to+do+one's+arithmetic

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `bottom of a vessel, the sea etc., ground, base, underlay, foot, e.g. of a cup, plant, i.e. root-end, stick, stem' (ep. Il., hell. a. late prose), `the lowest number (base) of an arithmetic series' (Pl. a.o.).

Compounds: Tately as 2. member e.g. ἀ-πύθμεν-ος `bottomless, footless' (Thphr.; Sommer Nominalkomp. 99); besides (gramm.) withou them. vowel ἀ-πύθμην `id.' (Theognost.) a.o.

Derivatives: Dimin. πυθμέν-ιον n. (pap.), - ικός `belonging to the base', - έω `to form a base' (late).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [174] * bhudh-m(e)n- `bottom'

Etymology: Formation like λιμήν, ποιμήν (Schwyzer 522, Chantraine Form. 174; not productive). Except for the suffix πυθ-μήν agrees with Skt. budh-ná- m. `bottom, ground, foot, root', IE * bhudh-. Also morphologically these words can be brought together, if one derived budh-na- from * bhudh-mn-o- (the m was soon lost). In Germ. * bhudh- became PGm. * bud- (seen in OE bodan, MLG bōdem(e) etc.); then, after mn \> n, * bud-n- became * butt- \> bot(t)- according to Kluge's law (seen in OE botem \> Engl. bottom), ONord. botn); we also find evidence for PGm. * buÞ- (OHG bodam, OS bothme, ME bothme) which is as yet unexplained; see now G. Kroonen, ABäG 61(2006)xxx-xxx. Further removed is Lat. fundus `bottom etc.', with which MIr. bond, bonn `sole, basis' can be identical (IE * bhund(h)o-). The inner nasal is prob. connected with the nasalsuffix in * bhudh-no- and can be due to old metathesis, as corresponding forms appear also on Indo-Iran. territory, e.g. Av. bū̆na m. `ground, bottom' (from * bundna-?), Prākr. bundha- m. `bottom of a vase'; s. Mayrhofer s. budhnáḥ w. lit.; cf. also πύνδαξ (s.v.). -- Hypotheses in Bq and Ernout-Meillet s. fundus (after Vendryes MSL 18, 305 ff.); further rich lit. in W.-Hofmann s. fundus (WP. 2, 190, Pok. 174). On the meaning in gen. Kretschmer Glotta 22, 115ff. (against Porzig WuS 15, 112 f.); for Greek esp. Furumark Eranos 44, 45 ff. Though some details remain difficult, the reconstruction can hardly be doubted.

Page in Frisk: 2,620-621

I 〈 onovergankelijk, overgankelijk werkwoord〉

1 [kennis nemen van] read

2 [voorlezen] read (out/aloud)

♦voorbeelden:

1   〈 computer〉 gegevens lezen • read data

     je handschrift is niet te lezen • your (hand)writing is illegible

     (niet) kunnen lezen en schrijven • be (un)able to read and write

     lezen, schrijven en rekenen • reading, writing and arithmetic

     daarover staat in het rapport niets te lezen • the report says nothing about that

     het is haast niet te lezen • it's almost impossible to read

     〈 studenten(taal)〉 heb je er veel omheen gelezen? • have you read up (a lot) on this subject?

     daar heb ik kennelijk overheen gelezen • I must have overlooked it

     hij heeft veel gelezen • he's well-read

     iets vluchtig lezen • skim through something

     die krant wordt weinig/slecht gelezen • that newspaper has a small readership

     het is leuk/pijnlijk om te lezen • it makes enjoyable/painful reading

     veel lezen over een schrijver/een bepaald onderwerp • read up on a writer/on a particular subject

     bij het lezen • when/while reading

     ik lees hier dat … • it says here that …

2   na het eten werd er uit de bijbel gelezen • after supper someone read aloud from the Bible

     uit eigen werk lezen • read (from) one's own work

II 〈 overgankelijk werkwoord〉

1 [opmaken uit, ontcijferen] make of

2 [interpreteren, uitleggen] read

3 [opdragen] say

♦voorbeelden:

1   een vraag verkeerd lezen • misread a question

     er meer in lezen dan er staat • read more into something (than intended)

     wat lees jij uit dit woord? • what do you make of this word?

