-
121 Pierce, John Robinson
[br]b. 27 March 1910 Des Moines, Iowa, USA[br]American scientist and communications engineer said to be the "father" of communication satellites.[br]From his high-school days, Pierce showed an interest in science and in science fiction, writing under the pseudonym of J.J.Coupling. After gaining Bachelor's, Master's and PhD degrees at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) in Pasadena in 1933, 1934 and 1936, respectively, Pierce joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York City in 1936. There he worked on improvements to the travelling-wave tube, in which the passage of a beam of electrons through a helical transmission line at around 7 per cent of the speed of light was made to provide amplification at 860 MHz. He also devised a new form of electrostatically focused electron-multiplier which formed the basis of a sensitive detector of radiation. However, his main contribution to electronics at this time was the invention of the Pierce electron gun—a method of producing a high-density electron beam. In the Second World War he worked with McNally and Shepherd on the development of a low-voltage reflex klystron oscillator that was applied to military radar equipment.In 1952 he became Director of Electronic Research at the Bell Laboratories' establishment, Murray Hill, New Jersey. Within two years he had begun work on the possibility of round-the-world relay of signals by means of communication satellites, an idea anticipated in his early science-fiction writings (and by Arthur C. Clarke in 1945), and in 1955 he published a paper in which he examined various possibilities for communications satellites, including passive and active satellites in synchronous and non-synchronous orbits. In 1960 he used the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 30 m (98 1/2 ft) diameter, aluminium-coated Echo 1 balloon satellite to reflect telephone signals back to earth. The success of this led to the launching in 1962 of the first active relay satellite (Telstar), which weighed 170 lb (77 kg) and contained solar-powered rechargeable batteries, 1,000 transistors and a travelling-wave tube capable of amplifying the signal 10,000 times. With a maximum orbital height of 3,500 miles (5,600 km), this enabled a variety of signals, including full bandwidth television, to be relayed from the USA to large receiving dishes in Europe.From 1971 until his "retirement" in 1979, Pierce was Professor of Electrical Engineering at CalTech, after which he became Chief Technologist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratories, also in Pasadena, and Emeritus Professor of Engineering at Stanford University.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Award 1947; Edison Medal 1963; Medal of Honour 1975. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Award 1960. National Medal of Science 1963. Danish Academy of Science Valdemar Poulsen Medal 1963. Marconi Award 1974. National Academy of Engineering Founders Award 1977. Japan Prize 1985. Arthur C.Clarke Award 1987. Honorary DEng Newark College of Engineering 1961. Honorary DSc Northwest University 1961, Yale 1963, Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute 1963. Editor, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 1954–5.Bibliography23 October 1956, US patent no. 2,768,328 (his development of the travelling-wave tube, filed on 5 November 1946).1947, with L.M.Field, "Travelling wave tubes", Proceedings of the Institute of RadioEngineers 35:108 (describes the pioneering improvements to the travelling-wave tube). 1947, "Theory of the beam-type travelling wave tube", Proceedings of the Institution ofRadio Engineers 35:111. 1950, Travelling Wave Tubes.1956, Electronic Waves and Messages. 1962, Symbols, Signals and Noise.1981, An Introduction to Information Theory: Symbols, Signals and Noise: Dover Publications.1990, with M.A.Knoll, Signals: Revolution in Electronic Communication: W.H.Freeman.KF -
122 Beatty Biblical Papyrus (One that contains 30 leaves of an early- or mid- 3rd-century codex of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, and Acts)
Религия: Папирус I из собрания Честера БиттиУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Beatty Biblical Papyrus (One that contains 30 leaves of an early- or mid- 3rd-century codex of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, and Acts)
-
123 Institutes of the Christian Religion (John Calvin's masterpiece, a summary of biblical theology that became the normative statement of the Reformed faith)
Религия: "Наставление в христианской вере"Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Institutes of the Christian Religion (John Calvin's masterpiece, a summary of biblical theology that became the normative statement of the Reformed faith)
-
124 Oneida Community (Utopian religious community that developed out of a Society of Inquiry established by John Humphrey Noyes and some of his disciples in the U.S. in 1841)
Религия: община "Онейда"Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Oneida Community (Utopian religious community that developed out of a Society of Inquiry established by John Humphrey Noyes and some of his disciples in the U.S. in 1841)
-
125 Papyrus Bodmer (One that contains in 146 leaves, some having lacunae, almost all of the Gospel According to John, including chapter 21)
Религия: Папирус II из собрания Мартина БодмераУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Papyrus Bodmer (One that contains in 146 leaves, some having lacunae, almost all of the Gospel According to John, including chapter 21)
-
126 Reformation (The religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century; its greatest leaders were Martin Luther and John Calvin)
Религия: РеформацияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Reformation (The religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century; its greatest leaders were Martin Luther and John Calvin)
-
127 Twenty-five Articles of Religion (Creed that was prepared by John Wesley, founder of Methodism, for the Methodist church in the United States) 25
Религия: принципов веры"Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Twenty-five Articles of Religion (Creed that was prepared by John Wesley, founder of Methodism, for the Methodist church in the United States) 25
-
128 someone rumored it that John is leaving
Общая лексика: кто-то пустил слух, что Джон уходитУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > someone rumored it that John is leaving
См. также в других словарях:
John Mitchel — (Irish: Seán Mistéil; b.November 3, 1815 ndash; d. March 20, 1875) was an Irish nationalist activist, solicitor and political journalist. Born in Camnish, near Dungiven, County Londonderry, Ireland he became a leading Member of both Young Ireland … Wikipedia
John Constantine — Cover to Hellblazer #189 (December 2003). Art by Tim Bradstreet. Publication information Publisher … Wikipedia
John Wycliffe — John Wickliffe redirects here. For the ship, see John Wickliffe (ship). John Wycliffe Full name John Wycliffe Born c. 1328 Ipreswell, England Died 31 December 1384 … Wikipedia
John R. Bolton — 25th United States Ambassador to the United Nations In office August 1, 2005 – December 9, 2006 President George W. Bush Preceded by … Wikipedia
John Edwards extramarital affair — John Edwards, a former United States Senator from North Carolina and Democratic Party presidential candidate, admitted in August 2008 to an extramarital affair, which was initially reported by The National Enquirer , an American supermarket… … Wikipedia
John Bunyan — Born 28 November 1628(1628 11 28) Bedfordshire, England1 Died 31 August 1688(1688 08 31) (aged 59) E … Wikipedia
John Henry (folklore) — John Henry is an American folk hero, who has been the subject of numerous songs, stories, plays, and novels. Like other Big Men such as Paul Bunyan, Pecos Bill, and Iron John, John Henry also served as a mythical representation of a group within… … Wikipedia
John Wesley Harding (album) — John Wesley Harding Studio album by Bob Dylan Released December 27, 1967 … Wikipedia
John Howe (loyalist) — John Howe (October 14, 1754 December 27, 1835) was a loyalist printer during the American Revolution, a printer and Postmaster in Halifax, the father of the famous Joseph Howe, a spy prior to the War of 1812, and eventually a Magistrate of the… … Wikipedia
John Dies at the End — … Wikipedia
John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch — or John the Red , also known simply as the Red Comyn, (died 10 February 1306), was a Scottish nobleman who was Lord of Badenoch. His father, another John Comyn, known as the Black Comyn, was one of the Competitors for the Crown of Scotland,… … Wikipedia