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  • 1 to assume

    1) supposer; partir de l'hypothèse; tenir pour établi
    2) assumer; se charger de
    3) contracter [une obligation]

    English-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > to assume

  • 2 Usage note : be

    The direct French equivalent of the verb to be in subject + to be + predicate sentences is être:
    I am tired
    = je suis fatigué
    Caroline is French
    = Caroline est française
    the children are in the garden
    = les enfants sont dans le jardin
    It functions in very much the same way as to be does in English and it is safe to assume it will work as a translation in the great majority of cases.
    Note, however, that when you are specifying a person’s profession or trade, a/an is not translated:
    she’s a doctor
    = elle est médecin
    Claudie is still a student
    = Claudie est toujours étudiante
    This is true of any noun used in apposition when the subject is a person:
    he’s a widower
    = il est veuf
    But
    Lyons is a beautiful city
    = Lyon est une belle ville
    For more information or expressions involving professions and trades consult the usage note Shops, Trades and Professions.
    For the conjugation of the verb être see the French verb tables.
    Grammatical functions
    The passive
    être is used to form the passive in French just as to be is used in English. Note, however, that the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject:
    the rabbit was killed by a fox
    = le lapin a été tué par un renard
    the window had been broken
    = la fenêtre avait été cassée
    their books will be sold
    = leurs livres seront vendus
    our doors have been repainted red
    = nos portes ont été repeintes en rouge
    In spoken language, French native speakers find the passive cumbersome and will avoid it where possible by using the impersonal on where a person or people are clearly involved : on a repeint nos portes en rouge.
    Progressive tenses
    In French the idea of something happening over a period of time cannot be expressed using the verb être in the way that to be is used as an auxiliary verb in English.
    The present
    French uses simply the present tense where English uses the progressive form with to be:
    I am working
    = je travaille
    Ben is reading a book
    = Ben lit un livre
    The future
    French also uses the present tense where English uses the progressive form with to be:
    we are going to London tomorrow
    = nous allons à Londres demain
    I’m (just) coming!
    = j’arrive!
    I’m (just) going!
    = j’y vais!
    The past
    To express the distinction between she read a newspaper and she was reading a newspaper French uses the perfect and the imperfect tenses: elle a lu un journal/elle lisait un journal:
    he wrote to his mother
    = il a écrit à sa mère
    he was writing to his mother
    = il écrivait à sa mère
    However, in order to accentuate the notion of describing an activity which went on over a period of time, the phrase être en train de (= to be in the process of) is often used:
    ‘what was he doing when you arrived?’
    ‘he was cooking the dinner’
    = ‘qu’est-ce qu’il faisait quand tu es arrivé?’ ‘il était en train de préparer le dîner’
    she was just finishing her essay when …
    = elle était juste en train de finir sa dissertation quand …
    The compound past
    Compound past tenses in the progressive form in English are generally translated by the imperfect in French:
    I’ve been looking for you
    = je te cherchais
    For progressive forms + for and since (I’ve been waiting for an hour, I had been waiting for an hour, I’ve been waiting since Monday etc.) see the entries for and since.
    Obligation
    When to be is used as an auxiliary verb with another verb in the infinitive ( to be to do) expressing obligation, a fixed arrangement or destiny, devoir is used:
    she’s to do it at once
    = elle doit le faire tout de suite
    what am I to do?
    = qu’est-ce que je dois faire?
    he was to arrive last Monday
    = il devait arriver lundi dernier
    she was never to see him again
