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61 Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson
[br]b. 31 October 1828 Sunderland, Englandd. 27 May 1914 Warlingham, Surrey, England[br]English chemist, inventor in Britain of the incandescent electric lamp and of photographic processes.[br]At the age of 14 Swan was apprenticed to a Sunderland firm of druggists, later joining John Mawson who had opened a pharmacy in Newcastle. While in Sunderland Swan attended lectures at the Athenaeum, at one of which W.E. Staite exhibited electric-arc and incandescent lighting. The impression made on Swan prompted him to conduct experiments that led to his demonstration of a practical working lamp in 1879. As early as 1848 he was experimenting with carbon as a lamp filament, and by 1869 he had mounted a strip of carbon in a vessel exhausted of air as completely as was then possible; however, because of residual air, the filament quickly failed.Discouraged by the cost of current from primary batteries and the difficulty of achieving a good vacuum, Swan began to devote much of his attention to photography. With Mawson's support the pharmacy was expanded to include a photographic business. Swan's interest in making permanent photographic records led him to patent the carbon process in 1864 and he discovered how to make a sensitive dry plate in place of the inconvenient wet collodian process hitherto in use. He followed this success with the invention of bromide paper, the subject of a British patent in 1879.Swan resumed his interest in electric lighting. Sprengel's invention of the mercury pump in 1865 provided Swan with the means of obtaining the high vacuum he needed to produce a satisfactory lamp. Swan adopted a technique which was to become an essential feature in vacuum physics: continuing to heat the filament during the exhaustion process allowed the removal of absorbed gases. The inventions of Gramme, Siemens and Brush provided the source of electrical power at reasonable cost needed to make the incandescent lamp of practical service. Swan exhibited his lamp at a meeting in December 1878 of the Newcastle Chemical Society and again the following year before an audience of 700 at the Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society. Swan's failure to patent his invention immediately was a tactical error as in November 1879 Edison was granted a British patent for his original lamp, which, however, did not go into production. Parchmentized thread was used in Swan's first commercial lamps, a material soon superseded by the regenerated cellulose filament that he developed. The cellulose filament was made by extruding a solution of nitro-cellulose in acetic acid through a die under pressure into a coagulating fluid, and was used until the ultimate obsolescence of the carbon-filament lamp. Regenerated cellulose became the first synthetic fibre, the further development and exploitation of which he left to others, the patent rights for the process being sold to Courtaulds.Swan also devised a modification of Planté's secondary battery in which the active material was compressed into a cellular lead plate. This has remained the central principle of all improvements in secondary cells, greatly increasing the storage capacity for a given weight.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1904. FRS 1894. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1898. First President, Faraday Society 1904. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1904. Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881.Bibliography2 January 1880, British patent no. 18 (incandescent electric lamp).24 May 1881, British patent no. 2,272 (improved plates for the Planté cell).1898, "The rise and progress of the electrochemical industries", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 27:8–33 (Swan's Presidential Address to the Institution of Electrical Engineers).Further ReadingM.E.Swan and K.R.Swan, 1968, Sir Joseph Wilson Swan F.R.S., Newcastle upon Tyne (a detailed account).R.C.Chirnside, 1979, "Sir Joseph Swan and the invention of the electric lamp", IEEElectronics and Power 25:96–100 (a short, authoritative biography).GWBiographical history of technology > Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson
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62 fiber
= fibre* * *волокно; фибра- acetate fiberfiber stressed beyond the proportional limit — волокно, напряжённое свыше предела пропорциональности
- acrylic fiber
- alkali-resistant glass fiber
- artificial fiber
- asbestos fiber
- bottom fiber
- cane fiber
- carbon fiber
- compressed fiber
- corrugated steel fibers
- crimped steel fibers
- extreme fiber
- glass fiber
- high modulus polymer fiber
- man-made fiber
- mineral fiber
- natural fiber
- natural mineral fiber
- neutral fiber
- outer fiber
- outermost fiber
- short chopped fibers
- silica fiber
- sisal fibers
- synthetic fiber
- tensile fiber
- top fiber -
63 fibra
fibra sustantivo femenino fiber( conjugate fiber); fibra de vidrio fiberglass( conjugate fiberglass); fibra óptica optical fiber( conjugate fiber)
fibra sustantivo femenino
1 fibre, US fiber Tex fibra óptica, fibre optics
una prenda de fibra, a synthetic garment
2 (textura espiritual) fibre
fibra sensible, sensitivity: este tipo de películas me tocan enseguida la fibra sensible, this kind of film really gets to me emotionally ' fibra' also found in these entries: Spanish: óptica - óptico - yute - artificial - filamento - hebra - menos - sintético English: carbon fibre - fiber - fiberglass - fibre - fibre-optics - fibreglass - man-made - roughage - steel - synthetic -