2   de angst stond op zijn gezicht te lezen • anxiety was written all over his face

     iets op iemands gezicht lezen • see something from someone's face

3   de mis lezen • say mass

III 〈 onovergankelijk werkwoord〉

1 [zich laten lezen] read

♦voorbeelden:

1   die gotische letters lezen niet prettig • those Gothic letters are awkward to read

     dat boek leest lekker weg • that book is easy reading

I 〈 onovergankelijk werkwoord〉

1 [met getallen werken] figure ⇒ do sums/figures, calculate, reckon

2 [rekening houden met] consider ⇒ include, take into consideration/account

3 [vertrouwen] rely ⇒ count/depend on, trust

4 [+ op] [verwachten] expect

♦voorbeelden:

1   twee uur rekenen • two hours of arithmetic

     goed kunnen rekenen • be good at figures

     in guldens rekenen • reckon in guilders

     door elkaar gerekend • on average

2   daar had ik niet op gerekend • I hadn't counted on/expected that

     daar mag je wel op rekenen • you'd better allow for that

     rekenen op drie uur vertraging • allow for three hours' delay

3   kan ik op je rekenen? • can I count/depend on you?

     reken maar niet op ons • count us out

4   je kunt op 40 gasten rekenen • you can expect 40 guests

¶   naar zich toe rekenen • figure to one's advantage

II 〈 overgankelijk werkwoord〉

1 [tellen] count

2 [(geld) vragen] charge ⇒ ask

3 [begrijpen onder] count ⇒ number

4 [in aanmerking nemen] bear in mind, remember ⇒ allow for

5 [veronderstellen] assume, take it

♦voorbeelden:

1   alles bij elkaar gerekend • all told, in all

2   hoeveel rekent u daarvoor? • how much do you charge for that?

3   zich rekenen tot • count oneself as/among

     men kan hem tot/onder de grootste geleerden rekenen • he can be rated among the greatest scholars

4   reken maar! • you bet!

     als je rekent dat het een uur rijden is • bearing in mind that it's an hour's drive

5   reken dat hij komt, dan zijn we met z'n tienen • assuming that he comes, there will be ten of us

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Mercer began work at the age of 9 as a bobbinwinder and then a hand-loom weaver. He had no formal education in chemistry but taught himself and revealed remarkable ability in both theoretical and applied aspects of the subject. He became the acknowledged "father of textile chemistry" and the Royal Society elected him Fellow in 1850. His name is remembered in connection with the lustrous "mercerized" cotton which, although not developed commercially until 1890, arose from his discovery, c. 1844, of the effect of caustic soda on cotton linters. He also discovered that cotton could be dissolved in a solution of copper oxide in ammonia, a phenomenon later exploited in the manufacture of artificial silk. As a youth, Mercer experimented at home with dyeing processes and soon acquired sufficient skill to set up as an independent dyer. Most of his working life was, however, spent with the calico-printing firm of Oakenshaw Print Works in which he eventually became a partner, and it was there that most of his experimental work was done. The association was a very appropriate one, for it was a member of this firm's staff who first recognized Mercer's potential talent and took the trouble in his spare time to teach him reading, writing and arithmetic. Mercer developed manganese-bronze colours and researched into catalysis and the ferrocyanides. Among his innovations was the chlorination of wool in order to make it print as easily as cotton. It was many years later that it was realized that this treatment also conferred valuable shrink-resisting qualities. Becoming interested in photochemistry, he devised processes for photographic printing on fabric. Queen Victoria was presented with a handkerchief printed in this way when she visited the Great Exhibition of 1851, of which Mercer was a juror. A photograph of Mercer himself on cloth is preserved in the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. He presented papers to the British Association and was a member of the Chemical Society.

