved to be unreliable. Early electric clocks had two weaknesses: the battery; and the switching mechanism that fed the current to the electromagnets. Bain's earth battery, patented in 1843, overcame the first defect by providing a reasonably constant current to drive his clocks, but unlike Hipp he failed to produce a reliable switch.
    The application of Bain's numerous patents for electric telegraphy was more successful, and he derived most of his income from these. They included a patent of 12 December 1843 for a form of fax machine, a chemical telegraph that could be used for the transmission of text and of images (facsimile). At the receiver, signals were passed through a moving band of paper impregnated with a solution of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide. For text, Morse code signals were used, and because the system could respond to signals faster than those generated by hand, perforated paper tape was used to transmit the messages; in a trial between Paris and Lille, 282 words were transmitted in less than one minute. In 1865 the Abbé Caselli, a French engineer, introduced a commercial fax service between Paris and Lyons, based on Bain's device. Bain also used the idea of perforated tape to operate musical wind instruments automatically. Bain squandered a great deal of money on litigation, initially with Wheatstone and then with Morse in the USA. Although his inventions were acknowledged, Bain appears to have received no honours, but when towards the end of his life he fell upon hard times, influential persons in 1873 secured for him a Civil List Pension of £80 per annum and the Royal Society gave him £150.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1841, British patent no. 8,783; 1843, British patent no. 9,745; 1845, British patent no.
    10,838; 1847, British patent no. 11,584; 1852, British patent no. 14,146 (all for electric clocks).
    1852, A Short History of the Electric Clocks with Explanation of Their Principles and
    Mechanism and Instruction for Their Management and Regulation, London; reprinted 1973, introd. W.Hackmann, London: Turner \& Devereux (as the title implies, this pamphlet was probably intended for the purchasers of his clocks).
    Further Reading
    The best account of Bain's life and work is in papers by C.A.Aked in Antiquarian Horology: "Electricity, magnetism and clocks" (1971) 7: 398–415; "Alexander Bain, the father of electrical horology" (1974) 9:51–63; "An early electric turret clock" (1975) 7:428–42. These papers were reprinted together (1976) in A Conspectus of Electrical Timekeeping, Monograph No. 12, Antiquarian Horological Society: Tilehurst.
    J.Finlaison, 1834, An Account of Some Remarkable Applications of the Electric Fluid to the Useful Arts by Alexander Bain, London (a contemporary account between Wheatstone and Bain over the invention of the electric clock).
    J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph, Religious Tract Society.
    J.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \&Electronic Engineer 46:55.
    D.J.Weaver, 1982, Electrical Clocks and Watches, Newnes.
    T.Hunkin, 1993, "Just give me the fax", New Scientist (13 February):33–7 (provides details of Bain's and later fax devices).
    DV / KF

    Biographical history of technology > Bain, Alexander

  • 89 Harwood, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 1893 Bolton, England
    d. 9 August 1964
    [br]
    English watchmaker, inventor and producer of the first commercial self-winding wrist watch.
    [br]
    John Harwood served an apprenticeship as a watch repairer in Bolton, and after service in the First World War he obtained a post with a firm of jewellers in Douglas, Isle of Man. He became interested in the self-winding wrist watch, not because of the convenience of not having to wind it, but because of its potential to keep the mainspring fully wound and to exclude dust and moisture from the watch movement. His experience at the bench had taught him that these were the most common factors to affect adversely the reliability of watches. Completely unaware of previous work in this area, in 1922 he started experimenting and two years later he had produced a serviceable model for which he was granted a patent in 1924. The watch operated on the pedometer principle, the mainspring being wound by a pivoted weight that oscillated in the watch case as a result of the motion of the arm. The hands of his watch were set by rotating the bezel surrounding the dial, dispensing with the usual winding/hand-setting stem which allowed dust and moisture to enter the watch case. He took the watch to Switzerland, but he was unable to persuade the watchmaking firms to produce it until he had secured independent finance to cover the cost of tooling. The Harwood Self-Winding Watch Company Ltd was set up in 1928 to market the watches, but although several thousand were produced the company became a victim of the slump and closed down in 1932. The first practical self-winding watch also operated on the pedometer principle and is attributed to Abraham-Louis Perrellet (1770). The method was refined by Breguet in France and by Recordon, who patented the device in England, but it proved troublesome and went out of fashion. There was a brief revival of interest in self-winding watches towards the end of the nineteenth century, but they never achieved great popularity until after the Second World War, when they used either self-winding mechanisms similar to that devised by Harwood or weights which rotated in the case.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    British Horological Institute Gold Medal 1957.
    Bibliography
    1 September 1924, Swiss patent no. 106,582.
    Further Reading
    A.Chapuis and E.Jaquet, 1956, The History of the Self-Winding Watch, London (provides general information).
    "How the automatic wrist watch was invented", 1957, Horological Journal 99:612–61 (for specific information).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Harwood, John