64 Dickson, J.T.
[br]b. c.1920 Scotland[br]Scottish co-inventor of the polyester fibre, Terylene.[br]The introduction of one type of artificial fibre encouraged chemists to look for more. J.T.Dickson and J.R. Whinfield discovered one such fibre in 1941 when they derived polyester from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Dickson, a 21-year-old Edinburgh graduate, was working under Whinfield at the Calico Printers' Association research laboratory at Broad Oak Print Works in Accrington. He was put onto fibre research: probably in April, but certainly by 5 July 1941, a murky-looking resin had been synthesized, out of which Dickson successfully drew a filament, which was named "Terylene" by its discoverers. Owing to restrictions imposed in Britain during the Second World War, this fibre was developed initially by the DuPont Company in the USA, where it was marketed under the name "Dacron". When Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) were able to manufacture it in Britain, it acquired the brand name "Terylene" and became very popular. Under the microscope, Terylene appears identical to nylon: longitudinally, it is completely devoid of any structure and the filaments appear as glass rods with a perfectly circular cross-section. The uses of Terylene are similar to those of nylon, but it has two advantages. First, it can be heat-set by exposing the fabric to a temperature about 30°C higher than is likely to be encountered in everyday use, and therefore can be the basis for "easy-care" clothing such as drip-dry shirts. It can be blended with other fibres such as wool, and when pressed at a high temperature the creases are remarkably durable. It is also remarkably resistant to chemicals, which makes it particularly suitable for industrial purposes under conditions where other textile materials would be degraded rapidly. Dickson later worked for ICI.[br]Further ReadingFor accounts of the discovery of Terylene, see: J.R.Whinfield, 1953, Textile Research Journal (May). R.Collins, 1991, "Terylene", Historian 30 (Spring).Accounts of the introduction of svnthetic fibres are covered in: D.S.Lyle, 1982, Modern Textiles, New York.S.R.Cockett, An Introduction to Man-Made Fibres.G.R.Wray, Modern Yarn Production.RLH -
65 Terylene
Synthetic textile fibre produced from a polyester derived essentially from terepthalic acid and ethylene glycol, it is the result of research work initiated by Calico Printers' Association, and carried out in their laboratories by Mr. J. R. Whinfield, assisted by Dr. J. T. Dickson and others. The qualities of polyester, and its potential value for fibre making, were recognised by the C.P.A., and patents covering the inventions were taken out by them. The subsequent research work on the chemical polymer and its conversion into a textile fibre was entrusted to Imperial Chemical Industries, who acquired an exclusive licence covering the whole world outside the U.S.A. From a given sample of the parent polymer it is possible to produce multi-filament yams of widely different characteristics by varying the physical and mechanical operations of the spinning and processing. Thus, for example, it is possible to obtain from the same polymer a yarn of low extensibility, but with outstandingly high strength (8 grams per denier or higher), or one of increased extensibility, but with lower strength. Notable property of " Terylene " is high resistance to light and heat and high initial elastic modulus. -
66 искусственность
жен. (языка, стиля) affectationискусственн|ость - ж. artificiality;
~ый
1. artificial;
тех. тж. synthetic;
~ое орошение artificial irrigation;
~ое питание artificial feeding;
~ые цветы artificial flowers;
~ое волокно synthetic/man-made fibre;
2. (притворный) affected, artificial;
~ая улыбка affected smile;
~ый спутник Земли artificial Earth satellite, sputnik.Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > искусственность
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67 laminate
* * *слоистый материал || изготовлять слоистый материал
- decorative laminate
- fibre glass reinforced laminates
- flat-sheet laminate
