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41 officer
офицер; должностное лицо; сотрудник; укомплектовывать офицерским составом; командоватьAir officer, Administration, Strike Command — Бр. начальник административного управления командования ВВС в Великобритании
Air officer, Engineering, Strike Command — Бр. начальник инженерно-технического управления командования ВВС в Великобритании
Air officer, Maintenance, RAF Support Command — Бр. начальник управления технического обслуживания командования тыла ВВС
Air officer, Training, RAF Support Command — начальник управления подготовки ЛС командования тыла ВВС
assistant G3 plans officer — помощник начальника оперативного отдела [отделения] по планированию
Flag officer, Germany — командующий ВМС ФРГ
Flag officer, Naval Air Command — Бр. командующий авиацией ВМС
Flag officer, Submarines — Бр. командующий подводными силами ВМС
float an officer (through personnel channels) — направлять личное дело офицера (в различные кадровые инстанции);
General officer Commanding, Royal Marines — Бр. командующий МП
General officer Commanding, the Artillery Division — командир артиллерийской дивизии (БРА)
landing zone (aircraft) control officer — офицер по управлению авиацией в районе десантирования (ВДВ)
officer, responsible for the exercise — офицер, ответственный за учение (ВМС)
Principal Medical officer, Strike Command — Бр. начальник медицинской службы командования ВВС в Великобритании
Senior Air Staff officer, Strike Command — Бр. НШ командования ВВС в Великобритании
senior officer, commando assault unit — Бр. командир штурмового отряда «коммандос»
senior officer, naval assault unit — Бр. командир военно-морского штурмового отряда
senior officer, naval build-up unit — Бр. командир военно-морского отряда наращивания сил десанта
senior officer, present — старший из присутствующих начальников
senior officer, Royal Artillery — Бр. старший начальник артиллерии
senior officer, Royal Engineers — Бр. старший начальник инженерных войск
short service term (commissioned) officer — Бр. офицер, призываемый на кратковременную службу; офицер, проходящий службу по краткосрочному контракту
tactical air officer (afloat) — офицер по управлению ТА поддержки (морского) десанта (на корабле управления)
The Dental officer, US Marine Corps — начальник зубоврачебной службы МП США
The Medical officer, US Marine Corps — начальник медицинской службы МП США
— burial supervising officer— company grade officer— education services officer— field services officer— fire prevention officer— general duty officer— information activities officer— logistics readiness officer— regular commissioned officer— security control officer— supply management officer— transportation officer— water supply officer* * * -
42 United States of America
(USA)Portugal and the United States established full and formal diplomatic relations in 1791, and the first commercial treaty between them was signed in 1840. The two very different countries have been linked by geography and by Portuguese immigration to the United States. Both share the status of being Atlantic powers. Significant Portuguese immigration to the eastern seaboard, especially to coastal New England, began in the first half of the 19th century, but the numbers of Lusitanian immigrants reached their peak only after 1910. Although there was relatively little trade between the two countries until after 1880, Portugal's diplomats briefly toyed with the notion of using the United States as a counterweight ally to her oldest ally, Great Britain, especially during the era of bitter territorial and trade disputes between Britain and Portugal over south-central Africa after 1850.It was during the 20th century, however, that Luso-American diplomatic relations assumed a new importance, and again the Atlantic connection played a key role. On two occasions during world wars, in 1917-18 and 1944-45, the United States armed forces used the Azores Islands for air and naval bases. In 1951, Portugal and the United States signed the first major Azores base agreements, at first as part of America's Cold War defense strategy needs. The Azores base question has assumed an essential role in the diplomatic relationship between the two countries.The United States also sponsored Portugal's entry in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). American trade and investment in Portugal increased significantly since the 1940s and, by 1980, the United States had become one of Portugal's main trade partners. By the 1990s, this relationship experienced some changes, as Portugal's membership in the European Union (EU) strengthened the trade positions of EU members such as Britain, Germany, France, and Spain. Luso-American cultural relations, however, including the increasing knowledge of English in Portugal, became closer. Among the factors responsible for this were the presence of a larger American community in Portugal, American investment, the Fulbright exchange program, and American-language schools, whose activity suggested that English taught in British-language schools in Portugal no longer held a clear monopoly.Historical dictionary of Portugal > United States of America
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43 Fokker, Anthony Herman Gerard