    = elle ne devait plus le revoir.
    In tag questions
    French has no direct equivalent of tag questions like isn’t he? or wasn’t it? There is a general tag question n’est-ce pas? (literally isn’t it so?) which will work in many cases:
    their house is lovely, isn’t it?
    = leur maison est très belle, n’est-ce pas?
    he’s a doctor, isn’t he?
    = il est médecin, n’est-ce pas?
    it was a very good meal, wasn’t it?
    = c’était un très bon repas, n’est-ce pas?
    However, n’est-ce pas can very rarely be used for positive tag questions and some other way will be found to express the extra meaning contained in the tag: par hasard ( by any chance) can be very useful as a translation:
    ‘I can’t find my glasses’ ‘they’re not in the kitchen, are they?’
    = ‘je ne trouve pas mes lunettes’ ‘elles ne sont pas dans la cuisine, par hasard?’
    you haven’t seen Gaby, have you?
    = tu n’as pas vu Gaby, par hasard?
    In cases where an opinion is being sought, si? meaning more or less or is it? or was it? etc. can be useful:
    it’s not broken, is it?
    = ce n’est pas cassé, si?
    he wasn’t serious, was he?
    = il n’était pas sérieux, si?
    In many other cases the tag question is simply not translated at all and the speaker’s intonation will convey the implied question.
    In short answers
    Again, there is no direct equivalent for short answers like yes I am, no he’s not etc. Where the answer yes is given to contradict a negative question or statement, the most useful translation is si:
    ‘you’re not going out tonight’ ‘yes I am’
    = ‘tu ne sors pas ce soir’ ‘si’
    In reply to a standard enquiry the tag will not be translated:
    ‘are you a doctor?’ ‘yes I am’
    = ‘êtes-vous médecin?’ ‘oui’
    ‘was it raining?’ ‘yes it was’
    = ‘est-ce qu’il pleuvait?’ ‘oui’
    Probability
    For expressions of probability and supposition ( if I were you etc.) see the entry be.
    Other functions
    Expressing sensations and feelings
    In expressing physical and mental sensations, the verb used in French is avoir:
    to be cold
    = avoir froid
    to be hot
    = avoir chaud
    I’m cold
    = j’ai froid
    to be thirsty
    = avoir soif
    to be hungry
    = avoir faim
    to be ashamed
    = avoir honte
    my hands are cold
    = j’ai froid aux mains
    If, however, you are in doubt as to which verb to use in such expressions, you should consult the entry for the appropriate adjective.
    Discussing health and how people are
    In expressions of health and polite enquiries about how people are, aller is used:
    how are you?
    = comment allez-vous?
    ( more informally) comment vas-tu?
    are you well?
    = vous allez bien?
    how is your daughter?
    = comment va votre fille?
    my father is better today
    = mon père va mieux aujourd’hui
    Discussing weather and temperature
    In expressions of weather and temperature faire is generally used:
    it’s cold
    = il fait froid
    it’s windy
    = il fait du vent
    If in doubt, consult the appropriate adjective entry.
    Visiting somewhere
    When to be is used in the present perfect tense to mean go, visit etc., French will generally use the verbs venir, aller etc. rather than être:
    I’ve never been to Sweden
    = je ne suis jamais allé en Suède
    have you been to the Louvre?
    = est-ce que tu es déjà allé au Louvre?
    or est-ce que tu as déjà visité le Louvre?
    Paul has been to see us three times
    = Paul est venu nous voir trois fois
    Note too:
    has the postman been?
    = est-ce que le facteur est passé?
    For here is, here are, there is, there are see the entries here and there.
    The translation for an expression or idiom containing the verb to be will be found in the dictionary at the entry for another word in the expression: for to be in danger see danger, for it would be best to … see best etc.
    This dictionary contains usage notes on topics such as the clock, time units, age, weight measurement, days of the week, and shops, trades and professions, many of which include translations of particular uses of to be.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : be

