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to+assume+the+reins+of+government

  • 1 assume the reins of government

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > assume the reins of government

  • 2 to assume the reins of government

    ņemt vadības grožus savās rokās

    English-Latvian dictionary > to assume the reins of government

  • 3 the reins of government

    бразды правления (обыкн. употр. с гл. to assume и to drop) [этим. фр. les rênes du gouvernement]

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > the reins of government

  • 4 government

    1. n правительство
    2. n форма правления
    3. n управление, руководство

    the form of government — форма управления, режим

    4. n провинция; штат
    5. n фин. проф. государственные ценные бумаги
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. act of governing (noun) act of governing; bureaucracy; command; control of state; dominion; equity; power; ruling
    2. control (noun) administration; control; direction; governance; management; regime; rule
    3. system of administration (noun) assembly; congress; executive branch; legislature; parliament; supreme authority; system of administration

    English-Russian base dictionary > government

  • 5 assume

    əˈsju:m гл.
    1) принимать, брать на себя (ответственность, управление и т. п.) assume responsibility assume control assume office Syn: undertake
    2), take upon oneself
    2) получать (должность и т. п.) Mr. M. has been assumed as a Partner in the Edinburgh Branch of the Bank. ≈ Мистер М. был принят в качестве партнера в эдинбургское отделение банка.
    3) принимать (характер, форму) These Doctrines assume at once a reasonableness and an importance. ≈ Эти доктрины тут же приняли характер разумности и значительности.
    4) прикидываться, симулировать, притворяться She assumed an air of confidence in spite of her dismay. ≈ Она напустила на себя уверенный вид, хотя была в смятении. Syn: affect II
    1), counterfeit
    3.
    2), feign
    1), pretend
    1), sham
    3), simulate
    1)
    5) присваивать, предъявлять претензию, заявлять права на что-л. Syn: appropriate
    2.
    1), arrogate
    2), pretend to, claim
    2.
    2), usurp
    6) допускать, предполагать let us assume that... ≈ допустим, что... The entire length of our farm is assumed to be about thirty-two miles. ≈ Общая длина нашей фермы предположительно около тридцати двух миль. Syn: suppose
    1)
    7) вести себя самонадеянно, высокомерно ∙ to assume measures ≈ принимать меры to assume the offensive воен. ≈ перейти в наступление
    принимать, брать( на себя) - to * responsibility взять на себя ответственность - to * charge of a business принять на себя ведение дел (фирмы) - to * the command( военное) принимать командование предпринимать - to * measures принять меры - to * the offensive (военное) перейти в наступление присваивать, узурпировать - to * a right to oneself присвоить себе право - he *d the reins of government он узурпировал власть - he *d a new name он принял псевдоним/вымышленное имя/ предполагать, допускать - let us * that this is true допустим, что это правда - to * his innocence/him to be innocent, that he is innocent исходить из предположенияо его невиновности /что он не виновен/ - he is not such a fool as you *d him to be он не такой дурак, каким вы его считаете - assuming her surmises are true... если исходить из того, что ее предположения правильны... - assuming it rains tomorrow what shall we do? предположим /допустим/, завтра пойдет дождь, что мы будем делать? притворяться, напускать на себя - to * a look of innocence принять невинный вид - to * airs напускать на себя важность, важничать - they *d to have knowledge of the fact они заявили, что (они) якобы знают об этом факте важничать, вести себя высокомерно принимать (определенный характер, форму) - to * the original form принять первоначальную форму - to * new habits of life изменить свои привычки - his illness *d a grave character его болезнь приняла серьезный характер - the campaign *d world-wide proportions кампания приобрела мировые масштабы /охватила весь мир/ - to * a formation( военное) построиться
    assume брать на себя ~ быть самонадеянным, высокомерным ~ допускать ~ напускать на себя;
    притворяться;
    симулировать;
    to assume airs напускать на себя важность, важничать ~ предполагать, допускать;
    let us assume that... допустим, что... ~ предполагать ~ предпринимать ~ принимать (характер, форму) ;
    his illness assumed a very grave character его болезнь приняла очень серьезный характер ~ принимать ~ принимать на себя;
    присваивать себе;
    to assume responsibility брать на себя ответственность;
    to assume command принимать командование;
    to assume control взять на себя управление (чем-л.) ~ принимать на себя (ответственность) ~ присваивать
    ~ напускать на себя;
    притворяться;
    симулировать;
    to assume airs напускать на себя важность, важничать
    ~ принимать на себя;
    присваивать себе;
    to assume responsibility брать на себя ответственность;
    to assume command принимать командование;
    to assume control взять на себя управление (чем-л.)
    ~ принимать на себя;
    присваивать себе;
    to assume responsibility брать на себя ответственность;
    to assume command принимать командование;
    to assume control взять на себя управление (чем-л.)
    to ~ measures принимать меры
    ~ принимать на себя;
    присваивать себе;
    to assume responsibility брать на себя ответственность;
    to assume command принимать командование;
    to assume control взять на себя управление (чем-л.) responsibility: assume ~ брать на себя ответственность
    to ~ the offensive воен. перейти в наступление
    ~ принимать (характер, форму) ;
    his illness assumed a very grave character его болезнь приняла очень серьезный характер
    ~ предполагать, допускать;
    let us assume that... допустим, что...