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 6 April 1890 Kediri, Java, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia)d. 23 December 1939 New York, USA[br]Dutch designer of German fighter aircraft during the First World War and of many successful airliners during the 1920s and 1930s.[br]Anthony Fokker was born in Java, where his Dutch father had a coffee plantation. The family returned to the Netherlands and, after schooling, young Anthony went to Germany to study aeronautics. With the aid of a friend he built his first aeroplane, the Spin, in 1910: this was a monoplane capable of short hops. By 1911 Fokker had improved the Spin and gained a pilot's licence. In 1912 he set up a company called Fokker Aeroplanbau at Johannistal, outside Berlin, and a series of monoplanes followed.When war broke out in 1914 Fokker offered his designs to both sides, and the Germans accepted them. His E I monoplane of 1915 caused a sensation with its manoeuvrability and forward-firing machine gun. Fokker and his collaborators improved on the French deflector system introduced by Raymond Saulnier by fitting an interrupter gear which synchronized the machine gun to fire between the blades of the rotating propeller. The Fokker Dr I triplane and D VII biplane were also outstanding German fighters of the First World War. Fokker's designs were often the work of an employee who received little credit: nevertheless, Fokker was a gifted pilot and a great organizer. After the war, Fokker moved back to the Netherlands and set up the Fokker Aircraft Works in Amsterdam. In 1922, however, he emigrated to the USA and established the Atlantic Aircraft Corporation in New Jersey. His first significant success there came the following year when one of his T-2 monoplanes became the first aircraft to fly non-stop across the USA, from New York to San Diego. He developed a series of civil aircraft using the well-proven method of construction he used for his fighters: fuselages made from steel tubes and thick, robust wooden wings. Of these, probably the most famous was the F VII/3m, a high-wing monoplane with three engines and capable of carrying about ten passengers. From 1925 the F VII/3m airliner was used worldwide and made many record-breaking flights, such as Lieutenant-Commander Richard Byrd's first flight over the North Pole in 1926 and Charles Kingsford-Smith's first transpacific flight in 1928. By this time Fokker had lost interest in military aircraft and had begun to see flight as a means of speeding up global communications and bringing people together. His last years were spent in realizing this dream, and this was reflected in his concentration on the design and production of passenger aircraft.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Netherlands Aeronautical Society Gold Medal 1932.Bibliography1931, The Flying Dutchman: The Life of Anthony Fokker, London: Routledge \& Sons (an interesting, if rather biased, autobiography).Further ReadingA.R.Weyl, 1965, Fokker: The Creative Years, London; reprinted 1988 (a very detailed account of Fokker's early work).Thijs Postma, 1979, Fokker: Aircraft Builders to the World, Holland; 1980, English edn, London (a well-illustrated history of Fokker and the company).Henri Hegener, 1961, Fokker: The Man and His Aircraft, Letchworth, Herts.JDS / CMBiographical history of technology > Fokker, Anthony Herman Gerard
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44 Krylov, Alexei Nicolaevitch
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 15 August 1863 Visyoger, Siberiad. 26 October 1945 Leningrad (now St Petersburg), Russia[br]Russian academician and naval architect) exponent of a rigorous mathematical approach to the study of ship motions.[br]After schooling in France and Germany, Krylov returned to St Petersburg (as it then was) and in 1878 entered the Naval College. Upon graduating, he started work with the Naval Hydrographic Department; the combination of his genius and breadth of interest became apparent, and from 1888 until 1890 he undertook simultaneously a two-year university course in mathematics and a naval architecture course at his old college. On completion of his formal studies, Krylov commenced fifty years of service to the academic bodies of St Petersburg, including eight years as Superintendent of the Russian Admiralty Ship Model Experiment Tank. For many years he was Professor of Naval Architecture in the city, reorganizing the methods of teaching of his profession in Russia. It was during this period that he laid the foundations of his remarkable research and published the first of his many books destined to become internationally accepted in the fields of waves, rolling, ship motion and vibration. Practical work was not overlooked: he was responsible for the design of many vessels for the Imperial Russian Navy, including the battleships Sevastopol and Petropavlovsk, and went on, as Director of Naval Construction, to test anti-rolling tanks aboard military vessels in the North Atlantic in 1913. Following the Revolution, Krylov was employed by the Soviet Union to re-establish scientific links with other European countries, and on several occasions he acted as Superintendent in the procurement of important technical material from overseas. In 1919 he was appointed Head of the Marine Academy, and from then on participated in many scientific conferences and commissions, mainly in the shipbuilding field, and served on the Editorial Board of the well-respected Russian periodical Sudostroenie (Shipbuilding). The breadth of his personal research was demonstrated by the notable contributions he made to the Russian development of the gyro compass.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember, Russian Academy of Science 1814. Royal Institution of Naval Architects Gold Medal 1898. State Prize of the Soviet Union (first degree). Stalin Premium for work on compass deviation.BibliographyKrylov published more than 500 books, papers and articles; these have been collected and published in twelve volumes by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1942, My Memories (autobiography).AK / FMWBiographical history of technology > Krylov, Alexei Nicolaevitch