  • 90 Huygens, Christiaan

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 14 April 1629 The Hague, the Netherlands
    d. 8 June 1695 The Hague, the Netherlands
    [br]
    Dutch scientist who was responsible for two of the greatest advances in horology: the successful application of both the pendulum to the clock and the balance spring to the watch.
    [br]
    Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.
    Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.
    Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1663. Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences 1666.
    Bibliography
    For his complete works, see Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens, 1888–1950, 22 vols, The Hague.
    1658, Horologium, The Hague; repub., 1970, trans. E.L.Edwardes, Antiquarian
    Horology 7:35–55 (describes the pendulum clock).
    1673, Horologium Oscillatorium, Paris; repub., 1986, The Pendulum Clock or Demonstrations Concerning the Motion ofPendula as Applied to Clocks, trans.
    R.J.Blackwell, Ames.
    Further Reading
    H.J.M.Bos, 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C.Gillispie, Vol. 6, New York, pp. 597–613 (for a fuller account of his life and scientific work, but note the incorrect date of his death).
    R.Plomp, 1979, Spring-Driven Dutch Pendulum Clocks, 1657–1710, Schiedam (describes Huygens's application of the pendulum to the clock).
    S.A.Bedini, 1991, The Pulse of Time, Florence (describes Galileo's contribution of the pendulum to the clock).
    J.H.Leopold, 1982, "L"Invention par Christiaan Huygens du ressort spiral réglant pour les montres', Huygens et la France, Paris, pp. 154–7 (describes the application of the balance spring to the watch).
    A.R.Hall, 1978, "Horology and criticism", Studia Copernica 16:261–81 (discusses Hooke's contribution).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Huygens, Christiaan

  • 91 Leonardo da Vinci

    [br]
    b. 15 April 1452 Vinci, near Florence, Italy,
    d. 2 May 1519 St Cloux, near Amboise, France.
    [br]
    Italian scientist, engineer, inventor and artist.
    [br]
    Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer. His first sixteen years were spent with the lawyer's family in the rural surroundings of Vinci, which aroused in him a lifelong love of nature and an insatiable curiosity in it. He received little formal education but extended his knowledge through private reading. That gave him only a smattering of Latin, a deficiency that was to be a hindrance throughout his active life. At sixteen he was apprenticed in the studio of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence, where he received a training not only in art but in a wide variety of crafts and technical arts.
    In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan, where he sought and obtained employment with Ludovico Sforza, later Duke of Milan, partly to sculpt a massive equestrian statue of Ludovico but the work never progressed beyond the full-scale model stage. He did, however, complete the painting which became known as the Virgin of the Rocks and in 1497 his greatest artistic achievement, The Last Supper, commissioned jointly by Ludovico and the friars of Santa Maria della Grazie and painted on the wall of the monastery's refectory. Leonardo was responsible for the court pageants and also devised a system of irrigation to supply water to the plains of Lombardy. In 1499 the French army entered Milan and deposed Leonardo's employer. Leonardo departed and, after a brief visit to Mantua, returned to Florence, where for a time he was employed as architect and engineer to Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna. Around 1504 he completed another celebrated work, the Mona Lisa.
    In 1506 Leonardo began his second sojourn in Milan, this time in the service of King Louis XII of France, who appointed him "painter and engineer". In 1513 Leonardo left for Rome in the company of his pupil Francesco Melzi, but his time there was unproductive and he found himself out of touch with the younger artists active there, Michelangelo above all. In 1516 he accepted with relief an invitation from King François I of France to reside at the small château of St Cloux in the royal domain of Amboise. With the pension granted by François, Leonardo lived out his remaining years in tranquility at St Cloux.
    Leonardo's career can hardly be regarded as a success or worthy of such a towering genius. For centuries he was known only for the handful of artistic works that he managed to complete and have survived more or less intact. His main activity remained hidden until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, during which the contents of his notebooks were gradually revealed. It became evident that Leonardo was one of the greatest scientific investigators and inventors in the history of civilization. Throughout his working life he extended a searching curiosity over an extraordinarily wide range of subjects. The notes show careful investigation of questions of mechanical and civil engineering, such as power transmission by means of pulleys and also a form of chain belting. The notebooks record many devices, such as machines for grinding and polishing lenses, a lathe operated by treadle-crank, a rolling mill with conical rollers and a spinning machine with pinion and yard divider. Leonardo made an exhaustive study of the flight of birds, with a view to designing a flying machine, which obsessed him for many years.
    Leonardo recorded his observations and conclusions, together with many ingenious inventions, on thousands of pages of manuscript notes, sketches and drawings. There are occasional indications that he had in mind the publication of portions of the notes in a coherent form, but he never diverted his energy into putting them in order; instead, he went on making notes. As a result, Leonardo's impact on the development of science and technology was virtually nil. Even if his notebooks had been copied and circulated, there were daunting impediments to their understanding. Leonardo was left-handed and wrote in mirror-writing: that is, in reverse from right to left. He also used his own abbreviations and no punctuation.
    At his death Leonardo bequeathed his entire output of notes to his friend and companion Francesco Melzi, who kept them safe until his own death in 1570. Melzi left the collection in turn to his son Orazio, whose lack of interest in the arts and sciences resulted in a sad period of dispersal which endangered their survival, but in 1636 the bulk of them, in thirteen volumes, were assembled and donated to the Ambrosian Library in Milan. These include a large volume of notes and drawings compiled from the various portions of the notebooks and is now known as the Codex Atlanticus. There they stayed, forgotten and ignored, until 1796, when Napoleon's marauding army overran Italy and art and literary works, including the thirteen volumes of Leonardo's notebooks, were pillaged and taken to Paris. After the war in 1815, the French government agreed to return them but only the Codex Atlanticus found its way back to Milan; the rest remained in Paris. The appendix to one notebook, dealing with the flight of birds, was later regarded as of sufficient importance to stand on its own. Four small collections reached Britain at various times during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; of these, the volume in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle is notable for its magnificent series of anatomical drawings. Other collections include the Codex Leicester and Codex Arundel in the British Museum in London, and the Madrid Codices in Spain.
    Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Leonardo's true stature as scientist, engineer and inventor began to emerge, particularly with the publication of transcriptions and translations of his notebooks. The volumes in Paris appeared in 1881–97 and the Codex Atlanticus was published in Milan between 1894 and 1904.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    "Premier peintre, architecte et mécanicien du Roi" to King François I of France, 1516.
    Further Reading
    E.MacCurdy, 1939, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, 2 vols, London; 2nd edn, 1956, London (the most extensive selection of the notes, with an English translation).
    G.Vasari (trans. G.Bull), 1965, Lives of the Artists, London: Penguin, pp. 255–271.
    C.Gibbs-Smith, 1978, The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, Oxford: Phaidon. L.H.Heydenreich, Dibner and L. Reti, 1981, Leonardo the Inventor, London: Hutchinson.
    I.B.Hart, 1961, The World of Leonardo da Vinci, London: Macdonald.
    LRD / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Leonardo da Vinci