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > assume

  • 6 assume

    [əʹsju:m] v
    1. 1) принимать, брать (на себя)

    to assume the command - воен. принимать командование

    2) предпринимать

    to assume the offensive - воен. перейти в наступление

    2. присваивать, узурпировать

    he assumed a new name - он принял псевдоним /вымышленное имя/

    3. предполагать, допускать

    let us assume that this is true - допустим, что это правда

    to assume his innocence /him to be innocent, that he is innocent/ - исходить из предположения о его невиновности /что он не виновен/

    he is not such a fool as you assumed him to be - он не такой дурак, каким вы его считаете

    assuming her surmises are true... - если исходить из того, что её предположения правильны...

    assuming it rains tomorrow what shall we do? - предположим /допустим/, завтра пойдёт дождь, что мы будем делать?

    4. 1) притворяться, напускать на себя

    to assume airs - напускать на себя важность, важничать

    they assumed to have knowledge of the fact - они заявили, что (они) якобы знают об этом факте

    2) важничать; вести себя высокомерно
    5. принимать (определённый характер, форму)

    his illness assumed a grave character - его болезнь приняла серьёзный характер

    the campaign assumed world-wide proportions - кампания приобрела мировые масштабы /охватила весь мир/

    to assume a formation - воен. построиться

    НБАРС > assume

  • 7 assume

    гл.
    1)
    а) общ. принимать, брать на себя (ответственность, риск, управление и т. д.)

    1to assume a risk — брать [принимать\] на себя риск

    1to assume reinsurance — принимать на [в\] перестрахование

    The Company also assumes a portion of premiums written by other affiliate companies whose passenger transportation insurance business it manages.

    See:
    б) общ. предпринимать
    в) общ. присваивать (право и т. п.), узурпировать (напр., власть)

    to assume a right to — присвоить право на что-л.

    he assumed a new name — он принял псевдоним [вымышленное имя\]

    2) общ. допускать, предполагать, думать (как правило, безосновательно)

    let us assume that— допустим, что

    Assume the contrary. — Допустим противное [обратное\].

    He is not such a fool as you assumed him to be. — Он не такой дурак, как вы думали.

