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21 Smith and Wesson
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22 smith
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23 Smith, Sir Francis Pettit
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 9 February 1808 Copperhurst Farm, near Hythe, Kent, Englandd. 12 February 1874 South Kensington, London, England[br]English inventor of the screw propeller.[br]Smith was the only son of Charles Smith, Postmaster at Hythe, and his wife Sarah (née Pettit). After education at a private school in Ashford, Kent, he took to farming, first on Romney Marsh, then at Hendon, Middlesex. As a boy, he showed much skill in the construction of model boats, especially in devising their means of propulsion. He maintained this interest into adult life and in 1835 he made a model propelled by a screw driven by a spring. This worked so well that he became convinced that the screw propeller offered a better method of propulsion than the paddle wheels that were then in general use. This notion so fired his enthusiasm that he virtually gave up farming to devote himself to perfecting his invention. The following year he produced a better model, which he successfully demonstrated to friends on his farm at Hendon and afterwards to the public at the Adelaide Gallery in London. On 31 May 1836 Smith was granted a patent for the propulsion of vessels by means of a screw.The idea of screw propulsion was not new, however, for it had been mooted as early as the seventeenth century and since then several proposals had been advanced, but without successful practical application. Indeed, simultaneously but quite independently of Smith, the Swedish engineer John Ericsson had invented the ship's propeller and obtained a patent on 13 July 1836, just weeks after Smith. But Smith was completely unaware of this and pursued his own device in the belief that he was the sole inventor.With some financial and technical backing, Smith was able to construct a 10 ton boat driven by a screw and powered by a steam engine of about 6 hp (4.5 kW). After showing it off to the public, Smith tried it out at sea, from Ramsgate round to Dover and Hythe, returning in stormy weather. The screw performed well in both calm and rough water. The engineering world seemed opposed to the new method of propulsion, but the Admiralty gave cautious encouragement in 1839 by ordering that the 237 ton Archimedes be equipped with a screw. It showed itself superior to the Vulcan, one of the fastest paddle-driven ships in the Navy. The ship was put through its paces in several ports, including Bristol, where Isambard Kingdom Brunel was constructing his Great Britain, the first large iron ocean-going vessel. Brunel was so impressed that he adapted his ship for screw propulsion.Meanwhile, in spite of favourable reports, the Admiralty were dragging their feet and ordered further trials, fitting Smith's four-bladed propeller to the Rattler, then under construction and completed in 1844. The trials were a complete success and propelled their lordships of the Admiralty to a decision to equip twenty ships with screw propulsion, under Smith's supervision.At last the superiority of screw propulsion was generally accepted and virtually universally adopted. Yet Smith gained little financial reward for his invention and in 1850 he retired to Guernsey to resume his farming life. In 1860 financial pressures compelled him to accept the position of Curator of Patent Models at the Patent Museum in South Kensington, London, a post he held until his death. Belated recognition by the Government, then headed by Lord Palmerston, came in 1855 with the grant of an annual pension of £200. Two years later Smith received unofficial recognition when he was presented with a national testimonial, consisting of a service of plate and nearly £3,000 in cash subscribed largely by the shipbuilding and engineering community. Finally, in 1871 Smith was honoured with a knighthood.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1871.Further ReadingObituary, 1874, Illustrated London News (7 February).1856, On the Invention and Progress of the Screw Propeller, London (provides biographical details).Smith and his invention are referred to in papers in Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 14 (1934): 9; 19 (1939): 145–8, 155–7, 161–4, 237–9.LRDBiographical history of technology > Smith, Sir Francis Pettit
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24 Smith, Oberlin
