-
1 an-
2 intensive or superlative prefix carrying the idea of "very" or "most", seen in ancalima "most bright" cf. calima "bright", antara "very high, very lofty" and \#anyára *"very old" or *"oldest" the latter form occurring in the so-called Elaine inscription VT49:40, there with the dative ending -n. Assimilated to am- before p-, as in amparca "k" "very dry", and to al-, ar-, as- before words in l-, r-, s- though Tolkien seems to indicate that before words in l- derived from earlier d, the original quality of the consonant would be preserved so that forms in and- rather than all- would result. See also un-. Letters:279, VT45:5, 36 Regarding the form of the superlative prefix before certain consonants, another, partially discrepant system was also set down in the Etymologies and first published in VT45:36. The prefix was to appear as um- or un- before labialized consonants like p-, qu-, v- the consonant v preserving its ancient pronunciation b- following the prefix, thus producing a word in umb-, as in- technically iñ- before c- and g- the latter presumably referring to words that originally had initial g-, later lost in Quenya but evidently preserved following this prefix, and as an- otherwise. However, this system would contradict the canonical example ancalima, which would have been *incalima if Tolkien had maintained this idea. In a post-LotR source, the basic form of the prefix is given as am- instead see am- \#2. In this late conception, the prefix still appears as an- before most consonants, but as ama- before r, l, and the form an- is used even before s- whether original or from þ, not the assimilated variant as- described above. General principles would suggest that the form am- should also appear before y- so the form \#anyára probably presupposes an- rather than am- as the basic form of the prefix, Tolkien revisiting the earlier concept in the Elaine inscription. PE17:92 3 prefix "re" in antúlien, q.v. LotR-style Quenya shows en- instead. -
2 Utumno
stem *Utumnu-, place-name, the first great stronghold of Melkor in the North SA:tum, TUB. The etymology apparently has something to do with "very deep" or "very hidden"; the phrase "Utumno the Deep-hidden" in MR:67 may include a rough translation of the name. This later source derives the name from a root meaning "cover over, hide", whereas in Etym it was derived from the root TUB having to do with low-lying things. Whether the primitive form is ¤Utubnu as in Etym TUB or ¤Utupnu as in MR:69, the stem-form would be *Utumnu-. -
3 antara
adj. "very high, very lofty", the adjective tára "lofty" with the superlative prefix an- q.v. We might have expected *antára. Also place-name Antaro VT45:5, 36, said to be the "name of a mountain in Valinor south of Taniquetil" VT46:17 -
4 an
1 conj. and prep. "for" Nam, RGEO:66, an cé mo quernëfor if one turned VT49:8, also used adverbially in the formula an + a noun to express one more of the thing concerned: an quetta a word more, PE17:91. The an of the phrase es sorni heruion an! "the Eagles of the Lords are at hand" SD:290 however seems to denote motion towards the speaker: the Eagles are coming. Etym has an, ana "to, towards" NĀsup1/sup. The phrase an i falmalīPE17:127 is not clearly translated but seems to be a paraphrase of the word falmalinnar upon the foaming waves Nam, suggesting that an can be used as a paraphrase of the allative ending and if falmalīis seen as a Book Quenya accusative form because of the long final vowel, this is evidence that an governs the accusative case.In the "Arctic" sentence, an is translated "until". Regarding an as used in Namárië, various sources indicate that it means an moreover, furthermore, to proceed VT49:18-19 or properly further, plus, in addition PE17:69, 90. According to one late source ca. 1966 or later, an is very frequently used after a full stop, when an account or description is confirmed after a pause. So in Galadriels Elvish lament: An sí Tintallë, etc. = For now the Kindler, etc This is translated by me for, side an is as here often in fact used when the additional matter provides an explanation of or reason for what has already been said. Related is the use of an + noun to express one more; here an is presumably accented, something the word would not normally be when used as a conjunction or preposition. -
5 ar-
1 prefix "outside" ARsup2/sup, element meaning "beside" VT42:17, by PE17:169; in the same source the glosses near, by, beside were rejected. Cf. ara. 2, also ari-, prefix for superlative compare arya \#1, 2, hence arcalima brightest, arimelda *dearest PE17:56-57. In the grammar described in the source, this prefix was to express superlative as the highest degree in actual comparison, whereas the alternative prefix an- rather expressed very or exceedingly with a more purely augmentative or adverbial force, but these distinctions do not seem to have been clearly present at all stages of Tolkiens work. See an- \#2, am- \#2. a prefixed form of the stem Ara- "noble" PM:344. In the masc. names Aracáno "high chieftain", mothername amilessë, q.v. of Fingolfin PM:360, cf. 344, Arafinwë "Finarfin" MR:230 -
6 yondo