    3) общ. принимать (определенный характер, форму)

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > assume

  • 8 general government

    English-Russian base dictionary > general government

  • 9 rein

    noun
    1) Zügel, der

    keep a child on reins — ein Kind am Laufgurt führen

    2) (fig.) Zügel, der

    hold the reins — die Zügel in der Hand haben

    keep a tight rein on — an der Kandare halten [Person]; im Zaum halten [Gefühle]; see also academic.ru/29269/free">free 1. 1)

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    [rein]
    1) ((usually in plural) one of two straps attached to a bridle for guiding a horse.) der Zügel
    2) ((in plural) straps fitted round a toddler so that he can be prevented from straying in the street etc.) der Zügel
    •
    * * *
    [reɪn]
    I. n usu pl (for horse) Zügel m; BRIT (for children) Laufgurt m; ( fig)
    who's at the \reins in that company? wer hält in dieser Firma die Zügel?
    to draw \rein die Zügel anziehen
    to assume the \reins of government die Regierung übernehmen
    ▶ to give free \rein to sb [or sb a free \rein] jdm freie Hand lassen
    ▶ to hand over the \reins die Kontrolle übergeben
    ▶ to keep a tight \rein on sb/sth [or sb/sth on a tight \rein] jdn/etw an der kurzen Leine [o kurz] halten
    to keep one's emotions/imagination on a tight \rein seine Gefühle/Fantasie im Zaum halten
    II. vt
    to \rein a horse in [or back] [or to \rein in [or back] a horse] ein Pferd zügeln; ( fig)
    ▪ to \rein sb in [or back] jdn an die Kandare nehmen fig
    ▪ to \rein in [or back] ⇆ sth etw im Zaum halten
    to \rein in [or back] power Macht einschränken [o beschneiden]
    to \rein in [or back] spending Ausgaben einschränken
    * * *
    [reɪn]
    n (lit, fig)
    Zügel m

    reins (for child) — Laufgurt m

    he kept the horse on a long/short rein — er ließ die Zügel lang/hielt die Zügel kurz

    to keep a tight rein on sb/sth (lit, fig) — bei jdm/etw die Zügel kurzhalten

    to give free rein to sb/sth, to allow or give sb/sth free rein (fig) — jdm/einer Sache freien Lauf lassen

    to give sb free rein to do sth — jdm freie Hand lassen, etw zu tun

    * * *
    rein [reın]
    A s Zügel m (auch fig):
    a) die Zügel anziehen,
    b) fig bremsen;
    give a horse the rein(s) die Zügel locker lassen;
    give free ( oder full) rein to one’s imagination seiner Fantasie freien Lauf lassen oder die Zügel schießen lassen;
    keep a tight rein on sb fig jemanden fest an der Kandare halten;
    a) mit sanfter Zügelführung,
    b) fig mit sanfter Hand;
    take ( oder assume) the reins of government die Zügel (der Regierung) in die Hand nehmen
    B v/t
    1. ein Pferd aufzäumen
    2. (mit dem Zügel) lenken:
    rein back ( oder in, up)
    a) verhalten,
    b) anhalten
    3. fig lenken
    4. fig seine Zunge etc zügeln, im Zaum halten
    C v/i rein back ( oder in, up)
    a) verhalten,
    b) anhalten
    * * *
    noun
    1) Zügel, der
    2) (fig.) Zügel, der

    keep a tight rein on — an der Kandare halten [Person]; im Zaum halten [Gefühle]; see also free 1. 1)

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Zügel -- m.

    English-german dictionary > rein

  • 10 rein

    1. n часто l
    2. n повод, вожжа; вожжи
    3. n узда, сдерживающее средство; контроль

    with a loose rein, with reins slack — мягко, без должной строгости

    4. n тех. рукоять
    5. v править, управлять вожжами, поводьями; натягивать вожжи, поводья
    6. v слушаться вожжей, повода
    7. v сдерживать, держать в узде; управлять
    8. v амер. огораживать от скота
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. bridle (noun) bit; bridle; check; control; curb; restrainer
    2. compose (verb) collect; compose; contain; control; cool; re-collect; repress; restrain; simmer down; smother; suppress
    3. keep (verb) brake; bridle; check; constrain; curb; hold back; hold down; hold in; inhibit; keep; keep back; pull in

    English-Russian base dictionary > rein

  • 11 rein

    n
    повод, вожжа; pl бразды

    to give smb free rein to do smth — предоставлять кому-л. свободу в чем-л.