  • 92 Meikle, Andrew

    [br]
    b. 1719 Scotland
    d. 27 November 1811
    [br]
    Scottish millwright and inventor of the threshing machine.
    [br]
    The son of the millwright James Meikle, who is credited with the introduction of the winnowing machine into Britain, Andrew Meikle followed in his father's footsteps. His inventive inclinations were first turned to developing his father's idea, and together with his own son George he built and patented a double-fan winnowing machine.
    However, in the history of agricultural development Andrew Meikle is most famous for his invention of the threshing machine, patented in 1784. He had been presented with a model of a threshing mill designed by a Mr Ilderton of Northumberland, but after failing to make a full-scale machine work, he developed the concept further. He eventually built the first working threshing machine for a farmer called Stein at Kilbagio. The patent revolutionized farming practice because it displaced the back-breaking and soul-destroying labour of flailing the grain from the straw. The invention was of great value in Scotland and in northern England when the land was becoming underpopulated as a result of heavy industrialization, but it was bitterly opposed in the south of England until well into the nineteenth century. Although the introduction of the threshing machine led to the "Captain Swing" riots of the 1830s, in opposition to it, it shortly became universal.
    Meikle's provisional patent in 1785 was a natural progression of earlier attempts by other millwrights to produce such a machine. The published patent is based on power provided by a horse engine, but these threshing machines were often driven by water-wheels or even by windmills. The corn stalks were introduced into the machine where they were fed between cast-iron rollers moving quite fast against each other to beat the grain out of the ears. The power source, whether animal, water or wind, had to cause the rollers to rotate at high speed to knock the grain out of the ears. While Meikle's machine was at first designed as a fixed barn machine powered by a water-wheel or by a horse wheel, later threshing machines became mobile and were part of the rig of an agricultural contractor.
    In 1788 Meikle was awarded a patent for the invention of shuttered sails for windmills. This patent is part of the general description of the threshing machine, and whilst it was a practical application, it was superseded by the work of Thomas Cubitt.
    At the turn of the century Meikle became a manufacturer of threshing machines, building appliances that combined the threshing and winnowing principles as well as the reciprocating "straw walkers" found in subsequent threshing machines and in conventional combine harvesters to the present day. However, he made little financial gain from his invention, and a public subscription organized by the President of the Board of Agriculture, Sir John Sinclair, raised £1,500 to support him towards the end of his life.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1831, Threshing Machines in The Dictionary of Mechanical Sciences, Arts and Manufactures, London: Jamieson, Alexander.
    7 March 1768, British patent no. 896, "Machine for dressing wheat, malt and other grain and for cleaning them from sand, dust and smut".
    9 April 1788, British patent no. 1,645, "Machine which may be worked by cattle, wind, water or other power for the purpose of separating corn from the straw".
    Further Reading
    J.E.Handley, 1953, Scottish Farming in the 18th Century, and 1963, The Agricultural Revolution in Scotland (both place Meikle and his invention within their context).
    G.Quick and W.Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (gives an account of the early development of harvesting and cereal treatment machinery).
    KM / AP