- glass-fibre laminates
- honeycomb laminates
- industrial laminate
- paper laminate
- PVC\/RP laminate
- synthetic resin bonded laminate
- void-free laminate
- wood laminate -
68 textile
1. n1) звич. pl текстиль2) тканина (волокно)2. adj1) прядильний, прядивнийtextile plant — прядивна рослина, луб'яна культура
2) текстильний, ткацький* * *I [`tekstail] n1) звичн. pl текстильII [`tekstail] a1) прядильнийtextile plant — прядильна рослина, луб'яна культура
2) текстильний, ткацький -
69 Cross, Charles Frederick
[br]b. 11 December 1855 Brentwood, Middlesex, Englandd. 15 April 1935 Hove, England[br]English chemist who contributed to the development of viscose rayon from cellulose.[br]Cross was educated at the universities of London, Zurich and Manchester. It was at Owens College, Manchester, that Cross first met E.J. Bevan and where these two first worked together on the nature of cellulose. After gaining some industrial experience, Cross joined Bevan to set up a partnership in London as analytical and consulting chemists, specializing in the chemistry and technology of cellulose and lignin. They were at the Jodrell laboratory, Kew Gardens, for a time and then set up their own laboratory at Station Avenue, Kew Gardens. In 1888, the first edition of their joint publication A Textbook of Paper-making, appeared. It went into several editions and became the standard reference and textbook on the subject. The long introductory chapter is a discourse on cellulose.In 1892, Cross, Bevan and Clayton Beadle took out their historic patent on the solution and regeneration of cellulose. The modern artificial-fibre industry stems from this patent. They made their discovery at New Court, Carey Street, London: wood-pulp (or another cheap form of cellulose) was dissolved in a mixture of carbon disulphide and aqueous alkali to produce sodium xanthate. After maturing, it was squirted through fine holes into dilute acid, which set the liquid to give spinnable fibres of "viscose". However, it was many years before the process became a commercial operation, partly because the use of a natural raw material such as wood involved variations in chemical content and each batch might react differently. At first it was thought that viscose might be suitable for incandescent lamp filaments, and C.H.Stearn, a collaborator with Cross, continued to investigate this possibility, but the sheen on the fibres suggested that viscose might be made into artificial silk. The original Viscose Spinning Syndicate was formed in 1894 and a place was rented at Erith in Kent. However, it was not until some skeins of artificial silk (a term to which Cross himself objected) were displayed in Paris that textile manufacturers began to take an interest in it. It was then that Courtaulds decided to investigate this new fibre, although it was not until 1904 that they bought the English patents and developed the first artificial silk that was later called "rayon". Cross was also concerned with the development of viscose films and of cellulose acetate, which became a rival to rayon in the form of "Celanese". He retained his interest in the paper industry and in publishing, in 1895 again collaborating with Bevan and publishing a book on Cellulose and other technical articles. He was a cultured man and a good musician. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1917.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1917.Bibliography1888, with E.J.Bevan, A Text-book of Papermaking. 1892, British patent no. 8,700 (cellulose).Further ReadingObituary Notices of the Royal Society, 1935, London. Obituary, 1935, Journal of the Chemical Society 1,337. Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.Edwin J.Beer, 1962–3, "The birth of viscose rayon", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 35 (an account of the problems of developing viscose rayon; Beer worked under Cross in the Kew laboratories).C.Singer (ed.), 1978, A History of Technology, Vol. VI, Oxford: Clarendon Press.RLHBiographical history of technology > Cross, Charles Frederick
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70 silk
sɪlk
1. сущ.