    to hold the reins — повелевать, держать бразды правления

    Politics english-russian dictionary > rein

  • 12 rein

    [reɪn] n
    ( for horse) Zügel m; ( Brit) ( for children) Laufgurt m; ( fig)
    who's at the \reins in that company? wer hält in dieser Firma die Zügel?;
    to draw \rein die Zügel anziehen;
    to assume the \reins of government die Regierung übernehmen
    PHRASES:
    to give free \rein to sb [or sb a free \rein] jdm freie Hand lassen;
    to keep a tight \rein on sb/ sth [or sb/sth on a tight \rein] jdn/etw an der kurzen Leine halten [o kurzhalten];
    to keep one's emotions/imagination on a tight \rein seine Gefühle/Fantasie im Zaum halten;
    to hand over the \reins die Kontrolle übergeben vt
    to \rein a horse in [or back] [or to \rein in [or back] a horse] ein Pferd zügeln; ( fig)
    to \rein sb in [or back] jdn an die Kandare nehmen ( fig)
    to \rein in [or back] <-> sth etw im Zaum halten;
    to \rein in [or back] power Macht einschränken [o beschneiden];
    to \rein in [or back] spending Ausgaben einschränken

    English-German students dictionary > rein

  • 13 rein

    rein
    1) ((usually in plural) one of two straps attached to a bridle for guiding a horse.) tømme, tøyle
    2) ((in plural) straps fitted round a toddler so that he can be prevented from straying in the street etc.) barnesele
    •
    tømme
    I
    subst. \/reɪn\/
    ( også overført) tøyle, tøm(me), sele
    assume the reins of government ta (regjerings)tøylene, ta over makten
    draw rein holde an hesten, stramme tøylene
    give a horse the rein(s) eller give a horse a free rein gi en hest frie tøyler
    give (free) rein to one's imagination eller give the rein(s) to one's imagination gi fantasien frie tøyler, slippe fantasien sin løs
    hold\/keep a tight rein on\/over holde i stramme tøyler
    hold the reins bestemme hvor skapet skal stå, ha kontroll
    II
    verb \/reɪn\/
    1) ( også overført) tøyle, legge tømmer på
    2) ( ridning) styre
    rein in\/back\/up holde an
    rein in something legge bånd på noe, tøyle noe

    English-Norwegian dictionary > rein

  • 14 rein

    {rein}
    I. 1. повод (на кон и пр.), прен. юзда
    to draw REIN дръпвам поводите на кон, спирам, прен. намалявам/съкращавам разходите, отказвам се
    to give the REINs to отпускам поводите на
    to keep/hold a REIN on държа здраво, контролирам
    tight REIN строга дисциплина, здрава ръка
    to keep a tight REIN on държа здраво, стягам юздите на
    to give (free) REIN/the REINs to one's imagination давам пълна свобода на въображението си
    to assume/drop the REINs of government поемам/напускам властта
    2. тех. ръчка
    II. 1. слагам поводи на, държа поводите на, направлявам
    2. to REIN in задържам, спирам, обуздавам (и прен.)
    3. to REIN back/up a horse дръпвам поводите на/спирам кон
    * * *
    {rein} n 1. повод (на кон и пр.); прен. юзда; to draw rein дръпвам (2) {rein} v 1. слагам поводи на; държа поводите на; направлявам
    * * *
    юзда;
    * * *
    1. i. повод (на кон и пр.), прен. юзда 2. ii. слагам поводи на, държа поводите на, направлявам 3. tight rein строга дисциплина, здрава ръка 4. to assume/drop the reins of government поемам/напускам властта 5. to draw rein дръпвам поводите на кон, спирам, прен. намалявам/съкращавам разходите, отказвам се 6. to give (free) rein/the reins to one's imagination давам пълна свобода на въображението си 7. to give the reins to отпускам поводите на 8. to keep a tight rein on държа здраво, стягам юздите на 9. to keep/hold a rein on държа здраво, контролирам 10. to rein back/up a horse дръпвам поводите на/спирам кон 11. to rein in задържам, спирам, обуздавам (и прен.) 12. тех. ръчка
    * * *
    rein [rein] I. n 1. повод (на кон и пр.); прен. юзда; to draw \rein дръпвам поводите (на кон и пр.), спирам (кон и пр.); прен. намалявам (съкращавам) разходите; отказвам се; on a long \rein с отпуснати юзди; to give a horse the \rein(s) отпускам поводите на кон, оставям кон да върви сам; to give \rein (the \reins) to o.'s imagination давам пълна свобода на фантазията (въображението) си; a tight \rein строга дисциплина; the \reins ( of power) журн. власт, контрол; 2. тех. ръчка; II. v слагам поводи на; държа поводите на, направлявам; прен. обуздавам; to \rein in държа здраво поводите, задържам ( кон); to \rein in o.'s anger обуздавам (въздържам) гнева си; to \reinup a horse дръпвам поводите на (спирам) кон;

