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1 Certificate of the Royal College of Surgeons
Abbreviation: CRCSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Certificate of the Royal College of Surgeons
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2 Fellow of the American College of Surgeons
Abbreviation: FACSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Fellow of the American College of Surgeons
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3 Fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons
Abbreviation: FCPSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons
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4 Fellow of the International College of Surgeons
Abbreviation: FICSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Fellow of the International College of Surgeons
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5 Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons
Abbreviation: FRCSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons
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6 Licentiate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons
Abbreviation: LCPSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Licentiate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons
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7 Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons
Abbreviation: LRCSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons
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8 Associate of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons
Abbreviation: A.R.C.V.S.Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Associate of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons
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9 Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Abbreviation: FRSPSC (член Королевской коллегии врачей и хирургов Канады)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
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10 Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons
Abbreviation: FRCVSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons
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11 Lind, James
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 1716 Edinburgh, Scotlandd. 13 July 1794 Gosport, England[br]Scottish physician and naval surgeon whose studies and investigations led to significant improvements in the living conditions on board ships; the author of the first treatise on the nature and prevention of scurvy.[br]Lind was registered in 1731 as an apprentice at the College of Surgeons in Edinburgh. By 1739 he was serving as a naval surgeon in the Mediterranean and during the ensuing decade he experienced conditions at sea off Guinea, the West Indies and in home waters. He returned to Edinburgh, taking his MD in 1748, and in 1750 was elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians of Edinburgh, becoming the Treasurer in 1757. In 1758 he was appointed Physician to the Naval Hospital at Haslar, Gosport, near Portsmouth, a post which he retained until his death.He had been particularly struck by the devastating consequences of scurvy during Anson's circumnavigation of the globe in 1740. At least 75 per cent of the crews had been affected (though it should be borne in mind that a considerable number of them were pensioners and invalids when posted aboard). Coupled with his own experiences, this led to the publication of A Treatise on the Scurvy, in 1754. Demonstrating that this condition accounted for many more deaths than from all the engagements with the French and Spanish in the current wars, he made it clear that by appropriate measures of diet and hygiene the disease could be entirely eliminated.Further editions of the treatise were published in 1757 and 1775, and the immense importance of his observations was immediately recognized. None the less, it was not until 1795 that an Admiralty order was issued on the supply of lime juice to ships. The efficacy of lime juice had been known for centuries, but it was Lind's observations that led to action, however tardy; that for economic reasons the relatively ineffective West Indian lime juice was supplied was in no way his responsibility. It is of interest that there is no evidence that Captain James Cook (1728–79) had any knowledge of Lind's work when arranging his own anti-scorbutic precautions in preparation for his historic first voyage.Lind's other work included observations on typhus, the proper ventilation of ships at sea, and the distilation of fresh from salt water.[br]Bibliography1754, A Treatise on the Scurvy, Edinburgh.1757, An Essay on the most effectual means of Preserving the Health of Seamen in the Royal Navy, Edinburgh.1767, An Essay on Diseases incidental to Europeans in Hot Climates, Edinburgh.Further ReadingL.Roddis, 1951, James Lind—Founder of Nautical Medicine. Records of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Records of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.MG -
12 Hutchinson, Sir Jonathan
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 23 July 1828 Selby, Yorkshire, Englandd. 26 June 1913 Haslemere, Surrey, England[br]English physician and surgeon, ophthalmologist, syphilologist, neuropathologist and inventor of the spirometer for the measurement of lung volumes.[br]Born of Quaker stock, he was educated at home and apprenticed in 1845 to Caleb Williams, apothecary and surgeon of York. It was during this period that he developed and described his spirometer, which he had used in testing 121 sailors, 24 pugilists and wrestlers and 4 giants and dwarfs.In 1850 he left York to complete his medical training at St Bartholomew's Hospital. By 1859 he was on the staff of the London Hospital as well as the many other specialist hospitals, including the Royal London Ophthalmic, the Blackfriars Hospital for Skin Diseases and the Royal Lock, the multiplicity of which reflected the very wide variety of his interests and expertise.By 1863, having obtained the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons, he had been appointed full Surgeon to London Hospital and was also responsible for medical ophthalmology. In 1883 he was appointed Emeritus Professor, and for many years after was deeply involved in a wide variety of medical interests. A vivid and memorable teacher, his name has been given to a large number of conditions, particularly in the fields of syphilis and ophthalmology. His special gift was an acuity of observation coupled with the accumulation and collation of clinical facts.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1908. FRS 1882. Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Surgeons 1879–83; Hunterian Orator 1891.Bibliography1846, "On the capacity of the lungs", Med-Chi. Transactions, London (describes his spirometer).1878–84, Illustrations of Clinical Surgery, London.Further ReadingObituary, 1913, Lancet (June).Obituary, 1913, British Medical Journal (June).Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons, London: Royal College of Surgeons of England.MGBiographical history of technology > Hutchinson, Sir Jonathan