    Biographical history of technology > Meikle, Andrew

  • 93 Vitruvius Pollio

    [br]
    b. early first century BC
    d. c. 25 BC
    [br]
    Roman writer on architecture and engineering subjects.
    [br]
    Nothing is known of Vitruvius apart from what can be gleaned from his only known work, the treatise De architectura. He seems to have been employed in some capacity by Julius Caesar and continued to serve under his heir, Octavianus, later Emperor Augustus, to whom he dedicated his book. It was written towards the end of his life, after Octavianus became undisputed ruler of the Empire by his victory at Actium in 31 BC, and was based partly on his own experience and partly on earlier, Hellenistic, writers.
    The De architectura is divided into ten books. The first seven books expound the general principles of architecture and the planning, design and construction of various types of building, public and domestic, including a consideration of techniques and materials. Book 7 deals with interior decoration, including stucco work and painting, while Book 8 treats water supply, from the location of sources to the transport of water by aqueducts, tunnels and pipes. Book 9, after a long and somewhat confused account of the astronomical theories of the day, describes various forms of clock and sundial. Finally, Book 10 deals with mechanical devices for handling building materials and raising and pumping water, for which Vitruvius draws on the earlier Greek authors Ctesibius and Hero.
    Although this may seem a motley assembly of subjects, to the Roman architect and builder it was a logical compendium of the subjects he was expected to know about. At the time, Vitruvius' rigid rules for the design of buildings such as temples seem to have had little influence, but his accounts of more practical matters of building materials and techniques were widely used. His illustrations to the original work were lost in antiquity, for no later manuscript includes them. Through the Middle Ages, manuscript copies were made in monastic scriptoria, although the architectural style in vogue had little relevance to those in Vitruvius: these came into their own with the Italian Renaissance. Alberti, writing the first great Renaissance treatise on architecture from 1452 to 1467, drew heavily on De architectura; those who sought to revive the styles of antiquity were bound to regard the only surviving text on the subject as authoritative. The appearance of the first printed edition in 1486 only served to extend its influence.
    During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Vitruvius was used as a handbook for constructing machines and instruments. For the modern historian of technology and architecture the work is a source of prime importance, although it must be remembered that the illustrations in the early printed editions are of contemporary reproductions of ancient devices using the techniques of the time, rather than authentic representations of ancient technology.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Of the several critical editions of De architectura there are the Teubner edition, 1899. ed. V.Rose, Leipzig; the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1962, ed. F.Granger, London: Heinemann, (with English trans. and notes); and the Collection Guillaume Budé with French trans. and full commentary, 10 vols, Paris (in progress).
    Further Reading
    Apart from the notes to the printed editions, see also: H.Plommer, 1973, Vitruvius and Later Roman Building Manuals, London. A.G.Drachmann, 1963, The Mechanical Technology of Greek and Roman Antiquity Copenhagen and London.
    S.L.Gibbs, 1976, Greek and Roman Sundials, New Haven and London.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Vitruvius Pollio

  • 94 latter

    'lætə
    (towards the end: the latter part of our holiday.) último
    - the latter
    latter n éste / éste último
    you can go by train or plane, the latter is more expensive puedes ir en tren o en avión, éste último es más caro
    tr['lætəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (last) último,-a
    2 (second) segundo,-a
    1 éste,-a, este,-a último,-a
    latter ['læt̬ər] adj
    1) second: segundo
    2) last: último
    latter pron
    the latter : éste, ésta, éstos pl, éstas pl
    adj.
    • más reciente adj.
    • posterior adj.
    • segundo (de dos) adj.

    I 'lætər, 'lætə(r)
    noun (pl latter)

    the latter — éste, -ta; (pl) éstos, -tas


    II
    adjective (before n)
    a) ( second of two) segundo, último
    b) (later, last)

    in his latter years — (frml) en sus últimos años

    ['lætǝ(r)]
    1. ADJ
    1) (=last) último
    2) (of two) segundo
    2.
    N

    the latter — (sing) este/esta; (pl) estos/estas

    the former... the latter... — aquel... este...

    In the past the standard spelling for [este/esta] and [aquel/aquella] as pronouns was with an accent ([éste/ésta] and [aquél/aquélla]). Nowadays the [Real Academia Española] advises that the accented form is only required where there might otherwise be confusion with the adjectives ([este/esta] and [aquel/aquella]).
    * * *

    I ['lætər, 'lætə(r)]
    noun (pl latter)

    the latter — éste, -ta; (pl) éstos, -tas


    II
    adjective (before n)
    a) ( second of two) segundo, último
    b) (later, last)