  • 3 be

    be [bi:]
    être ⇒ 1 (a)-(c), 1 (f), 1 (h), 1 (i), 1 (m), 1 (o), 1 (p), 2 aller ⇒ 1 (d) avoir ⇒ 1 (e) mesurer ⇒ 1 (g) coûter ⇒ 1 (j) il y a ⇒ 1 (k) voici, voilà ⇒ 1 (l) faire ⇒ 1 (n), 1 (q) aller, venir ⇒ 1 (o) Dans les question tags ⇒ 2 (j)
    (pres 1st sing am [əm, stressed æm], pres 2nd sing are [ə, stressed ɑ:(r)], pres 3rd sing is [ɪz], pres pl
    are [ə, stressed ɑ:(r)], pt 1st sing was [wəz, stressed wɒz], pt 2nd sing were [wə, stressed wɜ:(r)], pt 3rd sing was [wəz, stressed wɒz], pt pl were [wə, stressed wɜ:(r)], pp been [bi:n], cont being ['bi:ɪŋ])
    ⓘ GRAM À l'oral et dans un style familier à l'écrit, le verbe be peut être contracté: I am devient I'm, he/she/it is deviennent he's/she's/it's et you/we/they are deviennent you're/we're/they're. Les formes négatives is not/are not/was not et were not se contractent respectivement en isn't/aren't/wasn't et weren't.
    (a) (exist, live) être, exister;
    ∎ I think, therefore I am je pense, donc je suis;
    ∎ to be or not to be être ou ne pas être;
    ∎ God is Dieu existe;
    ∎ the greatest scientist that ever was le plus grand savant qui ait jamais existé ou de tous les temps;
    ∎ there are no such things as ghosts les fantômes n'existent pas;
    ∎ she's a genius if ever there was one c'est ou voilà un génie si jamais il en fut;
    ∎ as happy as can be heureux comme un roi;
    ∎ that may be, but… cela se peut, mais…, peut-être, mais…
    (b) (used to identify, describe) être;
    ∎ she is my sister c'est ma sœur;
    ∎ I'm Elaine je suis ou je m'appelle Elaine;
    ∎ she's a doctor/engineer elle est médecin/ingénieur;
    ∎ the glasses were crystal les verres étaient en cristal;
    ∎ he is American il est américain, c'est un Américain;
    ∎ be careful! soyez prudent!;
    ∎ to be frank… pour être franc…, franchement…;
    ∎ being the boy's mother, I have a right to know étant la mère de l'enfant, j'ai le droit de savoir;
    ∎ the situation being what or as it is… la situation étant ce qu'elle est…;
    ∎ the problem is knowing or is to know when to stop le problème, c'est de savoir quand s'arrêter;
    ∎ the rule is: when in doubt, don't do it la règle c'est: dans le doute abstiens-toi;
    ∎ seeing is believing voir, c'est croire;
    ∎ just be yourself soyez vous-même, soyez naturel;
    ∎ you be Batman and I'll be Robin (children playing) on dirait que tu es Batman et moi je suis Robin
    ∎ he was angry/tired il était fâché/fatigué;
    ∎ I am hungry/thirsty/afraid j'ai faim/soif/peur;
    ∎ my feet/hands are frozen j'ai les pieds gelés/mains gelées
    (d) (indicating health) aller, se porter;
    ∎ how are you? comment allez-vous?, comment ça va?;
    ∎ I am fine ça va;
    ∎ he is not well il est malade, il ne va pas bien
    ∎ how old are you? quel âge avez-vous?;
    ∎ I'm twelve (years old) j'ai douze ans;
    ∎ it's different when you're fifty ce n'est pas pareil quand on a cinquante ans;
    ∎ you'll see when you're fifty tu verras quand tu auras cinquante ans
    ∎ the cake was on the table le gâteau était sur la table;
    ∎ the hotel is next to the river l'hôtel se trouve ou est près de la rivière;
    ∎ be there at nine o'clock soyez-y à neuf heures;
    ∎ where was I? où étais-je?; figurative (in book, speech) où en étais-je?
    ∎ the table is one metre long la table fait un mètre de long;
    ∎ how tall is he? combien mesure-t-il?;
    ∎ he is two metres tall il mesure ou fait deux mètres;
    ∎ the school is two kilometres from here l'école est à deux kilomètres d'ici
    (h) (indicating time, date) être;
    ∎ it's five o'clock il est cinq heures;
