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1 stagnation of economy
застой в экономике ; стагнация экономики ;Англо-Русский словарь финансовых терминов > stagnation of economy
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2 stagnation of economy
Дипломатический термин: застой в экономике, стагнация экономики -
3 stagnation of economy
Англо-русский дипломатический словарь > stagnation of economy
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4 stagnation of economy
застой в экономике, стагнация экономикиEnglish-russian dctionary of diplomacy > stagnation of economy
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5 stagnation
nзастой, стагнация, инертность -
6 stagnation
застой ; застойность ; спад деловой активности ; стагнация ; экономический спад ; кризис ; ? stagnation of business ; ? stagnation of economy ; ? secular stagnation ; -
7 Economy
Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging. -
8 stagnation
tr[stæg'neɪʃən]1 (of water) estancamiento; (person) anquilosamienton.• estancación s.f.• estancamiento s.m.• marasmo s.m.stæg'neɪʃənnoun estancamiento m[stæɡ'neɪʃǝn]N1) [of water] estancamiento m2) (fig) [of economy, industry] estancamiento m, paralización f ; [of market] inactividad f, estancamiento m ; [of society, person] anquilosamiento m, estancamiento m* * *[stæg'neɪʃən]noun estancamiento m -
9 stagnation
(of economy, prices, trade) stagnation f -
10 stagnation
• tukkeutuminen• pysähdystila• pysähdys• patoutuminenmedicine, veterinary• salpaus• salpaus• seisaus• seisahtuminenmedicine, veterinary• salpauma• seisahdusfinance, business, economy• matalasuhdanne• stagnaatiofinance, business, economy• stagnaatio• lama• lamaannus* * *noun pysähtyneisyys -
11 stagnation stag·na·tion n
[stæɡ'neɪʃ(ə)n](of water, economy) ristagno, stagnazione f, (of mind) intorpidimento -
12 stagnant
['stæɡnənt]1) ((of water) standing still rather than flowing and therefore usually dirty: a stagnant pool.) stillestående2) (dull or inactive: Our economy is stagnant.) stagnerende•- stagnate- stagnation* * *['stæɡnənt]1) ((of water) standing still rather than flowing and therefore usually dirty: a stagnant pool.) stillestående2) (dull or inactive: Our economy is stagnant.) stagnerende•- stagnate- stagnation -
13 stagnant
'stæɡnənt1) ((of water) standing still rather than flowing and therefore usually dirty: a stagnant pool.)2) (dull or inactive: Our economy is stagnant.)•- stagnate- stagnation
tr['stægnənt]1 (of water) estancado,-a2 figurative use paralizado,-a, inactivo,-a, estancado,-astagnant ['stægnənt] adj: estancadoadj.• encharcado, -a adj.• estancado, -a adj.• inactivo, -a adj.• paralizado, -a adj.'stægnəntb) <economy/industry> estancado['stæɡnǝnt]ADJ1) [water] estancado2) (fig) [economy, industry] estancado, paralizado; [market] inactivo, estancado; [society] anquilosado* * *['stægnənt]b) <economy/industry> estancado -
14 stagnant
adjective1) (motionless) stehend [Gewässer]2) (fig.): (lifeless) abgestumpft [Geist, Seele]; stagnierend [Wirtschaft]; dumpf [Leben]the economy is stagnant — die Wirtschaft stagniert
* * *['stæɡnənt]1) ((of water) standing still rather than flowing and therefore usually dirty: a stagnant pool.) abgestanden2) (dull or inactive: Our economy is stagnant.) stockend•- academic.ru/70166/stagnate">stagnate- stagnation* * *stag·nant[ˈstægnənt]\stagnant air stehende Luft\stagnant pool stiller Teich\stagnant water stehendes Wasser2. (sluggish) träge, langweilig* * *['stgnənt]adj(= still, not moving) air, water (still)stehend attr, gestaut; (= foul, stale) water abgestanden; air verbraucht; trade stagnierend, stockend; mind trägethe economy/market is stagnant — die Wirtschaft/der Markt stagniert
* * *stagnant adj (adv stagnantly) stagnierend:a) stockend, stillstehendd) fig träge* * *adjective1) (motionless) stehend [Gewässer]2) (fig.): (lifeless) abgestumpft [Geist, Seele]; stagnierend [Wirtschaft]; dumpf [Leben]* * *adj.stagnierend adj.stillstehend adj.stockend adj. -
15 stagnant
['stægnənt]adj* * *['stæɡnənt]1) ((of water) standing still rather than flowing and therefore usually dirty: a stagnant pool.) stojący2) (dull or inactive: Our economy is stagnant.) w zastoju•- stagnate- stagnation -
16 state
1. n1) государство3) состояние; положение•to accept the existence of a state — признавать существование какого-л. государства
to be in a state of smth — находиться в каком-л. состоянии
to carry a state — добиваться победы на выборах / одерживать победу в каком-л. штате
to declare a state — объявлять о создании государства, провозглашать государство
to detain smb under the current state of emergency — задерживать кого-л. согласно действующему закону о чрезвычайном положении
to govern / to guide a state — руководить государством
to incorporate a state into a country — включать какое-л. государство в состав страны
to institute a state of siege — объявлять осадное положение; вводить / устанавливать осадное положение
to reconstitute a state — восстанавливать какое-л. государство
to reduce to the state of smth — низводить до какого-л. положения
to re-impose the state of siege — вновь вводить / восстанавливать осадное положение
to stop short of recognizing a state — не признавать какое-л. государство