noun "son" YŌ/YON, VT43:37; cf. yonya and the patronymic ending -ion. Early "Qenya" has yô, yond-, yondo "son" LT2:342. According to LT2:344, these are poetic words, but yondo seems to be the normal word for "son" in LotR-style Quenya. Yón appears in VT44, 17, but Tolkien rewrote the text in question. In LT2:344, yondo is said to mean "male descendant, usually great grandson", but in Tolkien's later Quenya, yondo means "son", and the word is so glossed in LT2:342. Dative yondon in VT43:36 here the "son" in question is Jesus. See also yonya. At one point, Tolkien rejected the word yondo as very unsuitable for the intended meaning?, but no obvious replacement appeared in his writings PE17:43, unless the ephemeral? form anon q.v. is regarded as such. In one source, yondo is also defined as boy PE17:190. -
7 ita
adv. 2 very, extremely PE17:112. Like \#1 above, this element emerged as part of Tolkiens efforts to explain the initial element of the name Idril Q Itaril, so it is questionable if \#1 and \#2 were ever meant to coexist in the same version of Quenya. 3 pron that which VT49:12, emended from tai \#1, q.v. The form ita is compounded from the relative pronoun i + the pronoun ta that, it. -
8 ú-
2 prefix "not-, un-, in-", denying presence or possession of thing or quality VT39:14, UGU/UMU/VT46:20, GŪ, LT1:272, or simply suggesting something bad or immoral see \#úcar-, Úmaiar. Tolkien at one point considered redefining ú- as an element signifying "bad, uneasy, hard"; the already-published form únótima would then mean "difficult/impossible to count" rather than simply "uncountable" VT42:33. However, Tolkien's very last word on the matter seems to be that ú- was to remain a mere negative VT44:4. Compare úa, q.v. According to the Etymologies, the prefix ú- usually has a "bad sense", whereas according to early material u- uv-, um-, un- is a "mere negation" UGU/UMU vs. VT42:32 According to a later source, ú- could be used as an uninflected verbal prefix, mainly in verse, but in a normal style the prefix was verbalized as ua-, q.v. PE17:144. The stem Ū, as a negation, was accompanied by pursed lips and shaking of the head PE17:145. -
9 Martan
2, also Martano, noun "Earth-smith", "Earthbuilder", a surname of Aule TAN, GAWA/GOWO the form Martanō given under MBAR must be understood as a primitive form. LT1:266 refers to a very late note where a variant Quenya form Martamo is derived from ¤mbartanōworld-artificer; the stated primitive form as well as the Sindarin cognate Barthan would suggest that the Quenya form should be Martano; on the other hand, tamo q.v. does occur as a variant of tano smith. -
10 rauco
"k" noun "a powerful, hostile, and terrible creature", "very terrible creature", especially in the compound Valarauco noun "Demon of Might" WJ:415, VT39:10, cf. SA:raukor. In the Etymologies, stem RUK, the gloss is "demon". Longer variant arauco. The plural form Valaraucar "Balrogs" seems to contain the variant rauca. -
11 enquë
"q" cardinal "six" ÉNEK, VT48:4, 6, 9, VT49:57; enquëa ordinal "sixth" VT42:25; see also enquië. According to VT48:8, the word for "six" may have been encë "k" in very early Quenya the form is asterisked by Tolkien, but this was altered to enquë under the influence of yunquë "twelve" perceived as meaning "2 times 6", *yú-enquë, with the prefix yú- "twi-". -
12 íta
noun "a flash" PM:363 adv. 2 very, extremely PE17:112. Like \#1 above, this element emerged as part of Tolkiens efforts to explain the initial element of the name Idril Q Itaril, so it is questionable if \#1 and \#2 were ever meant to coexist in the same version of Quenya. -
13 arato
noun a noble PE17:147, in PE17:118 given as aratōand there glossed lord often = king. Cf. aráto. The form cited in the latter source, aratō with a long final vowel, is evidently very archaic compare Enderō under Ender; later the vowel would become short. PE17:118 -
14 farma
noun ?"carpet" reading of gloss very uncertain; another gloss occurring in the manuscript cannot be certainly interpreted, though the editors suggest "string" or "stray" VT46:15 -
15 ceuran-
"k" noun "new moon" compare Rána "moon". The word is cited with a final hyphen, as if some final element is missing, but Rána could very well be reduced to -ran at the end of a compound. VT48:7 -
16 nehtanō
noun one deprived, excile whose rights and goods have been confiscated PE17:167. The long final vowel would be a feature of very archaic Quenya; the later form must be *nehtano. -
17 Vëandur
masc. name PM:191, either *"Vigorous servant" or *"Sea-servant" = mariner; compare ëarendur, etymologically very similar if the Qenya form vëa "sea" was maintained in later Quenya. See vëa \#1 and 2 and compare Vëantur. -
18 sana
1 demonstrative that very thing already referred to PE16:97. Sana wendë that maiden PE16:96 cf. 90 2 noun "day 24 hours" LT1:250; the later word ré is to be preferred to this early "Qenya" form -
19 ingólemo
noun "one with very great knowledge, a 'wizard' ", applied only to great sages of the Eldar in Valinor, like Rúmil PM:360 -
20 yára
adj. "ancient, belonging to or descending from former times" YA; evidently it can also simply mean "old", since Tolkien used the intensive/superlative form \#anyára to describe Elaine Griffiths as his *"oldest" or *"very old" friend in a book dedication see an-.
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