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13 Charnley, John
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 29 August 1911 Bury, Lancashire, Englandd. 5 August 1982 Lancashire, England[br]English orthopedic surgeon, pioneer of ultra-clean-air operating-theatre environments and of total hip-joint replacement.[br]During his medical training at Manchester he qualified for the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons and obtained his FRCS in 1936, within a year of becoming medically qualified. Following military service as an orthopaedic specialist, he was appointed a consultant at the Manchester Royal Infirmary in 1947.Charnley investigated the problems of joint lubrication using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and a series of 300 initially successful cases laid the foundation for further developments, involving total hip-joint replacement, when in 1962 high-density polythene became available as a suitable inert material. The need for a totally sterile operating environment in which to carry out such procedures led him to develop ultra-clean-air operating-theatre modules which proved to have wide application in relation to other surgical disciplines and to the problems of hospital building. To further these principles he resigned from the Royal Infirmary and was the guiding spirit in the establishment of the centre for hip surgery at Wrightington Hospital in Lancashire, which gained wide international recognition.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1977. FRS 1964. Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons. British Medical Association Gold Medal 1978.Bibliography1961, "Arthroplasty of the hip", Lancet.1974, Wound Infection after Hip Replacement Performed in a Clean-Air Operating Room, Wrightington.1970, Acrylic Cement in Orthopaedic Surgery, Baltimore.MG -
14 FRCS
f. & m.FRCS, fellow of Royal College of Surgeons, fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons. -
15 MRCS
f. & m.MRCS, member of Royal College of Surgeons, member of the Royal College of Surgeons. -
16 Lister, Joseph, Baron Lister
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 5 April 1827 Upton, Essex, Englandd. 10 February 1912 Walmer, Kent, England[br]English surgeon, founder of the antiseptic and aseptic principles of surgical practice.[br]Of Quaker stock, his father also being a Fellow of the Royal Society, he studied medicine at University College, London. He qualified, and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1852. Wishing to pursue a surgical career, he moved to Edinburgh to study surgery under William Syme, whose daughter he married in 1852, the same year he was appointed Assistant Surgeon to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.Until his appointment as Regius Professor of Surgery at Glasgow University and Glasgow Royal Infirmary in 1861, he was engaged in a wide variety of investigations into the nature of inflammation and the effects of irritants on wounds. Following his move to Glasgow, he became particularly involved in the major problems arising out of the vast increase in the number of surgical procedures brought about by the recent introduction of general anaesthesia. By 1865 his continuing study of wound inflammation and the microbial studies of Pasteur had led him to institute in the operating theatre a regime of surgical antisepsis involving the use of a carbolic acid spray coupled with the sterilization of instruments, the site of operation and the hands of the operator. Increasingly it was appreciated that the air was the least important origin of infection, and by 1887 the antiseptic approach had been superseded by the aseptic.In 1869 he succeeded Syme in the Chair at Edinburgh and his methods were widely accepted abroad. In 1877 he moved to the Chair of Surgery at King's College Hospital, London, in the hope of encouraging acceptance of his work in the metropolis. As well as developing a variety of new surgical procedures, he was engaged for many years in the development of surgical ligatures, which had always been a potent stimulant of infection. His choice of catgut as a sterilizable, absorbable material paved the way for major developments in this field. The Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine was named in his honour in 1903.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated Baronet 1883. Baron 1897. Order of Merit 1902. President, Royal Society 1895– 1900.Bibliography1870, "On the effects of the antiseptic system of treatment upon the salubrity of a surgical hospital", Lancet.1859, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.1863, Croonian Lecture.1881, 1900, Transactions of the International Medical Congress.Further ReadingR.J.Godlee, 1924, Lord Lister.1927, Lister Centenary Handbook, London: Wellcome Historical Medical Museum. H.C.Cameron, 1948, Joseph Lister, the Friend of Man.MGBiographical history of technology > Lister, Joseph, Baron Lister
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17 Donald, Ian