1) шелк soft as silk ≈ мягкий как шелк to trade in silk ≈ торговать шелком fine silk ≈ тонкий шелк raw silk ≈ шелк-сырец acetate silk ≈ ацетатный шелк natural silk, pure silk, real silk ≈ натуральный шелк artificial silk, fibre silk, synthetic silk ≈ искусственный шелк China silk ≈ крепдешин transparent silk ≈ прозрачный шелк chatoyant silk, shot silk ≈ переливчатый шелк, шанжан plain silk ≈ гладкий шелк glossy silk ≈ блестящий шелк the swish of silk ≈ шуршание шелка silk weaving ≈ шелкоткачество silk culture, silk farming, silk raising ≈ шелководство
2) а) шелковая нить, шелковая пряжа б) мн. шелковые нитки
3) а) мн. женская одежда из шелка б) мн. шелковые чулки в) цилиндр (головной убор) Syn: silk hat г) шелковая мантия королевских адвокатов Syn: a silk gown
4) амер.;
авиац.;
сл. парашют to hit the silk ≈ прыгать с парашютом
5) разг. королевский адвокат to take silk ≈ стать королевским адвокатом dispute between silk and ermine ≈ спор между адвокатом и судьей
6) амер. шелковистые нитевидные пестики початков неспелой кукурузы
2. прил. шелковый silk thread ≈ шелковая нить silk filament ≈ шелковое волокно silk sewing ≈ шелковые нитки silk tiers ≈ шелковые ленты silk stockings ≈ шелковые чулки silk cloth ≈ шелковая ткань silk dresses ≈ шелковые платья - silk hat
3. гл.;
амер.
1) удалять шелковистые нитевидные пестики початков неспелой кукурузы
2) выпускать шелковистые нитевидные пестики (на початках неспелой кукурузы) шелк, шелковая ткань (тж. * goods, * fabrics) - artificial * искусственный шелк - the picture is painted on * картина написана на шелке шелковое волокно;
шелковая нить, пряжа - raw * шелк-сырец - thrown * крученый натуральный шелк шелковый товар, шелка шелка, шелковые одежды - dressed in *s and satins разодетый в шелка;
в пышных одеждах шелковые чулки шелковое платье;
предмет одежды, сшитый из шелка - she wore a black * она была в черном шелковом платье мантия королевского адвоката звание королевского адвоката - to take * стать королевским адвокатом костюм жокея, акробата, борца блеск (некоторых видов сапфира и рубина) (американизм) (сельскохозяйственное) "шелк" (совокупность пестиков в початке кукурузы) (военное) (разговорное) парашют - to hit the * прыгать с парашютом шелковый - * scarf шелковый шарф - * paper папиросная бумага;
шелковая бумага sewing ~ крученые шелковые нитки silk разг. королевский адвокат;
to take silk стать королевским адвокатом ~ шелк ~ pl шелковые нитки ~ шелковый;
silk hat цилиндр;
silk stocking шелковый чулок (ср. тж. silkstocking) ~ шелковый;
silk hat цилиндр;
silk stocking шелковый чулок (ср. тж. silkstocking) ~ шелковый;
silk hat цилиндр;
silk stocking шелковый чулок (ср. тж. silkstocking) silk разг. королевский адвокат;
to take silk стать королевским адвокатом take ~ становиться королевским адвокатом -
71 textile
ˈtekstaɪl
1. прил. текстильный;
ткацкий Syn: weaver's, weaving
2. сущ.;
обыкн. мн. текстиль( ное изделие) ;
ткань обыкн. pl текстиль ткань (волокно) ;
- synthetic *s синтетические ткани прядильный - * fibre прядильное волокно - * plant прядильное растение, лубяная культура текстильный, ткацкий - * industry текстильная промышленность - * mill текстильная фабрика textile (обыкн. pl) текстиль(ное изделие) ;
ткань ~ текстильный;
ткацкий -
72 textile
1. [ʹtekstaıl] n1. обыкн. pl текстиль2. ткань ( волокно)2. [ʹtekstaıl] a1. прядильныйtextile plant - прядильное растение, лубяная культура
2. текстильный, ткацкий -