    in his latter years — (frml) en sus últimos años

    English-spanish dictionary > latter

  • 95 última

    Del verbo ultimar: ( conjugate ultimar) \ \
    ultima es: \ \
    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo
    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo
    Multiple Entries: ultimar     última
    ultimar ( conjugate ultimar) verbo transitivo 1 ‹ preparativos› to complete; ‹ detalles› to finalize 2 (AmL frml) ( matar) to kill, murder
    ultimar verbo transitivo
    1 (un proyecto, una tarea) to finalize
    ultimar detalles, to finalize details
    2 LAm (rematar, asesinar) to kill, finish off
    último,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (sin otro detrás) last: éste es el último caramelo, this is the last sweet
    2 (no preferente, peor de una serie) last: es el último lugar en que habría mirado, it's the last place where I'd look
    3 (más reciente) latest
    última moda, latest fashion
    según las últimas noticias, according to the latest news
    4 (más remoto) farther: la vacuna tiene que llegar hasta la última aldea del continente, the vaccine must reach the most remote village on the continent
    5 (más alto) top
    el último piso, the top floor
    6 (definitivo) last, final: era su última oferta, it was his final offer
    mi última oportunidad, my last chance
    7 (al final de un periodo de tiempo) a últimos de mes, towards the end of the month
    II pron last one: los últimos en llegar fuimos nosotros, we were the last to arrive
    el último de la fila, the last one in the queue Locuciones: estar en las últimas, (un enfermo) to be at death's door fam (carecer de dinero, comida) to be broke (estar acabándose) to be about to run out
    ser lo último, to be the last (algo indigno, inaceptable) mendigar es lo último, having to beg is the pits
    a la última, up to the minute
    de última hora: una decisión de última hora, a last-minute decision
    una noticia de última hora, a newsflash
    por último, finally ' última' also found in these entries: Spanish: acerba - acerbo - actualización - ático - colmo - consagración - decaer - exhibir - hipótesis - instancia - llegar - novelar - último - voluntad - hora - noticia - novedad - palabra - vestir - vez English: bleed - censor - chance - clean - decade - dinner - downhill - effort - elapse - hip - last - last-minute - later - limerick - minute - mode - newsflash - page - recall - red-hot - stage - state-of-the-art - stop-press - trendiness - trendy - ultimately - up-to-the-minute - as - give - late - news - stop - there - word

    English-spanish dictionary > última

  • 96 flag

    {flæg}
    I. 1. перуника, ирис (Iris)
    2. дълъг, мечовиден лист (като на перуника)
    3. вид груба трева (Typha) (и рl)
    II. 1. плоча (за настилка)
    2. шиста
    3. рl каменна настилка, тротоар, плочник
    III. v (-gg-) настилам с плочи/павета, павирам
    IV. 1. знаме, флаг, флагче, байрак
    2. знаме на флагман
    to hoist one's/the FLAG поема командуването
    3. печ. коректорски знак за нещо изпуснато
    to lower/strike the FLAG предавам се
    to drop the FLAG сп. давам знак за начало/край на състезание
    to keep the FLAG flying държа високо знамето, не се предавам
    to put the FLAG out празнувам победа и пр.
    to show the FLAG правя официално посещение в чуждо пристанище, разг. появявам се, обръщам внимание върху себе си/фирма, която представлявам и пр.
    FLAG of convenience чуждо знаме, под което плува даден кораб (обик. за избягване на високите такси в собствената си страна)
    V. 1. слагам знаме на
    2. украсявам/означавам със знамена
    3. сигнализирам с флагче
    давам сигнал (на превозно средство, водач) да спре (и с down)
    VI. n pl зоол. крилни пера, пера по краката на бухал и пр
    VII. 1. увисвам, провисвам
    2. отпускам се, клюмвам, падам духом
    3. намалявам, спадам (за интерес, напрежение в разказ), ставам безинтересен
    замирам (за разговор) (и begin to FLAG)
    FLAGging economy западаща икономика
    * * *
    {flag} n 1. плоча (за настилка); 2. шиста; 3. рl каменна нас{3} {flag} v (-gg-) настилам с плочи/павета, павирам.{4} {flag} n 1. знаме, флаг, флагче, байрак; 2. знаме на флагман{5} {flag} v (-gg-) 1. слагам знаме на; 2. украсявам/означавам с{6} {flag} n pl зоол. крилни пера; пера по краката на бухал и пр {7} {flag} v (-gg-) 1. увисвам, провисвам; 2. отпускам се, клюмв<BR>
    * * *
    флаг; стрък; увисвам; слабея; отпадам; провисвам; байрак; знаме; клюмвам;
    * * *
    1. flag of convenience чуждо знаме, под което плува даден кораб (обик. за избягване на високите такси в собствената си страна) 2. flagging economy западаща икономика 3. i. перуника, ирис (iris) 4. ii. плоча (за настилка) 5. iii. v (-gg-) настилам с плочи/павета, павирам 6. iv. знаме, флаг, флагче, байрак 7. pl каменна настилка, тротоар, плочник 8. to drop the flag сп. давам знак за начало/край на състезание 9. to hoist one's/the flag поема командуването 10. to keep the flag flying държа високо знамето, не се предавам 11. to lower/strike the flag предавам се 12. to put the flag out празнувам победа и пр 13. to show the flag правя официално посещение в чуждо пристанище, разг. появявам се, обръщам внимание върху себе си/фирма, която представлявам и пр 14. v. слагам знаме на 15. vi. n pl зоол. крилни пера, пера по краката на бухал и пр 16. vii. увисвам, провисвам 17. вид груба трева (typha) (и pl) 18. давам сигнал (на превозно средство, водач) да спре (и с down) 19. дълъг, мечовиден лист (като на перуника) 20. замирам (за разговор) (и begin to flag) 21. знаме на флагман 22. намалявам, спадам (за интерес, напрежение в разказ), ставам безинтересен 23. отпускам се, клюмвам, падам духом 24. печ. коректорски знак за нещо изпуснато 25. сигнализирам с флагче 26. украсявам/означавам със знамена 27. шиста
    * * *
    flag[flæg] I. n 1. флаг, знаме, флагче, байрак; to hang out ( show) the white \flag предавам се; red \flag сигнал за опасност; yellow \flag жълто (карантинно) знаме; a \flag of convenience (плаване под) чужд флаг във свои води, за избягване на данъци; \flag of truce бяло (парламентьорско) знаме; with \flags flying с развени знамена, победоносно, с чест и слава; to show the \flag появявам се (присъствам) на мероприятие, за да напомня за съществуването си; to dip the \flag свалям знамето (за салютиране); to lower ( strike) the \flag предавам се; to drop the \flag давам знак за начало (край) на състезание; to fly a \flag вдигам, развявам знаме; put the \flags out празнувам победа; wrap ( drape) o.s. in the \flag парадирам с патриотизъм, като в същото време гоня лични облаги (за политик); to fly a \flag at half-mast спускам знаме наполовина (в знак на траур); to keep the \flag flying държа високо знамето, не се предавам; 2. знаме на флагман; to hoist o.'s ( the) \flag поемам командването, обявявам за своя територия; 3. опашка (на ловджийско, нюфаундлендско куче); 4. ам. печ. коректорски знак за нещо пропуснато; 5. pl крилни пера; II. v 1. сигнализирам с флагче; to \flag a train спирам влак (чрез сигнализиране с флагче); \flag down сигнализирам (на шофьор, превозно средство) да спре; 2. слагам знаме на; украсявам (означавам) със знамена. III. n 1. плоча (за настилане); 2. шиста; 3. pl каменна настилка, тротоар, плочник; VI. v настилам с плочи, павирам. V. n 1. перуника, ирис Iris; 2. стрък; 3. буренак, треволяк (и pl). VI. v 1. увисвам, провисвам; 2. отпускам се, клюмвам, падам духом; отслабвам, отпадам, намалявам се, слабея, линея, крея, гасна; the story \flags towards the end напрежението спада към края.