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 27 December 1910 Paisley, Scotlandd. 19 June 1987 Paglesham, Essex, England[br]Scottish obstetrician and gynaecologist, pioneer of the diagnostic use of ultrasound in medicine.[br]After he received his initial education in Scotland, Donald's family moved to South Africa, where he obtained a BA degree in Cape Town in 1930. After the death of his parents he returned to England, graduating in medicine in 1937. He served in the RAF from 1942 to 1946 and was awarded the MBE for bravery in rescuing air-crews. In 1954, following a fruitful period as Reader and Lecturer at St Thomas's Hospital and the Hammersmith Hospital, he was appointed Regius Professor of Midwifery in Glasgow. It was while at St Thomas's and Hammersmith that he evolved a demand-response respirator for infants. With the assistance of Tom Brown, an engineer, and the company Kelvin Hughes—which had earlier produced ultrasound equipment for detecting flaws in metal castings—he was able to originate, develop and improve the diagnostic use of ultra-sound in obstetrics and gynaecology. The use of this technique rapidly spread into other disciplines. Donald was fortunate in that the procedure proved to have no untoward influence on pregnancy; at the time, little was known of possible side effects.He was the proponent of other advances in the speciality, including laparoscopy, breast-feeding and the preservation of the membranes during labour. An ardent anti-abortionist, his authoritarian Scottish approach made Glasgow a world centre, with himself as a renowned and loved teacher. Despite undergoing three major cardiac interventions, his longevity did not surprise those who knew of his immense vitality.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCBE 1973. Honorary DSc, London and Glasgow Universities. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Eardley Holland Gold Medal. Royal College of Surgeons Victor Bonney Prize. Royal Society of Medicine Blair Bell Gold Medal.Bibliography1958, "Investigation of abdominal masses by pulsed ultrasound", Lancet (with Brown and MacVicar).Numerous other papers in learned journals.Further ReadingObituary, 1987, Lancet (18 July).MG -
18 Cruickshank, William
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]d. 1810/11 Scotland[br]Scottish chemist and surgeon, inventor of a trough battery developed from Volta's pile.[br]Cruickshank graduated MA from King's College, Aberdeen, in 1765, and later gained a Diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons. When chemistry was introduced in 1788 into the course at the Royal Military Academy in Woolwich, Cruickshank became a member of staff, serving as Assistant to Dr A.Crawford, the Lecturer in Chemistry. Upon Crawford's death in 1796 Cruickshank succeeded him as Lecturer and held the post until his retirement due to ill health in 1804. He also held the senior posts of Chemist to the Ordnance at Woolwich and Surgeon to the Ordnance Medical Department. He should not be confused with William Cumberland Cruickshank (1745–1800), who was also a surgeon and Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1801, shortly after Volta's announcement of his pile, Cruickshank built a voltaic pile to facilitate his experiments in electrochemistry. The pile had zinc and silver plates about 1½ in2 (10 cm2) with interposed papers moistened with ammonium chloride. Dissatisfied with this arrangement, Cruickshank devised a horizontal trough battery in which a wooden box was divided into cells, each holding a pair of zinc and silver or zinc and copper plates. Charged with a dilute solution of ammonium chloride, the battery, which was typically of sixty cells, was found to be more convenient to use than a pile and it, or a derivative, was generally adopted for electrochemical experiments including tose of Humphrey Davy during the early years of the nineteenth century.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1802.Bibliography1801, article in Nicholsons Journal 4:187–91 (describes Cruickshank's original pile). 1801, article in Nicholsons Journal 4:245–64 (describes his trough battery).Further ReadingB.Bowers, 1982, A History of Electric Light and Power, London (a short account). A.Courts, 1959, "William Cruickshank", Annals of Science 15:121–33 GW -
19 Thomas, Hugh Owen
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 1833 Anglesey, North Walesd. 6 January 1891 Liverpool, England[br]Welsh orthopaedic surgeon, a founder of modern orthopaedics and inventor of Thomas's splints.[br]Eldest son of a bone-setter, he studied at University College London, Edinburgh and Paris and became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1857. Three years later he commenced practice in Liverpool, but he was never appointed to the staff of a hospital. Over the next twenty years he not only developed his own approach to orthopaedic practice, but also promoted a number of advances in other aspects of medicine such as epilepsy.Of a mechanical (as well as musical) bent of mind, he had his own workshop and over some twenty years developed his pattern of splints for fractures. In 1877 Rushton Parker, later Professor of Surgery at Liverpool, expressed his admiration of the splints. This led to the publication of their details and shortly after to their wide acceptance.Thomas's nephew Robert Jones was collaborating with him on a book on orthopaedics at the time of his death and went on to continue the tradition of what has been called the Liverpool School of orthopaedics.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary MD University of St Louis c. 1880.Bibliography1875, Diseases of the Hip, Knee and Ankle-joints.Further ReadingA.W.Beasley, 1982, The origins of orthopaedies', Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 75.MG -
20 Halsted, William Stewart
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 23 September 1852 Baltimore, Maryland, USAd. 7 September 1922 Baltimore, Maryland, USA[br]American surgeon, originator of the surgical use of rubber gloves and silk ligatures.[br]After education at Yale University, he studied at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, qualifying in 1877. Following internships in New York, he spent two postgraduate years in Germany and Austria, where he became acquainted with the German methods of surgical education. He returned to New York in 1880 to practise privately and also demonstrate anatomy at the College.In 1884, when experimenting with cocaine as an anaesthetic, he became addicted; he underwent treatment for his addiction in 1886–7 and there is also some evidence of treatment for morphine addiction in 1892. As a consequence of these problems he moved to Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, where he was appointed Surgeon-in-Chief in 1890 and Professor of Surgery in 1892. In this role he devoted considerable time to laboratory study and made important contributions in the treatment of breast carcinoma, thyroid disease and aneurism. A perfectionist, his technical advances were an outcome of his approach to surgery, which was methodical and painstaking in comparison with the cavalier methods of some contemporaries.[br]Bibliography1894, Johns Hopkins Hospital Reports, Baltimore (rubber gloves).1924, Surgical Papers by William Stewart Halsted, ed. W.C.Berket, Baltimore.Further ReadingW.G.McCallum, 1930, William Stewart Halsted, Surgeon, Baltimore.MGBiographical history of technology > Halsted, William Stewart
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