[br]b. 22 March 1840 Cincinnati, Ohio, USAd. 18 July 1926[br]American mechanical engineer, pioneer in experiments with magnetic recording.[br]Of English descent, Smith embarked on an education in mechanical engineering, graduating from West Jersey Academy, Bridgeton, New Jersey, in 1859. In 1863 he established a machine shop in Bridgeton, New Jersey, that became the Ferracute Machine Company in 1877, eventually specializing in the manufacture of presses for metalworking. He seems to have subscribed to design principles considered modern even in the 1990s, "always giving attention to the development of artistic form in combination with simplicity, and with massive strength where required" (bibliographic reference below). He was successful in his business, and developed and patented a large number of mechanical constructions.Inspired by the advent of the phonograph of Edison, in 1878 Smith obtained the tin-foil mechanical phonograph, analysed its shortcomings and performed some experiments in magnetic recording. He filed a caveat in the US Patent Office in order to be protected while he "reduced the invention to practice". However, he did not follow this trail. When there was renewed interest in practical sound recording and reproduction in 1888 (the constructions of Berliner and Bell \& Tainter), Smith published an account of his experiments in the journal Electrical World. In a corrective letter three weeks later it is clear that he was aware of the physical requirements for the interaction between magnetic coil and magnetic medium, but his publications also indicate that he did not as such obtain reproduction of recorded sound.Smith did not try to develop magnetic recording, but he felt it imperative that he be given credit for conceiving the idea of it. When accounts of Valdemar Poulsen's work were published in 1900, Smith attempted to prove some rights in the invention in the US Patent Office, but to no avail.He was a highly respected member of both his community and engineering societies, and in later life became interested in the anti-slavery cause that had also been close to the heart of his parents, as well as in the YMCA movement and in women's suffrage.[br]BibliographyApart from numerous technical papers, he wrote the book Press Working of Metals, 1896. His accounts on the magnetic recording experiments were "Some possible forms of phonograph", Electrical World (8 September 1888): 161 ff, and "Letter to the Editor", Electrical World (29 September 1888): 179.Further ReadingF.K.Engel, 1990, Documents on the Invention of Magnetic Recording in 1878, New York: Audio Engineering Society, Reprint no. 2,914 (G2) (a good overview of the material collected by the Oberlin Smith Society, Bridgeton, New Jersey, in particular as regards the recording experiments; it is here that it is doubted that Valdemar Poulsen developed his ideas independently).GB-N -
25 smith
{smiθ}
n ковач
shoeing SMITH налбантин* * *{smid} n ковач; shoeing smith налбантин.* * *коварство;* * *1. n ковач 2. shoeing smith налбантин* * *smith[smiu] I. n ковач; shoeing \smith налбантин; II. v рядко кова, изковавам. -
26 Smith, J.
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1830s Scotland[br]Scottish inventor of the first endless chain of flats for carding.[br]Carding by hand required a pair of hand cards. The lump of tangled fibres was teased out by pulling one card across the other to even out the fibres and transfer them onto one of the cards from which they could be rolled up into a rollag or slubbing. When Arkwright began to use cylinder cards, the fibres were teased out as they passed from one cylinder to the next. In order to obtain a greater carding area, he soon introduced smaller cylinders and placed strips of flat card above the periphery of the main cylinder. These became clogged with short fibres and dirt, so they had to be lifted off and cleaned or "stripped" at intervals. The first to invent a self-stripping card was Archibald Buchanan, at the Catrine mills in Ayrshire, with his patent in 1823. In his arrangement each flat was turned upside down and stripped by a rotary brush. This was improved by Smith in 1834 and patented in the same year. Smith fixed the flats on an endless chain so that they travelled around the periphery of the top of the main cylinder. Just after the point where they left the cylinder, Smith placed a rotary brush and a comb to clear the brush. In this way each flat in turn was properly and regularly cleaned.Smith was an able mechanic and Managing Partner of the Deanston mills in Scotland. He visited Manchester, where he was warmly received on the introduction of his machine there at about the same time as he patented it in Scotland. The carding engine he designed was complex, for he arranged a double feed to obtain greater production. While this part of his patent was not developed, his chain or endless flats became the basis used in later cotton carding engines. He took out at least half a dozen other patents for textile machinery. These included two in 1834, the first for a self-acting mule and the second with J.C. Dyer for improvements to winding on to spools. There were further spinning patents in 1839 and 1844 and more for preparatory machinery including carding in 1841 and 1842. He was also interested in agriculture and invented a subsoil plough and other useful things.[br]Bibliography1834, British patent no. 6,560 (self-stripping card). 1834, British patent no. 656 (self-acting mule). 1839, British patent no. 8,054.1841, British patent no. 8,796 (carding machine). 1842, British patent no. 9,313 (carding machine).1844, British patent no. 10,080.Further ReadingE.Leigh, 1875, The Science of Modern Cotton Spinning Manchester (provides a good account of Smith's carding engine).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (covers the development of the carding engine).RLH -
27 smith
John Smith, Esquire — г-ну Джону Смиту
why, it is Smith! — ба, да ведь это Смит!