    ∎ yesterday was Monday hier on était ou c'était lundi;
    ∎ today is Tuesday nous sommes ou c'est mardi aujourd'hui;
    ∎ what date is it today? le combien sommes-nous aujourd'hui?;
    ∎ it's the 16th of December nous sommes ou c'est le 16 décembre
    (i) (happen, occur) être, avoir lieu;
    ∎ the concert is on Saturday night le concert est ou a lieu samedi soir;
    ∎ when is your birthday? quand est ou c'est quand ton anniversaire?;
    ∎ the spring holidays are in March this year les vacances de printemps tombent en mars cette année;
    ∎ how is it that you arrived so quickly? comment se fait-il que vous soyez arrivé si vite?
    ∎ how much is this table? combien coûte ou vaut cette table?;
    ∎ it is expensive ça coûte ou c'est cher;
    ∎ the phone bill is £75 la facture de téléphone est de 75 livres
    (k) (with "there")
    ∎ there is, there are il y a, literary il est;
    ∎ there is or has been no snow il n'y a pas de neige;
    ∎ there are six of them ils sont ou il y en a six;
    ∎ what is there to do? qu'est-ce qu'il y a à faire?;
    ∎ there will be swimming on nagera;
    ∎ there is nothing funny about it il n'y a rien d'amusant là-dedans, ce n'est pas drôle;
    ∎ there's no telling what she'll do il est impossible de prévoir ce qu'elle va faire
    ∎ this is my friend John voici mon ami John;
    ∎ here are the reports you wanted voici les rapports que vous vouliez;
    ∎ there is our car voilà notre voiture;
    ∎ there are the others voilà les autres;
    ∎ here I am me voici;
    ∎ there you are! (I've found you) ah, te voilà!; (take this) tiens, voilà!;
    ∎ now there's an idea! voilà une bonne idée!
    ∎ who is it? - it's us! qui est-ce? - c'est nous!;
    ∎ it was your mother who decided c'est ta mère qui a décidé;
    ∎ formal it is I who am to blame c'est moi le responsable
    ∎ it is cold/hot/grey il fait froid/chaud/gris;
    ∎ it is windy il y a du vent
    (o) (go) aller, être; (come) être, venir;
    ∎ she's been to visit her mother elle a été ou est allée rendre visite à sa mère;
    ∎ I have never been to China je ne suis jamais allé ou je n'ai jamais été en Chine;
    ∎ have you been home since Christmas? est-ce que tu es rentré (chez toi) depuis Noël?;
    ∎ has the plumber been? le plombier est-il (déjà) passé?;
    ∎ wait for us, we'll be there in ten minutes attends-nous, nous serons là dans dix minutes;
    ∎ there's no need to rush, we'll be there in ten minutes inutile de se presser, nous y serons dans dix minutes;
    ∎ he was into/out of the house in a flash il est entré dans/sorti de la maison en coup de vent;
    ∎ I know, I've been there je sais, j'y suis allé; figurative je sais, j'ai connu ça;
    ∎ she is from Egypt elle vient d'Égypte;
    ∎ your brother has been and gone votre frère est venu et reparti;
    ∎ someone had been there in her absence quelqu'un est venu pendant son absence;
    ∎ British familiar he's only been and wrecked the car! il est allé casser la voiture!;
    ∎ British familiar now you've been (and gone) and done it! (caused trouble, broken something) et voilà, c'est réussi!
    (p) (indicating hypothesis, supposition)
    ∎ if I were you si j'étais vous ou à votre place;
    ∎ if we were younger si nous étions plus jeunes;
    ∎ formal were it not for my sister sans ma sœur;
    ∎ formal were it not for their contribution, the school would close sans leur assistance, l'école serait obligée de fermer
    ∎ 1 and 1 are 2 1 et 1 font 2;
    ∎ what is 5 less 3? combien fait 5 moins 3?
    ∎ he is having breakfast il prend ou il est en train de prendre son petit déjeuner;