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > flag

  • 97 sag

    1. intransitive verb,
    - gg-
    1) (have downward bulge) durchhängen
    2) (sink) sich senken; absacken (ugs.); [Gebäude:] [in sich (Akk.)] zusammensacken (ugs.); [Schultern:] herabhängen; [Brüste:] hängen; (fig.): (decline) [Mut, Stimmung:] sinken
    2. noun
    1) (amount that rope etc. sags) Durchhang, der
    2) (sinking)
    * * *
    [sæɡ]
    past tense, past participle - sagged; verb
    (to bend, hang down, especially in the middle: There were so many books on the shelf that it sagged.) durchhängen
    * * *
    [sæg]
    I. vi
    <- gg->
    1. (droop) [herab]hängen; bed, roof, rope durchhängen; plate, shelf sich akk durchbiegen
    his shoulders \sagged and he walked with a stoop er ging gebeugt mit herabhängenden Schultern
    I noticed that my breasts began to \sag when I turned 40 mit 40 bemerkte ich, dass ich einen Hängebusen bekam
    2. ( fig: weaken) courage sinken
    her spirits \sagged ihre Stimmung wurde gedrückt
    my interest began to \sag mein Interesse ließ nach
    3. ( fig: decline) nachgeben, sich akk abschwächen; support nachlassen
    the value of the dollar is likely to \sag der Dollarkurs wird sich wahrscheinlich abschwächen
    the pound \sagged das Pfund gab nach
    II. n no pl
    1. (droop) Durchhängen nt
    what is causing the \sag in the roof? wie kommt es, dass das Dach durchhängt?
    2. ( fig: fall) [Ab]sinken nt, Abschwächung f; STOCKEX geringfügige Kursschwäche
    I think there'll be a \sag in market prices ich glaube, die Börsenkurse werden sich abschwächen
    as a result of the revelations there has been an immediate \sag in public support infolge der Enthüllungen ließ die Unterstützung durch die Öffentlichkeit sofort nach
    * * *
    [sg]
    1. n

    there's a bit of a sag in the bed/ceiling — das Bett/die Decke hängt etwas durch

    2. vi
    absacken; (in the middle) durchhängen; (shoulders) herabhängen; (breasts) schlaff herunterhängen; (production, rate) zurückgehen; (price, spirit) sinken; (conversation) abflauen

    don't sag, stand up straight — steh nicht so schlaff da (inf), stell dich gerade hin