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    Modernism Begins with the Theory of Numbers

   Gottlob Frege, Georg Cantor, and Richard Dedekind were pure mathematicians who built no machines; but they did provide a means, laying the foundations of a new way of thinking in the West. If there is any utility to Modernism, Dedekind did something profoundly useful. The great event... came in the year he wrote his first letter to a fellow mathematician named Georg Cantor, and soon after published a mathematical definition of irrational numbers now known as the "Dedekind Cut." Separating forever the digital from the continuous, at least in arithmetic, Dedekind became the West's first Modernist in 1872. Everyone who has heard of Modernism has heard of Picasso. Most have heard of Joyce. But who has heard of Dedekind? Only mathematicians, the least likelylooking of those who aspire to change the world by using their minds. The public doesn't know what mathematicians are doing, and mathematicians are just as happy it doesn't, for they are as genuinely unworldly as artists claim to be.... Mathematicians did not invent. Instead, they insisted, they discovered things as Plato had-searching in a complicated alternate universe for elegant and beautiful relationships among objects that could not be said to exist outside the mind.

   Without their knowledge, however, the mathematicians of 1870s Germany were about to change the world. As a clutch of Victorian professors, avuncular, ascetic,... they were gathering unawares around the cradle of an infant Briar Rose that would one day be christened Modernism. (Everdell, 1997, pp. 30-31)

 

падение или повышение напряжения при заданном режиме нагрузки
Разность между напряжением холостого хода обмотки и напряжением на ее выводах при заданных нагрузке и коэффициенте мощности при условии, что к другой (или к одной из других) обмотке(ок) подведено напряжение, равное:
- номинальному, если трансформатор включен на основное ответвление (в этом случае напряжение холостого хода рассматриваемой обмотки равно номинальному);
- напряжению другого ответвления, на которое включен трансформатор. Падение или повышение напряжения обычно выражают в процентах напряжения холостого хода рассматриваемой обмотки.
Примечание — В многообмоточном трансформаторе падение или повышение напряжения зависит от нагрузки и коэффициента мощности не только данной обмотки, но и других обмоток
(МЭС 421-07-03).
[ ГОСТ 30830-2002]

EN

voltage drop or rise for a specified load condition
voltage regulation for a specified load condition
the arithmetic difference between the no-load voltage of a winding and the voltage developed at the terminals of the same winding at a specified load and power factor, the voltage supplied to (one of) the other winding(s) being equal to:
- its rated value if the transformer is connected on the principal tapping (the no-load voltage of the former winding is then equal to its rated value);
- the tapping voltage if the transformer is connected on another tapping.
This difference is generally expressed as a percentage of the no-load voltage of the former winding
NOTE – For multi-winding transformers, the voltage drop or rise depends not only on the load and power factor of the winding itself, but also on the load and power factor of the other windings
[IEV number 421-07-03]

FR

hute ou augmentation de tension pour une condition de charge spécifiée
différence arithmétique entre la tension à vide d'un enroulement et la tension en charge aux bornes du même enroulement pour un courant de charge et un facteur de puissance spécifiés, la tension appliquée à l'autre (ou à l'un des autres) enroulement(s) étant égale:
- à sa valeur assignée, si le transformateur est connecté sur la prise principale (la tension à vide du premier enroulement étant alors égale à sa valeur assignée);
- à la tension de prise si le transformateur est connecté sur une autre prise.
Cette différence s'exprime généralement sous la forme d'un pourcentage de la tension à vide du premier enroulement
NOTE – Pour les transformateurs à plus de deux enroulements, la chute ou l'augmentation de tension dépend non seulement de la charge et du facteur de puissance de l'enroulement lui-même, mais aussi de la charge et du facteur de puissance des autres enroulements.
[IEV number 421-07-03]

Тематики

• трансформатор

Классификация

>>>

EN

• voltage drop or rise for a specified load condition
• voltage regulation for a specified load condition

DE

• Spannungsänderung bei einer bestimmten Belastung

FR

• hute ou augmentation de tension pour une condition de charge spécifiée