    ∎ they are always giggling ils sont toujours en train de glousser;
    ∎ where are you going? où allez-vous?;
    ∎ a problem which is getting worse and worse un problème qui s'aggrave;
    ∎ I have just been thinking about you je pensais justement à toi;
    ∎ we've been waiting hours for you ça fait des heures que nous t'attendons;
    ∎ when will she be leaving? quand est-ce qu'elle part ou va-t-elle partir?;
    ∎ what are you going to do about it? qu'est-ce que vous allez ou comptez faire?;
    ∎ why aren't you working? - but I AM working! pourquoi ne travaillez-vous pas? - mais je travaille!
    ∎ she is known as a good negotiator elle est connue pour ses talents de négociatrice;
    ∎ the car was found la voiture a été retrouvée;
    ∎ plans are being made on fait des projets;
    ∎ what is left to do? qu'est-ce qui reste à faire?;
    ∎ smoking is not permitted il est interdit ou défendu de fumer;
    ∎ socks are sold by the pair les chaussettes se vendent par deux;
    ∎ it is said/thought/assumed that... on dit/pense/suppose que...;
    ∎ to be continued (TV programme, serialized story) à suivre;
    ∎ not to be confused with à ne pas confondre avec
    (c) (with infinitive → indicating future event)
    ∎ the next meeting is to take place on Wednesday la prochaine réunion aura lieu mercredi;
    ∎ he's to be the new headmaster c'est lui qui sera le nouveau directeur;
    ∎ she was to become a famous pianist elle allait devenir une pianiste renommée;
    ∎ we were never to see him again nous ne devions jamais le revoir
    (d) (with infinitive → indicating expected event)
    ∎ they were to have been married in June ils devaient se marier en juin
    (e) (with infinitive → indicating obligation)
    ∎ I'm to be home by ten o'clock il faut que je rentre avant dix heures;
    ∎ you are not to speak to strangers il ne faut pas parler aux inconnus
    (f) (with infinitive → expressing opinion)
    ∎ you are to be congratulated on doit vous féliciter;
    ∎ they are to be pitied ils sont à plaindre
    (g) (with infinitive → requesting information)
    ∎ are we then to assume that taxes will decrease? faut-il ou doit-on en conclure que les impôts vont diminuer?;
    ∎ what am I to say to them? qu'est-ce que je vais leur dire?
    (h) (with passive infinitive → indicating possibility)
    ∎ bargains are to be found even in the West End on peut faire de bonnes affaires même dans le West End;
    ∎ she was not to be dissuaded rien ne devait ou il fut impossible de lui faire changer d'avis
    (i) formal (with infinitive → indicating hypothesis)
    ∎ if he were or were he to die s'il venait à mourir, à supposer qu'il meure
    ∎ he's always causing trouble, isn't he? - yes, he is il est toujours en train de créer des problèmes, n'est-ce pas? - oui, toujours;
    ∎ you're back, are you? vous êtes revenu alors?;
    ∎ you're not leaving already, are you? vous ne partez pas déjà, j'espère?
    ∎ is she satisfied? - she is est-elle satisfaite? - oui(, elle l'est);
    ∎ you're angry - no I'm not - oh yes you are! tu es fâché - non - mais si!;
    ∎ it's a touching scene - not for me, it isn't c'est une scène émouvante - je ne trouve pas ou pas pour moi;
    ∎ I was pleased to see him but the children weren't (moi,) j'étais content de le voir mais pas les enfants
    ∎ we're finished nous avons terminé;
    ∎ Religion Christ is risen (le) Christ est ressucité;
    ∎ when I looked again, they were gone quand j'ai regardé de nouveau, ils étaient partis
    ∎ the husband-to-be le futur mari;
    ∎ the father-to-be le futur père
    quoi qu'il en soit