    * * *
    sag [sæɡ]
    A v/i
    1. sich ( besonders in der Mitte) senken, durch-, absacken, besonders TECH durchhängen (Brücke, Leitung, Seil etc)
    2. abfallen, (herab)hängen
    3. sinken, fallen, absacken, nachlassen (alle auch fig), WIRTSCH nachgeben (Markt, Preise etc):
    sagging spirits pl sinkender Mut;
    the novel sags towards the end der Roman fällt gegen Ende sehr ab
    4. zusammensacken:
    his face sagged sein Gesicht verfiel
    5. SCHIFF ( meist sag to leeward nach Lee) (ab)treiben
    6. ver-, zerlaufen (Lack, Farbe etc)
    B s
    1. Durch-, Absacken n
    2. Senkung f
    3. TECH Durchhang m
    4. WIRTSCH vorübergehende Preisabschwächung
    5. Sinken n, Nachlassen n (beide auch fig)
    * * *
    1. intransitive verb,
    - gg-
    1) (have downward bulge) durchhängen
    2) (sink) sich senken; absacken (ugs.); [Gebäude:] [in sich (Akk.)] zusammensacken (ugs.); [Schultern:] herabhängen; [Brüste:] hängen; (fig.): (decline) [Mut, Stimmung:] sinken
    2. noun
    1) (amount that rope etc. sags) Durchhang, der
    * * *
    n.
    Senkung -en f. v.
    absinken (Kurve) v.
    sacken v.

    English-german dictionary > sag

  • 98 better

    better [ˈbetər]
    • how are you? -- much better comment allez-vous ? -- bien mieux
    • that's better! voilà qui est mieux !
    ► to get better ( = recover) se remettre ; ( = improve) s'améliorer
    • it's getting better and better! ça va de mieux en mieux !► to be better to do sth
    • wouldn't it be better to refuse? ne vaudrait-il pas mieux refuser ?
    • write to her, or better still go and see her écris-lui, ou mieux encore va la voir
    • better known plus connu (PROV) better late than never(PROV) mieux vaut tard que jamais
    • they are better off than we are ( = richer) ils ont plus d'argent que nous ; ( = more fortunate) ils sont dans une meilleure position que nous
    3. noun
    [+ sb's achievements] dépasser ; [+ record, score] améliorer
    • to better o.s. améliorer sa condition
    * * *
    Note: When better is used as an adjective it is translated by meilleur or mieux depending on the context (see below, and note that meilleur is the comparative form of bon, mieux the comparative form of bien). The translation of the construction to be better than varies depending on whether bon or bien works originally with the noun collocate: their wine is better than our wine = leur vin est meilleur que le nôtre; her new apartment is better than her old one = son nouvel appartement est mieux que l'ancien; his new film is better than his last one = son nouveau film est mieux or meilleur que le précédent (both bon and bien work with the collocate in this last example). Other constructions may be translated as follows: this is a better bag/car = ce sac/cette voiture est mieux; it is better to do = il vaut mieux faire or il est mieux de faire
    As an adverb, better can almost always be translated by mieux. For more examples and particular usages, see the entry below
    ['betə(r)] 1.
    1)

    the better of the two — le/la meilleur/-e or le/la mieux des deux

    to deserve/hope for better — mériter/espérer mieux

    so much the better, all the better — tant mieux

    2.
    adjective (compar de good) meilleur

    to get better — gen s'améliorer; [ill person] aller mieux

    to taste better — être meilleur, avoir un meilleur goût

    to be better — [patient, cold, headache] aller mieux

    if it makes you feel any better — ( less worried) si ça peut te rassurer; ( less sad) si ça peut te consoler

    to feel better about doing — ( less nervous) se sentir à même de faire; (less worried, guilty) avoir moins de scrupules à faire

    to be better at — être meilleur en [subject, sport]

    the bigger/sooner the better — le plus grand/vite possible

    3.
    adverb (compar de well) mieux

    to fit/behave better than — aller/se comporter mieux que

    better made/organized than — mieux fait/organisé que

    better behaved/educated — plus sage/cultivé

    to do better — (in career, life) réussir mieux; (in exam, essay) faire mieux; ( in health) aller mieux

    the better to see/hear — pour mieux voir/entendre

    you had better do —

    you'd better do — ( advising) tu ferais mieux de faire; ( warning) tu as intérêt à faire

    ‘will she come?’ - ‘she'd better!’ — (colloq) ‘est-ce qu'elle viendra?’ - ‘elle a intérêt!’

    better still,... — ou mieux,...