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > rein

  • 15 rein

    reɪn I
    1. сущ.;
    часто мн.
    1) повод, поводья;
    вожжа, вожжи (часть упряжи для управления лошадью) to give (a horse) the rein(s) ≈ отпустить поводья (дать лошади свободно двигаться) to draw rein ≈ остановить лошадь
    2) перен. а) сдерживающая, обуздывающая сила;
    узда a tight rein ≈ строгая дисциплина Syn: curb
    1. б) направляющая сила, управление the reins of power ≈ бразды власти The council of war assumed the reins of government. ≈ Военный совет принял на себя бразды правления. в) проверка, контроль Syn: check
    1.
    3) тех. ручка, рукоять, рукоятка( кузнечных щипцов, клещей и т. п.)
    2. гл.
    1) взнуздать лошадь;
    надеть вожжи, поводья
    2) а) управлять вожжами, править;
    натянуть вожжи б) держать( лошадь) в узде, управлять, сдерживать (тж. rein in) в) слушаться узды, вожжей, поводьев (о лошади)
    3) перен. а) держать под контролем б) обуздывать, сдерживать в) удерживать (from) Syn: restrain ∙ rein back rein in rein up II сущ. северный олень Syn: reindeer часто pl повод, вожжа;
    вожжи - a pair of *s вожжи - to draw * натянуть поводья;
    остановить лошадь;
    уменьшить расходы, нагрузку и т. п.;
    сократиться;
    прекратить /оставить/ попытки - if you don't draw * a bit you'll have a breakdown если вы будете столько работать, вы не выдержите - to give a horse free * /the *s/ отпустить поводья, отдать повод узда, сдерживающее средство;
    контроль - the *s of government бразды правления - to assume the *s of government взять бразды правления - with a loose /slack/ *, with *s slack мягко, без должной строгости - a tight * строгая дисциплина - to keep a tight * on smb. держать в узде /строго контролировать/ кого-л. - to hold the *s повелевать - his wife holds the *s он под башмаком у своей жены (техническое) рукоять (клещей и т. п.) > to give * /the *s/ to one's imagination дать волю воображению > he gave the *s to his anger он дал волю своему гневу править, управлять вожжами, поводьями;
    натягивать вожжи, поводья слушаться вожжей, повода( о лошади) - the horse *s well лошадь послушна сдерживать, держать в узде;
    управлять - he could not * his impatience он не мог совладать со своим нетерпением (from) (американизм) огораживать от скота (тж. * up) to draw ~ натянуть поводья to draw ~ уменьшить скорость;
    остановить лошадь;
    перен. остановиться, сократить расходы, to give a horse the rein(s) отпустить поводья, отдать повод to draw ~ уменьшить скорость;
    остановить лошадь;
    перен. остановиться, сократить расходы, to give a horse the rein(s) отпустить поводья, отдать повод to give ~ (или the reins) to one's imagination (passions) дать волю воображению (чувствам) a tight ~ строгая дисциплина;
    to keep a tight rein (on smb.) строго контролировать, держать в узде (кого-л.) rein (часто pl) повод, поводья;
    вожжа ~ править, управлять вожжами ~ тех. рукоять (клещей и т. п.) ~ узда, сдерживающее средство;
    контроль;
    the reins of government бразды правления ~ управлять, сдерживать;
    держать в узде (тж. rein in) ~ up останавливать(ся) ~ up остановить, осадить( лошадь) ~ узда, сдерживающее средство;
    контроль;
    the reins of government бразды правления a tight ~ строгая дисциплина;
    to keep a tight rein (on smb.) строго контролировать, держать в узде (кого-л.)

