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41 चतुर् _catur
चतुर् num. a. [चत्-उरन् Uṇ.5.58] (always in pl.; m. चत्वारः; f. चतस्रः; n. चत्वारि) Four; चत्वारो वयमृत्विजः Ve.1.25; चतस्रो$वस्था बाल्यं कौमारं यौवनं वार्धकं चेति; चत्वारि शृङ्गा त्रयो अस्य पादाः &c.; शेषान् मासान् गमय चतुरो लोचने मील- यित्वा Me.11. -ind. Four times. [cf. Zend chathru; Gr. tessares; L. quatuor.] [In Comp. the र् of चतुर् is changed to a Visarga (which in some cases becomes श्, ष् or स्, or remains unchanged) before words beginning with hard consonants.]-Comp. -अंशः a fourth part.-अङ्ग a. having 4 members, quadripartite.(-ङ्म्) 1 a complete army consisting of elephants, chariots, cavalry and infantry; चतुरङ्गसमायुक्तं मया सह च तं नय Rām.1.2. 1; एको हि खञ्जनवरो नलिनीदलस्थो दृष्टः करोति चतुरङ्गबलाधिपत्यम् Ś. Til.4; चतुरङ्गबलो राजा जगतीं वशमानयेत् । अहं पञ्चाङ्गबलवाना- काशं वशमानये ॥ Subhāṣ.-2 a sort of chess.-अङ्गिकः A kind of horse, having four curls on the forehead; यस्य ललाटे भ्रमरचतुष्टयं स चतुरङ्किको नाम । Śālihotra of Bhoj.25.-अङ्गिन् a. having four parts. (-नी) a complete army, see चतुरङ्ग.-अङ्गुलम् 1 the four fingers of the hand.-2 four fingers broad.-अन्त a. bordered on all sides; भूत्वा चिराय चतुरन्तमहीसपत्नी Ś.4.19.-अन्ता the earth.-अशीत a. eighty-fourth.-अशीति a. or f. eighty four.-अश्र, -अस्र a. (for अश्रि-स्रि)1 four cornered, quardran- gular; R.6.1. A quality of gems; Kau. A.2.11.-2 symmetrical, regular or handsome in all parts; बभूव तस्याश्चतुरस्रशोभि वपुः Ku.1.32.(-श्रः, स्रः) 1 a square.-2 a quardrangular figure.-3 (in astr.) N. of the fourth and eighth lunar mansions.-अहन् a period of four days.-आत्मन् m. N. of Viṣṇu.-आननः, -मुखः an epithet of Brahmā; इतरतापशतानि यथेच्छया वितर तानि सहे चतुरानन Udb.-आश्रमम् the four orders or stages of the religious life of a Brāhmaṇa.-उत्तर a. increased by four.-उषणम् the four hot spices, i. e. black pepper, long pepper, dry ginger, and the root of long pepper.-कर्ण (चतुष्कर्ण) a. heard by two persons only; Pt.1.99.-ष्काष्ठम् ind. In four directions. चतुष्काष्ठं क्षिपन् वृक्षान्... Bk.9.62.-कोण (चतुष्कोण) a. square, quadrangular. (-णः) a square, tetragon, any quadrilateral figure.-गतिः 1 the Supreme Soul.-2 a tortoise.-गवः a carriage drawn by four oxen.-गुण a. four times, four-fold, quadruple.-चत्वारिंशत् (चतुश्च- त्वारिंशत्) a. forty-four; ˚रिंश, ˚रिंशत्तम forty-fourth.-चित्यः A pedestal, a raised square; चतुश्चित्यश्च तस्यासी- दष्टादशकरात्मकः Mb.14.88.32.- णवत (चतुर्नवत) a. ninety-fourth, or with ninety-four added; चतुर्णवतं शतम् 'one hundred and ninety four'.-दन्तः an epithet of Airāvata, the elephant of Indra.-दश a. fourteenth.-दशन् a. fourteen. ˚रत्नानि (pl.) the fourteen 'jewels' churned out of the ocean; (their names are contained in the following popular Maṅgalāṣṭaka:-- लक्ष्मीः कौस्तुभपारिजातकसुरा धन्वन्तरिश्चन्द्रमा गावः कामदुघाः सुरेश्वरगजो रम्भादिदेवाङ्गनाः । अश्वः सप्तमुखो विषं हरिधनुः शङ्खो$मृतं चाम्बुधे रत्नानीह चतुर्दश प्रतिदिनं कुर्युः सदा मङ्गलम् ॥). ˚विद्या (pl.) the fourteen lores; (they are:-- षडङ्गमिश्रिता वेदा धर्मशास्त्रं पुराणकम् । मीमांसा तर्कमपि च एता विद्याश्चतुर्दश ॥).-दशी the fourteenth day of a lunar fortnight.-दिशम् the four quarters taken collectively.-दिशम् ind. towards the four quarters, on all sides.-दोलः, -लम् a royal litter.-द्वारम् 1 a house with four entrances on four sides.