    4.
    transitive verb améliorer [one's performance, achievement]; faire mieux que [rival's performance, achievement]
    ••

    for better (or) for worse — gen advienne que pourra; ( in wedding vow) pour le meilleur et pour le pire

    to get the better of — [person] triompher de [enemy, problem]

    English-French dictionary > better

  • 99 drag

    1. I 2. II
    drag in some manner drag slowly (painfully, unwillingly, etc.) медленно и т.д. тащиться; he dragged mournfully он плелся, понурив голову: the conversation dragged heavily /badly/ беседа была такой /невыносимо/ скучной; drag somewhere the days seem to drag here дни здесь кажутся бесконечными
    3. III
    1) drag smth. drag a sledge (a train, a cart, a heavy load, an anchor, etc.) тащить /тянуть/ сани и т.д..; drag one's feet волочить ноги, шаркать; he drags one foot он волочит одну ногу
    2) drag some water body drag the river (the lake, the pond, etc.) чистить дно реки и т.д. драгой
    4. IV
    drag smth., smb. in some manner drag smth., smb. heavily (stubbornly, unwillingly, etc.) с трудом и т.д. тащить /тянуть/ что-л., кого-л.; drag smth., smb. somewhere drag smb. here притащить /насильно привести/ кого-л. сюда; drag smth., smb. out вытаскивать что-л., кого-л. наружу; drag smth., smb. in втаскивать /втягивать/ что-л., кого-л. (в дом и т. п.); there was a dark doorway and the robbers dragged her in рядом оказался темный подъезд, и грабители втащили ее туда
    5. XVI
    1) drag at smth. drag at a handle (at smb.'s collar, at smb.'s arm, at the heavy chain, etc.) тянуть за ручку и т.д.
    2) drag behind smb., smth. drag behind the others (behind the orchestra, etc.) плестись позади /отставать от/ других и т.д.
    3) drag about (over, etc.) smth. drag about the streets слоняться no улицам; your dress is dragging all over the floor у вас платье волочится /тащится/ по полу
    4) drag at some time class work often drags towards the end of term к концу семестра занятия часто становятся скучными /тянутся медленно/; the play drags [a bit] in the third act в третьем акте пьеса [несколько] затянута
    6. XVIII
    drag oneself drag oneself along с трудом плестись /волочить ноги/
    7. XXI1
    1) drag smth., smb. (in)to (out of, along, etc.) smth., smb. drag a sledge along a road (a log out of a river, a branch along the ground, etc.) тащить /тянуть/ сани по дороге и т.д..; drag smb. out of the room (out of one's hiding-place, out of bed, etc.) вытаскивать /выволакивать/ кого-л. из комнаты и т.д..; why must you drag me out to a concert on this cold night? зачем ты вытащил меня в такой холодный вечер на концерт?; drag the truth out of smb. вытянуть /вырвать/ правду у кого-л.
    2) drag smth., smb. into smth. drag a country into war (her husband into a quarrel, them into this affair, etc.) втягивать /вовлекать/ страну в войну и т.д.; there is no need to drag me into the conflict нет необходимости втягивать меня в этот конфликт
    3) drag water body for smth. drag the river for a drowned body (for the wrecked boat, etc.) искать утопленника и т.д. на дне реки
    8. XXV
    drag when... time drags when you have nothing to do когда делать нечего, время тянется очень медленно

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > drag

  • 100 Crossley, Sir Francis

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 26 October 1817 Halifax, England
    d. 5 January 1872 Belle Vue, Halifax, England
    [br]
    English developer of a power loom for weaving carpets.
    [br]
    Francis Crossley was the youngest of three brothers employed in their father's carpet-weaving business in Halifax and who took over the running of the company on their father's death in 1837. Francis seems to have been the one with technical ability, for it was he who saw the possibilities of weaving by power. Growth of the company was rapid through his policy of acquiring patents and then improving them, and it was soon at the forefront of the carpet-manufacturing trade. He had taken out rights on the patents of John Hill of Manchester, but his experiments with Hill's looms for weaving carpets were not successful.
    In the spring of 1850 Francis asked a textile inventor, George Collier of Barnsley, to develop a power loom for carpet manufacture. Collier produced a model that was a distinct advance on earlier looms, and Francis engaged him to perfect a power loom for weaving tapestry and Brussels carpets. After a great deal of money had been expended, a patent was taken out in 1850 in the name of his brother, Joseph Crossley, for a loom that could weave velvet as well as carpets and included some of the ideas of the American E.B. Bigelow. This new loom proved to be a great advance on all the earlier ones, and thus brought the Crossleys a great fortune from both sales of patent rights and the production of carpets from their mills, which were soon enlarged.
    According to the Dictionary of National Biography, Francis Crossley was Mayor of Halifax in 1849 and 1850, but Hogg gives this position to his elder brother John. In 1852 Francis was returned to Parliament as the Liberal member for Halifax, and in 1859 he became the member for the West Riding. Among his benefactions, in 1855 he gave to the town of Halifax a twelve-acre park that cost £41,300; a statue of him was erected there. In the same year he endowed twenty-one almshouses. In 1863 a baronetcy was conferred upon him in recognition of his commercial and public services, which he continued to perform until his death. In 1870 he gave the London Missionary Society £20,000, their largest single donation up to that time, and another £10,000 to the Congregational Pastor's Retiring Fund. He became ill when on a journey to the Holy Land in 1869, but although he made a partial recovery he grew worse again towards the end of 1871 and died early in the following year. He left £800,000 in his will.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Baronet 1863.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1872, The Times 6 January.
    Dictionary of National Biography.
    J.Hogg (ed.), n.d., Fortunes Made in Business, London (provides an account of Crossley's career).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Crossley, Sir Francis

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