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28 smith
------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] smith[English Plural] smiths[Swahili Word] mfua[Swahili Plural] wafua[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 1/2[Derived Word] fua[English Example] goldsmith (silversmith)[Swahili Example] mfua dhahabu(fedha)------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] smith[English Plural] smiths[Swahili Word] msana[Swahili Plural] wasana[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 1/2[Derived Word] sana[English Example] blacksmith.[Swahili Example] msana chuma------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] trade of a smith[Swahili Word] ufuaji[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] work of a (black)smith[Swahili Word] usani[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------ -
29 smith
[smɪθ]smith кузнец smith рабочий по металлу will: smith модальный глагол выражает предположение, вероятность: you will be Mrs. Smith? вы, вероятно, миссис Смит? -
30 smith
smɪθ сущ.
1) кузнец Syn: farrier
2) рабочий по металлу кузнец - *'s shop (американизм) кузница рабочий по металлу (-smith) как компонент сложных слов - goldsmith ювелир - silversmith серебряных дел мастер - blacksmith кузнец - gunsmith оружейный мастер - tunesmith композитор-песенник smith кузнец ~ рабочий по металлу will: ~ модальный глагол выражает предположение, вероятность: you will be Mrs. Smith? вы, вероятно, миссис Смит? -
31 smith
smiƟ1) (a blacksmith.) herrero2) (a person whose job is to work with a particular metal, or make a particular type of article: a goldsmith; a silversmith; a gunsmith.) orfebre, artesano•- smithytr[smɪɵ]1 herrero,-asmith ['smɪɵ] n: herrero m, -ra fn.• forjador, -ora s.m.,f.• herrero, -era s.m.,f.smɪθnoun herrero, -ra m,f[smɪθ]N herrero(-a) m / f* * *[smɪθ]noun herrero, -ra m,f -
32 smith
[smiƟ]1) (a blacksmith.) ferreiro2) (a person whose job is to work with a particular metal, or make a particular type of article: a goldsmith; a silversmith; a gunsmith.) artesão•- smithy* * *[smiθ] n ferreiro. silver smith ourives (de prata). black smith ferreiro. -
33 smith
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34 smith
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35 smith
s.1 herrero.2 Smith, nombre propio.3 Smith, José Smith.v.forjar a martillo.(pt & pp smithed) -
36 smith
[smıθ] n1. 1) кузнецsmith's shop - амер. кузница
2) рабочий по металлу2. (-smith) как компонент сложных слов:goldsmith - ювелир; золотых дел мастер
tunesmith - шутл. композитор-песенник
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37 smith
1. n1) коваль2) слюсар; робітник по металу3) механік2. v1) кувати2) бути ковалем; працювати в кузні* * *[smia]n1) ковальsmith's shop — cл. кузня; робітник по металу
2) як компонент складних слів (- smith) -
38 smith
[smia]n1) ковальsmith's shop — cл. кузня; робітник по металу
2) як компонент складних слів (- smith) -
39 smith
nounSchmied, der* * *[smiƟ]1) (a blacksmith.) der Schmied2) (a person whose job is to work with a particular metal, or make a particular type of article: a goldsmith; a silversmith; a gunsmith.) der Schmied•- academic.ru/68267/smithy">smithy* * *[smɪθ]n Schmied m* * *[smɪɵ]nSchmied( in) m(f)* * ** * *nounSchmied, der* * *n.Schmied -e m. -
40 Smith College
Престижный частный колледж высшей ступени [ senior college], преимущественно для женщин, в г. Нортхэмптоне, шт. Массачусетс. Основан в 1871 по завещанию жительницы г. Хэтфилда Софии Смит [Smith, Sofia] (1796-1870). Входит в ассоциацию "Семь сестер" [ Seven Sisters]. Имеет совместные программы с колледжами Амхерст [ Amherst College] и Маунт-Холиок [ Mount Holyoke College] и Массачусетским университетом [ Massachusetts, University of]. Около 2,7 тыс. студенток. Библиотека насчитывает более 1 млн. томов. Художественный музей [Smith College Museum of Art], основанный в 1879, известен коллекцией произведений французского искусства XVIII-XX вв.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Smith College
См. также в других словарях:
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