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45 Theophilus Presbyter
[br]fl. late eleventh/early twelfth century[br]German author of the most detailed medieval treatise relating to technology.[br]The little that is known of Theophilus is what can be inferred from his great work, De diversis artibus. He was a Benedictine monk and priest living in north-west Germany, probably near an important art centre. He was an educated man, conversant with scholastic philosophy and at the same time a skilled, practising craftsman. Even his identity is obscure: Theophilus is a pseudonym, possibly for Roger of Helmarshausen, for the little that is known of both is in agreement.Evidence in De diversis suggests that it was probably composed during 1110 to 1140. White (see Further Reading) goes on to suggest late 1122 or early 1123, on the grounds that Theophilus only learned of St Bernard of Clairvaulx's diatribe against lavish church ornamentation during the writing of the work, for it is only in the preface to Book 3 that Theophilus seeks to justify his craft. St Bernard's Apologia can be dated late 1122. No other medieval work on art combines the comprehensive range, orderly presentation and attention to detail as does De diversis. It has been described as an encyclopedia of medieval skills and crafts. It also offers the best and often the only description of medieval technology, including the first direct reference to papermaking in the West, the earliest medieval account of bell-founding and the most complete account of organ building. Many metallurgical techniques are described in detail, such as the making of a crucible furnace and bloomery hearth.The treatise is divided into three books, the first on the materials and art of painting, the second on glassmaking, including stained glass, glass vessels and the blown-cylinder method for flat glass, and the final and longest book on metalwork, including working in iron, copper, gold and silver for church use, such as chalices and censers. The main texts are no mere compilations, but reveal the firsthand knowledge that can only be gained by a skilled craftsman. The prefaces to each book present perhaps the only medieval expression of an artist's ideals and how he sees his art in relation to the general scheme of things. For Theophilus, his art is a gift from God and every skill an act of praise and piety. Theophilus is thus an indispensable source for medieval crafts and technology, but there are indications that the work was also well known at the time of its composition and afterwards.[br]BibliographyThe Wolfenbuttel and Vienna manuscripts of De diversis are the earliest, both dating from the first half of the twelfth century, while the British Library copy, in an early thirteenth-century hand, is the most complete. Two incomplete copies from the thirteenth century held at Cambridge and Leipzig offer help in arriving at a definitive edition.There are several references to De diversis in sixteenth-century printed works, such as Cornelius Agrippa (1530) and Josias Simmler (1585). The earliest printed edition ofDe diversis was prepared by G.H.Lessing in 1781 with the title, much used since, Diversarium artium schedula.There are two good recent editions: Theophilus: De diversis artibus. The Various Arts, 1964, trans. with introd. by C.R.Dodwell, London: Thomas Nelson, and On Diverse Arts. The Treatise of Theophilus, 1963, trans. with introd. and notes by J.G.Harthorne and C.S.Smith, Chicago University Press.Further ReadingLynn White, 1962, "Theophilus redivivus", Technology and Culture 5:224–33 (a comparative review of Theophilus (op. cit.) and On Diverse Arts (op. cit.)).LRD -
46 Waterkant
f; -, kein Pl.; hum. coast* * *Wa|ter|kant ['vaːtɐkant]f -, no plcoast (esp North Sea coast of Germany)* * *Wa·ter·kant<->[ˈva:tɐkant]▪ die \Waterkant the North German coast* * * -
47 Suebia
Suēvi or Suēbi (in inscrr. always; but most MSS. have Suevi), ōrum, m., the Suevi, a powerful people in the north-eastern part of Germany, Caes. B. G. 4, 1; Tac. G. 38; Luc. 2, 51.—Hence,A.Suēvus or Suēbus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Suevi, Suevan:B. C.natio,
Caes. B. G. 1, 53:crinis,
worn in the manner of the Suevi, Sil. 5, 134. — Subst.: Suēvus, i, m., one of the Suevi ( poet.), Claud. Cons. Hon. 4, 655.— -
48 Suebicus
Suēvi or Suēbi (in inscrr. always; but most MSS. have Suevi), ōrum, m., the Suevi, a powerful people in the north-eastern part of Germany, Caes. B. G. 4, 1; Tac. G. 38; Luc. 2, 51.—Hence,A.Suēvus or Suēbus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Suevi, Suevan:B. C.natio,
Caes. B. G. 1, 53:crinis,
worn in the manner of the Suevi, Sil. 5, 134. — Subst.: Suēvus, i, m., one of the Suevi ( poet.), Claud. Cons. Hon. 4, 655.— -
49 Suebus
Suēvi or Suēbi (in inscrr. always; but most MSS. have Suevi), ōrum, m., the Suevi, a powerful people in the north-eastern part of Germany, Caes. B. G. 4, 1; Tac. G. 38; Luc. 2, 51.—Hence,A.Suēvus or Suēbus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Suevi, Suevan:B. C.natio,