-2 four doors taken collectively.-नवति a. or f. ninety-four.-पञ्च a. (चतुपञ्च or चतुष्पञ्च) four or five.-पञ्चाशत् f. (चतुःपञ्चाशत् or चतुष्पञ्चाशत्) fifty-four.-पथः (चतुःपथः or चतुष्पथः) (-थम् also) a place where four roads meet, a crossway; Ms.4.39,9,264. (-थः) a Brāhmaṇa.-पद or-पद् a. (चतुष्पद)1 having four feet; यथा चतुष्पत्सु च केसरी वरः Rām.4.11.93.-2 consisting of four limbs. (-दः) a quadruped. (-दी) a stanza of four lines; पद्यं चतुष्पदी तच्च वृत्तं जातिरिति द्विधा Chand. M.1.-पाटी A river. L. D. B.-पाठी (चतुष्पाठी) a school for Brāhmaṇas in which the four Vedas are taught and repeated.-पाणिः (चतुष्पाणिः) an epithet of Viṣṇu.-पाद्-द (चतुष्पद्-द) a. 1. quadruped.-2 consisting of four members or parts. (-m.)1 a qua- druped.-2 (in law) a judicial procedure (trial of suits) consisting of four processes; i. e. plea, defence, rejoinder, and judgment.-3 The science of archery consisting of ग्रहण, धारण, प्रयोग and प्रतिकारः; यो$स्त्रं चतुष्पात् पुनरेव चक्रे । द्रोणः प्रसन्नो$भिवाद्यस्त्वया$सौ Mb.5.3.12-13; प्रतिपेदे चतुष्पादं धनुर्वेदं नृपात्मजः ibid 192.61.-पार्श्वम् the four sides of a square.-बाहुः an epithet of Viṣṇu. (-हु n.) a square.-भद्रम् the aggregate of the four ends of human life (पुरुषार्थ); i. e. धर्म, अर्थ, काम and मोक्ष.-भागः the fourth part, a quarter.-भावः N. of Viṣṇu.-भुज a. 1 quadrangular.-2 having four arms; Bg.11.46.(-जः) 1 an epithet of Viṣṇu; R.16.3.-2 a quadrangular figure.-3 square. (-जम्) a square.-मासम् a period of four months; (reckoned from the 11th day in the bright half of आषाढ to the 11th day in the bright half of कार्तिक).-मुख having four faces. (-खः) an epithet of Brahmā; त्वत्तः सर्वं चतु- र्मुखात् R.1.22.(-खम्) 1. four faces; Ku.2.17.-2 a house with four entrances.-मण्डलम् a four-fold arrangement (of troops &c.)-मेधः One who has offered four sacrifices, namely अश्वमेध, पुरुषमेध, सर्वमेध, and पितृमेध.-युगम् the aggregate of the four Yugas or ages of the world.-युज् a. Consisting of four; चतुर्युजो रथाः सर्वे Mb.5.155.13.-रात्रम् (चतूरात्रम्) an aggregate of four nights.-वक्त्रः an epithet of Bra- hmā.-वर्गः the four ends of human life taken collec- tively (पुरुषार्थ); i. e. धर्म, अर्थ, काम and मोक्षः; चतुर्वर्गफलं ज्ञानं कालावस्थाश्चतुर्युगाः R.1.22.-वर्णः 1. the four classes or castes of the Hindus; i. e. ब्राह्मण, क्षत्रिय, वैश्य and शूद्र; चतुर्वर्णमयो लोकः R.1.22.-2 four principal colours.-वर्षिका a cow four years old.-विंश a. 1 twenty fourth.-2 having twenty-four added; as चतुर्विंशं शतम् (124).-विंशति a. or f. twenty-four.-विंशतिक a. consisting of twenty-four.-विद्य a. one who has studied the four Vedas.-विद्या the four Vedas.-विध a. of four sorts or kinds, four-fold.-वेद a. familiar with the four Vedas. (-दः) the Supreme Soul.-व्यूङः N. of Viṣṇu. (-हम्) medical science. a. having four kinds of appearance; hence ˚वादिन् 'asserting the four forms of पुरुषोत्तम viz. वासुदेव, संकर्षण, प्रद्युम्न and अनिरुद्ध.'-शालम् (चतुःशालम्, चतुश्शालम्, चतुःशाली, चतुश्शाली) a square of four buildings, a quadrangle enclosed by four buildings; अलं चतु शालमिमं प्रवेश्य Mk.3.7; देवीनां चतुःशालमिदम् Pratimā 6.-षष्टि a. or f.1 sixty-four.-2 N. for the Ṛigveda consisting 64 Adhyāyas. ˚कलाः (pl.) the sixty-four arts.-सनः N. of Viṣṇu having four embodiments of सनक, सनन्दन, सनत्कुमार and सनातन; आदौ सनात् स्वतपसः स चतुःसनो$भूत् Bhāg.2.7.5.-सप्तति a. or f. seventy-four.-समम् an unguent of four things, sandal, agallochum, saffron and musk; L. D. B.-सीमा the boundaries on all four sides.-हायन, -ण a. four years old; (the f. of this word ends in आ if it refers to an inanimate object, and in ई if it refers to an animal).-होत्रकम् the four priests taken collectively. -