73 artificial
adjectiveartificial sweetener — Süßstoff, der
artificial limb — Prothese, die
artificial eye — Glasauge, das
she wore an artificial smile for the cameras — für die Fotografen setzte sie ein einstudiertes Lächeln auf
* * *(made by man; not natural; not real: artificial flowers; Did you look at the colour in artificial light or in daylight?) künstlich- academic.ru/115097/artficially">artficially- artificiality
- artificial respiration* * *ar·ti·fi·cial[ˌɑ:tɪˈfɪʃəl, AM ˌɑ:rt̬əˈ-]1. (not natural) künstlich\artificial colour[ing] Farbstoff m\artificial eye künstliches Auge\artificial fertilizer Kunstdünger m\artificial fibre Kunstfaser f\artificial flavour Geschmacksverstärker m\artificial kidney künstliche Niere\artificial leg/teeth Bein-/Zahnprothese f\artificial limb Prothese f\artificial sweetener Süßstoff m\artificial turf Kunstrasen man \artificial smile ein unechtes [o aufgesetztes] Lächeln* * *["AːtI'fISəl]adj1) (= synthetic) künstlichartificial hair/silk — Kunsthaar nt/-seide f
artificial limb — Prothese f, Kunstglied nt
you're so artificial —
if you say it that way it sounds artificial — wenn du es so sagst, klingt das unecht
* * *artificial [ˌɑː(r)tıˈfıʃl] adj (adv artificially)1. Kunst…, künstlich:artificial flower (insemination, kidney, respiration, etc) künstliche Blume (Befruchtung, Niere, Beatmung etc);give sb artificial respiration jemanden künstlich beatmen;artificial anus MED künstlicher Darmausgang;artificial fertilizer Kunstdünger m;artificial gem synthetischer Edelstein;artificial horizon FLUG, ASTRON künstlicher Horizont;artificial intelligence IT künstliche Intelligenz;artificial person juristische Person;artificial selection BIOL künstliche Zuchtwahl;artificial silk Kunstseide f;artificial snow Kunstschnee m;artificial teeth falsche oder künstliche Zähne;2. gekünstelt, unecht, falsch3. unnatürlich, affektiert4. BIOL unorganisch5. BOT gezüchtetart. abk1. article2. artificial3. artillery4. artist* * *adjective1) (not natural) künstlich; Kunst-; (not real) unecht; imitiertartificial sweetener — Süßstoff, der
artificial limb — Prothese, die
artificial eye — Glasauge, das
2) (affected) affektiert; (insincere) gekünsteltshe wore an artificial smile for the cameras — für die Fotografen setzte sie ein einstudiertes Lächeln auf
* * *adj.künstlich adj. -
74 sheet
слой m; лист m; пластина f* * *лист; плёнка; плита□ sheet for lining — футеровочный лист;
□ to sheet out — развальцовывать, листовать
- barrier sheet
- calendered sheet
- checkered sheet
- cigarette-proof sheet
- clear sheet
- core sheet
- corrugated sheet
- cover sheet
- cross laminating sheet
- decorative sheet
- embossed sheet
- extruded sheet
- formable sheet
- laminated sheet
- laminated synthetic resin bonded sheet
- milled sheet
- post forming sheet
- pressed sheet
- rigid sheet
- rigid plastic sheets
- rolled sheet
- roof light sheet
- rough sheet
- sliced sheet
- surface sheet
- thin gauge sheet
- unsupported sheet
- veneer sheet -
75 textile
I [`tekstail] n1) звичн. pl текстильII [`tekstail] a1) прядильнийtextile plant — прядильна рослина, луб'яна культура
2) текстильний, ткацький -
76 silk
[sɪlk] 1. сущ.1) шёлкartificial / fibre / synthetic silk — искусственный шёлк
chatoyant / shot silk — переливчатый шёлк, шанжан
He dressed expensively, wore hand-made shoes and pure silk shirts. — Он носил дорогие вещи: ботинки ручной работы и рубашки из чистого шёлка.