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > rein

  • 16 rein

    1. [reın] n
    1. часто pl
    1) повод, вожжа; вожжи

    to draw rein - а) натянуть поводья; остановить лошадь; б) уменьшить расходы, нагрузку и т. п.; сократиться; if you don't draw rein a bit you'll have a breakdown - если вы будете столько работать, вы не выдержите; в) прекратить /оставить/ попытки

    to give a horse free rein /the reins/ - отпустить поводья, отдать повод

    2) узда, сдерживающее средство; контроль

    to assume [to drop] the reins of government - взять [выпустить из рук] бразды правления

    with a loose /slack/ rein, with reins slack - мягко, без должной строгости

    to keep a tight rein on smb. - держать в узде /строго контролировать/ кого-л.

    his wife holds the reins - ≅ он под башмаком у своей жены

    2. тех. рукоять (клещей и т. п.)

    ♢ to give rein /the reins/ to one's imagination [to one's passions] - дать волю воображению [страстям]

    2. [reın] v
    1. 1) править, управлять вожжами, поводьями; натягивать вожжи, поводья
    2) слушаться вожжей, повода ( о лошади)
    2. сдерживать, держать в узде; управлять

    he could not rein his impatience - он не мог совладать со своим нетерпением

    3. (from) амер. огораживать от скота (тж. rein up)

    НБАРС > rein

  • 17 rein

    [rein]
    1) ((usually in plural) one of two straps attached to a bridle for guiding a horse.) vajet
    2) ((in plural) straps fitted round a toddler so that he can be prevented from straying in the street etc.) vajeti
    •
    * * *
    I [réin]
    noun
    vajet, uzda, brzda, oglavnik, povodec; brzdanje, krotenje; nadzor(stvo)
    to draw (to pull up) rein — pritegniti vajeti, zadržati (ustaviti) konja; ustaviti se; opustiti poskus
    to give rein to one's whim — popustiti, dati prosto pot svoji kaprici (muhavosti)
    to hold the reins — imeti, držati (trdno) vajeti, figuratively držati položaj v rokah
    to keep a tight rein on (s.o.) — imeti (koga) krepko na vajetih, brzdati, dajati malo svobode
    II [réin]
    transitive verb
    obrzdati; brzdati, imeti ali držati na vajetih, na uzdi; voditi na uzdi; figuratively voditi, upravljati, kontrolirati, nadzirati
    to rein in — ustaviti (konja) z vajetmi; figuratively obrzdati, krotiti, ustaviti, zadušiti, držati na uzdi

    English-Slovenian dictionary > rein

  • 18 rein

    /rein/ * danh từ - dây cương =to give a horse the rein(s)+ thả lỏng cương ngựa - (nghĩa bóng) sự kiểm soát, sự bó buộc, sự kiềm chế =to keep a tight rein on+ kiềm chế chặt chẽ !to assume the reims of government - nắm chính quyền !to drop the reins of government - xin từ chức thôi không nắm chính quyền nữa !to give rein (the rein) to - buông lỏng, để cho tự do phát triển !to give someone a free rein - thả lỏng ai cho hoàn toàn tự do hành động * ngoại động từ - gò cương =to rein in a horse+ gò cương ngựa (cho đi chậm lại) =to rein up a horse+ ghì cương ngựa (cho đứng lại) - (nghĩa bóng) kiềm chế, bắt vào khuôn ghép =to rein in someone+ kiềm chế ai, bắt ai phải vào khuôn phép

    English-Vietnamese dictionary > rein

  • 19 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

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