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > be

  • 4 corporate

    corporate ['kɔ:pərət]
    (a) Law (forming a single body) constitué (en corps), formant (un) corps
    (b) (of a specific company) d'une société, de la société; (of companies in general) d'entreprise; (taxation) sur les sociétés;
    ∎ to make one's way up the corporate ladder faire carrière dans l'entreprise;
    ∎ if we are to be regarded as a good corporate citizen si nous voulons être considérés comme une entreprise qui assume ses responsabilités dans la société;
    ∎ he's a good corporate man il est dévoué à l'entreprise;
    ∎ the restaurant is hoping for good corporate business le restaurant espère attirer une nombreuse clientèle d'affaires;
    ∎ Britain's largest corporate donors les entreprises donatrices les plus généreuses de Grande-Bretagne;
    ∎ we have a number of corporate customers certains de nos clients sont des entreprises;
    ∎ corporate customers provide the bulk of our profits la plus grande partie de nos bénéfices provient des entreprises;
    ∎ one of our largest corporate sponsors un de nos plus importants sponsors
    (c) (collective → decision, responsibility) collectif
    ►► corporate advertising publicité f institutionnelle, publicité f d'entreprise;
    corporate assets biens mpl sociaux;
    corporate banking banque f d'entreprise;
    corporate body personne f morale;
    corporate bond obligation f de sociétés;
    corporate budget budget m de l'entreprise;
    Finance corporate buy-out rachat m d'une entreprise par les salariés;
    corporate culture culture f d'entreprise;
    corporate entertainment divertissement m fourni par la société;
    corporate finance finance f d'entreprise;
    corporate hospitality = réceptions, déjeuners, billets de spectacles etc offerts par une entreprise à ses clients;
    corporate identity, corporate image image f de marque;
    ∎ the company cares about its corporate image la société se préoccupe de son image;
    ∎ the company's corporate image l'image f de la société;
    ∎ our corporate image demands that… notre image en tant que société exige que…;
    corporate income revenu m de société;
    corporate income tax impôt m sur les bénéfices des sociétés;
    corporate institution personne f morale;
    corporate law droit m des sociétés ou des entreprises;
    corporate lawyer juriste m spécialisé en droit des sociétés;
    Finance corporate lending crédit m aux entreprises;
    American Commerce corporate licensing marchandisage m;
    corporate literature brochures fpl décrivant une société;
    corporate member (of association) société-membre f;
    corporate name raison f sociale;
    Stock Exchange corporate raider attaquant m;
    corporate sector secteur m des grandes entreprises;
    corporate sponsorship sponsoring m, parrainage m d'entreprises;
    corporate strategy stratégie f de l'entreprise;
    corporate structure structure f de l'entreprise;
    Finance corporate tax impôt m sur les sociétés

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > corporate

См. также в других словарях:

  • assume — [ə so͞om′, əsyo͞om′] vt. assumed, assuming [ME assumen < L assumere, to take up, claim < ad , to + sumere, to take: see CONSUME] 1. to take on or put on (the appearance, form, role, etc. of) 2. to seize; usurp [to assume control] 3. to take …   English World dictionary

  • assume — assumer, n. /euh soohm /, v.t., assumed, assuming. 1. to take for granted or without proof; suppose; postulate; posit: to assume that everyone wants peace. 2. to take upon oneself; undertake: to assume an obligation. 3. to take over the duties or …   Universalium

  • assume — [c]/əˈsjum / (say uh syoohm) verb (assumed, assuming) –verb (t) 1. to take for granted or without proof; suppose as a fact: assume a principle in reasoning. 2. to take upon oneself; undertake: to assume office; to assume an obligation. 3. to take …  

  • assume — as·sume vt as·sumed, as·sum·ing 1: to voluntarily take upon oneself assume a risk 2: to take over (the debts or obligations of another) as one s own assume a mortgage Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law. Merriam Webster …   Law dictionary

  • obligation — n. 1) to assume, take on an obligation 2) to feel an obligation 3) to discharge, fulfill, meet an obligation 4) a legal; moral; social obligation; family obligations 5) a military obligation ( required military service ) 6) an obligation to (an… …   Combinatory dictionary

  • obligation — noun ADJECTIVE ▪ contractual, legal, statutory ▪ ethical, moral, religious, social ▪ debt, financial …   Collocations dictionary

  • assume — verb ADVERB ▪ automatically, naturally ▪ I automatically assumed that you knew about this. ▪ reasonably, safely ▪ I think we can safely assume that this situation will continue …   Collocations dictionary

  • assume — In ordinary parlance, to assume means to undertake; to engage; to promise. In matters of law, to take upon one s self. Springer v De Wolf, 194 Ill 218, 62 NW 542. See assumption of charge on land; assumption of mortgage; assumption of obligation …   Ballentine's law dictionary

  • assume — To pretend. To undertake; engage; promise. To take to or upon one s self. Also taking up, receiving, adopting, taking to oneself, or to put on deceitfully, take appearance of, affect, or outwardly seem. To take on, become bound as another is… …   Black's law dictionary

  • assume — To pretend. To undertake; engage; promise. To take to or upon one s self. Also taking up, receiving, adopting, taking to oneself, or to put on deceitfully, take appearance of, affect, or outwardly seem. To take on, become bound as another is… …   Black's law dictionary

  • Collateralized debt obligation — Financial markets Public market Exchange Securities Bond market Fixed income Corporate bond Government bond Municipal bond …   Wikipedia

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