2) шёлковая нить, шёлковая пряжа3) предмет одежды, сделанный из шёлка4) ( silks) костюм жокея5) брит.; разг.Syn:6) амер.; авиа; жарг. парашют7) амер.б) паутина2. прил.silk hat — цилиндр ( головной убор)
••3. гл.; амер.а) с.-х. удалять шелковистые нитевидные пестики початков неспелой кукурузы -
77 artificial silk
artificial/fibre silk/synthetic silk искусственный шёлк -
78 textile
1. n обыкн. текстиль2. n ткань3. a прядильный4. a текстильный, ткацкийСинонимический ряд:cloth (noun) cloth; fabric; material; stuff; weave -
79 N. T. Artificial Wool
N. T. ARTIFICIAL WOOLA synthetic material of French make from waste vegetable fibre. About 1929 and 1930, blankets and cloth were woven from yarns containing from 25 per cent to 50 per cent of this N.T. and the remainder wool.Dictionary of the English textile terms > N. T. Artificial Wool
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80 Bevan, Edward John
[br]b. 11 December 1856 Birkenhead, Englandd. 17 October 1921 London, England[br]English co-inventor of the " viscose rayon " process for making artificial silk.[br]Bevan began his working life as a chemist in a soap works at Runcorn, but later studied chemistry at Owens College, Manchester. It was there that he met and formed a friendship with C.F. Cross, with whom he started to work on cellulose. Bevan moved to a paper mill in Scotland but then went south to London, where he and Cross set up a partnership in 1885 as consulting and analytical chemists. Their work was mainly concerned with the industrial utilization of cellulose, and with the problems of the paper and jute industries. Their joint publication, A Text-book of Paper-making, which first appeared in 1888 and went into several editions, became the standard reference and textbook on the subject. The book has a long introductory chapter on cellulose.In 1892 Cross, Bevan and Clayton Beadle discovered viscose, or sodium cellulose xanthate, and took out the patent which was to be the foundation of the "viscose rayon" industry. They had their own laboratory at Station Avenue, Kew Gardens, where they carried out much work that eventually resulted in viscose: cellulose, usually in the form of wood pulp, was treated first with caustic soda and then with carbon disulphide to form the xanthate, which was then dissolved in a solution of dilute caustic soda to produce a viscous liquid. After being aged, the viscose was extruded through fine holes in a spinneret and coagulated in a dilute acid to regenerate the cellulose as spinnable fibres. At first there was no suggestion of spinning it into fibre, but the hope was to use it for filaments in incandescent electric light bulbs. The sheen on the fibres suggested their possible use in textiles and the term "artificial silk" was later introduced. Cross and Bevan also discovered the acetate "Celanese", which was cellulose triacetate dissolved in acetone and spun in air, but both inventions needed much development before they could be produced commercially.In 1892 Bevan turned from cellulose to food and drugs and left the partnership to become Public Analyst to Middlesex County Council, a post he held until his death, although in 1895 he and Cross published their important work Cellulose. He was prominent in the affairs of the Society of Public Analysts and became one of its officials.[br]Bibliography1888, with C.F.Cross, A Text-book of Papermaking.1892, with C.F.Cross and C.Beadle, British patent no. 8,700 (viscose). 1895, with C.F.Cross, Cellulose.Further ReadingObituary, 1921, Journal of the Chemical Society.Obituary, 1921, Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry.Edwin J.Beer, 1962–3, "The birth of viscose rayon", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 35 (an account of the problems of developing viscose rayon; Beer worked under Cross in the Kew laboratories).RLH
См. также в других словарях:
synthetic fibre, GB — sintetinis pluoštas statusas T sritis chemija apibrėžtis Iš sintetinių polimerų gaminamas pluoštas. atitikmenys: angl. synthetic fiber, US; synthetic fibre, GB rus. синтетическое волокно … Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
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synthetic fiber, US — sintetinis pluoštas statusas T sritis chemija apibrėžtis Iš sintetinių polimerų gaminamas pluoštas. atitikmenys: angl. synthetic fiber, US; synthetic fibre, GB rus. синтетическое волокно … Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
synthetic — ► ADJECTIVE 1) made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product. 2) not genuine. ► NOUN ▪ a synthetic substance, especially a textile fibre. DERIVATIVES synthetically adverb … English terms dictionary
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