- accrediting stateto take action under the state of siege — принимать меры в соответствии с приказом о введении осадного положения
- active state
- adjacent state
- admission of a state in the United Nations
- affairs of state
- aggressor state
- agrarian state
- agrarian-industrial state
- alarming state
- allied state
- apartheid state
- associated states
- at the helm of a state
- Baltic states
- banner state
- belligerent states
- border states
- bordering states
- bourgeois state
- bourgeois-democratic state
- bourgeois-parliamentary state
- breakup of a state
- buffer state
- bureaucratic police state
- call of the states
- capitalist state
- cast-ridden state
- civilized state
- client state
- coastal state
- constitutional state
- contesting states
- continental state
- contracting state
- corporate state
- creation of a state
- delinquent state
- dependent state
- depository state
- developed state - donor state
- enemy state
- equal states
- erection of a state
- exploiting state
- exporting state
- extra-zonal state
- federal state
- federative state
- founding of a state
- friendly state
- front-line state
- guarantor state
- Gulf states
- hinterland state
- home state
- hopeless state
- imposition of a state of emergency
- in a state of stagnation
- independent state
- initial state
- island state
- land-locked state
- law-based state
- law-governed state
- leading state
- lease-holder-state
- legal state
- littoral state
- loosely knit state
- mandatory state
- mediator state
- member state
- militarist state
- military-police state
- moderate state
- multinational state
- national state
- national-democratic state
- nationally uniform state
- near-land-locked state
- near-nuclear state
- neighboring state
- neutral state
- neutralist state
- neutralized state
- new state
- newly proclaimed state
- newly-independent state
- NNWS
- nonaligned states
- nonbelligerent state
- noncoastal state
- nondemocratic state
- nonlittoral state
- non-member state
- non-nuclear state
- non-nuclear-weapon state
- nonsignatory state
- normal state
- nuclear capable state
- nuclear-weapon states
- oceanic coastal state
- offending state
- oil state
- one-party state
- opposite states
- parent state
- participant state
- participating state
- peace-loving state
- permanently neutral state
- pivotal state
- police state
- possession of state secrets
- prenuclear state
- princely state
- proclamation of a state
- producer state
- proletarian state
- protected state
- protecting state
- protector state
- provider state
- puppet state
- rebel state
- receiving state
- recipient state
- reparian state
- requesting state
- responsibility of states
- rightful state
- rogue state
- satellite state
- secular state
- self-imposed state of isolation
- self-sufficient state
- separate state
- signatory state
- slave state
- sovereign state
- stable state
- stagnant state
- state holding most electoral votes
- state of affairs
- state of emergency
- state of market
- state of residence
- state of siege
- state of the economy
- state of trade
- state of war
- state within a state
- states concerned
- states parties
- states with different social structures
- successful state
- territorially integral state
- terrorist state
- The Succession State
- The United State of Europe
- The Warsaw Treaty State
- theocratic state
- threshold state
- totalitarian state
- transgressing state
- transgressor state
- transient state
- transition towards a multiparty state
- trustee state
- unified state
- unitary state
- unity of the state
- user state
- vassal states
- viable state
- welfare state
- young sovereign states
- zonal states 2. vзаявлять; излагать; выражать; сообщать; высказывать; констатировать; формулироватьto state an opinion / a question etc. — излагать мнение / вопрос и т.п.
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17 stagnant
'stæɡnənt1) ((of water) standing still rather than flowing and therefore usually dirty: a stagnant pool.) stillestående2) (dull or inactive: Our economy is stagnant.) som står i stampe, stagnerende•- stagnate- stagnationadj. \/ˈstæɡnənt\/1) (om vann, luft e.l.) stillestående, uten bevegelse2) dårlig, forsumpet, forurenset (p.g.a. stillstand)3) ( overført) som stagnerer, stillestående, tregbecome stagnant stagnere miste sin friskhet -
18 stagnant
['stæɡnənt]1) ((of water) standing still rather than flowing and therefore usually dirty: a stagnant pool.) staðinn, fúll2) (dull or inactive: Our economy is stagnant.) staðnaður•- stagnate- stagnation -
19 stagnant
pangó, mozdulatlan, stagnáló* * *['stæɡnənt]1) ((of water) standing still rather than flowing and therefore usually dirty: a stagnant pool.) pangó, álló2) (dull or inactive: Our economy is stagnant.) stagnáló•- stagnate- stagnation -
20 stagnant
['stæɡnənt]1) ((of water) standing still rather than flowing and therefore usually dirty: a stagnant pool.) estagnado2) (dull or inactive: Our economy is stagnant.) estagnado•- stagnate- stagnation* * *stag.nant[st'ægnənt] adj 1 estagnado, quieto, inativo. 2 podre. 3 parado, paralisado, lento, vagaroso.
- 1
- 2
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