Caes. B. G. 1, 53:crinis,
worn in the manner of the Suevi, Sil. 5, 134. — Subst.: Suēvus, i, m., one of the Suevi ( poet.), Claud. Cons. Hon. 4, 655.— -
50 Suevi
Suēvi or Suēbi (in inscrr. always; but most MSS. have Suevi), ōrum, m., the Suevi, a powerful people in the north-eastern part of Germany, Caes. B. G. 4, 1; Tac. G. 38; Luc. 2, 51.—Hence,A.Suēvus or Suēbus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Suevi, Suevan:B. C.natio,
Caes. B. G. 1, 53:crinis,
worn in the manner of the Suevi, Sil. 5, 134. — Subst.: Suēvus, i, m., one of the Suevi ( poet.), Claud. Cons. Hon. 4, 655.— -
51 Suevia
Suēvi or Suēbi (in inscrr. always; but most MSS. have Suevi), ōrum, m., the Suevi, a powerful people in the north-eastern part of Germany, Caes. B. G. 4, 1; Tac. G. 38; Luc. 2, 51.—Hence,A.Suēvus or Suēbus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Suevi, Suevan:B. C.natio,
Caes. B. G. 1, 53:crinis,
worn in the manner of the Suevi, Sil. 5, 134. — Subst.: Suēvus, i, m., one of the Suevi ( poet.), Claud. Cons. Hon. 4, 655.— -
52 Suevicus
Suēvi or Suēbi (in inscrr. always; but most MSS. have Suevi), ōrum, m., the Suevi, a powerful people in the north-eastern part of Germany, Caes. B. G. 4, 1; Tac. G. 38; Luc. 2, 51.—Hence,A.Suēvus or Suēbus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Suevi, Suevan:B. C.natio,
Caes. B. G. 1, 53:crinis,
worn in the manner of the Suevi, Sil. 5, 134. — Subst.: Suēvus, i, m., one of the Suevi ( poet.), Claud. Cons. Hon. 4, 655.— -
53 Suevus
Suēvi or Suēbi (in inscrr. always; but most MSS. have Suevi), ōrum, m., the Suevi, a powerful people in the north-eastern part of Germany, Caes. B. G. 4, 1; Tac. G. 38; Luc. 2, 51.—Hence,A.Suēvus or Suēbus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Suevi, Suevan:B. C.natio,
Caes. B. G. 1, 53:crinis,
worn in the manner of the Suevi, Sil. 5, 134. — Subst.: Suēvus, i, m., one of the Suevi ( poet.), Claud. Cons. Hon. 4, 655.— -
54 Hercynia
Hercynĭa silva, = Herkunios drumos, the Hercynian Forest, in ancient Germany, sixty days' journey in length and nine in width, extending from the Schwarzwald, or Black Forest, on the north-east, to the Harz, Caes. B. G. 6, 24 sq.; Mel. 3, 3, 3; Tac. G. 28.—Called also:Hercynius saltus,
Plin. 4, 12, 25, § 80; 10, 47, 67, § 132; Tac. G. 30; Liv. 5, 34, 4; and:Hercynium jugum,
Plin. 4, 14, 28, § 100.—Also absol.: Hercynia, ae, f., Tac. A. 2, 45 fin. -
55 Hercynia silva
Hercynĭa silva, = Herkunios drumos, the Hercynian Forest, in ancient Germany, sixty days' journey in length and nine in width, extending from the Schwarzwald, or Black Forest, on the north-east, to the Harz, Caes. B. G. 6, 24 sq.; Mel. 3, 3, 3; Tac. G. 28.—Called also:Hercynius saltus,
Plin. 4, 12, 25, § 80; 10, 47, 67, § 132; Tac. G. 30; Liv. 5, 34, 4; and:Hercynium jugum,
Plin. 4, 14, 28, § 100.—Also absol.: Hercynia, ae, f., Tac. A. 2, 45 fin. -
56 Западная Европа
Западная Европа
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
Western Europe
A geographic region of the European continent surrounded by the North Sea, Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, including Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and other member countries of the Western European Union. (Source: CIA)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Западная Европа
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57 Europe de l'Ouest
Западная Европа
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
Western Europe
A geographic region of the European continent surrounded by the North Sea, Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, including Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and other member countries of the Western European Union. (Source: CIA)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Europe de l'Ouest
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58 Westeuropa
Западная Европа
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
Western Europe
A geographic region of the European continent surrounded by the North Sea, Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, including Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and other member countries of the Western European Union. (Source: CIA)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Westeuropa
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59 Западная Европа
Западная Европа
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
Western Europe
A geographic region of the European continent surrounded by the North Sea, Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, including Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and other member countries of the Western European Union. (Source: CIA)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Западная Европа
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60 Западная Европа
Западная Европа
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
Western Europe
A geographic region of the European continent surrounded by the North Sea, Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, including Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and other member countries of the Western European Union. (Source: CIA)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Западная Европа
См. также в других словарях:
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