42 Clerk, Sir Dugald
[br]b. 31 March 1854 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 12 November 1932 Ewhurst, Surrey, England[br]Scottish mechanical engineer, inventor of the two-stroke internal combustion engine.[br]Clerk began his engineering training at about the age of 15 in the drawing office of H.O.Robinson \& Company, Glasgow, and in his father's works. Meanwhile, he studied at the West of Scotland Technical College and then, from 1871 to 1876, at Anderson's College, Glasgow, and at the Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds. Here he worked under and then became assistant to the distinguished chemist T.E.Thorpe, who set him to work on the fractional distillation of petroleum, which was to be useful to him in his later work. At that time he had intended to become a chemical engineer, but seeing a Lenoir gas engine at work, after his return to Glasgow, turned his main interest to gas and other internal combustion engines. He pursued his investigations first at Thomson, Sterne \& Company (1877–85) and then at Tangyes of Birmingham (1886–88. In 1888 he began a lifelong partnership in Marks and Clerk, consulting engineers and patent agents, in London.Beginning his work on gas engines in 1876, he achieved two patents in the two following years. In 1878 he made his principal invention, patented in 1881, of an engine working on the two-stroke cycle, in which the piston is powered during each revolution of the crankshaft, instead of alternate revolutions as in the Otto four-stroke cycle. In this engine, Clerk introduced supercharging, or increasing the pressure of the air intake. Many engines of the Clerk type were made but their popularity waned after the patent for the Otto engine expired in 1890. Interest was later revived, particularly for application to large gas engines, but Clerk's engine eventually came into its own where simple, low-power motors are needed, such as in motor cycles or motor mowers.Clerk's work on the theory and design of gas engines bore fruit in the book The Gas Engine (1886), republished with an extended text in 1909 as The Gas, Petrol and Oil Engine; these and a number of papers in scientific journals won him international renown. During and after the First World War, Clerk widened the scope of his interests and served, often as chairman, on many bodies in the field of science and industry.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1917; FRS 1908; Royal Society Royal Medal 1924; Royal Society of Arts Alber Medal 1922.Further ReadingObituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, no. 2, 1933.LRD -
43 población
f.1 population, people.2 city, town, centre of population, center of population.* * *1 (número de habitantes) population2 (lugar - ciudad) town; (- pueblo) village\población activa working populationpoblación pasiva nonworking population* * *noun f.1) population2) city, town, village* * *SF1) (=gente) population3) (=acción) settlement4) Chile(tb: población callampa) (=suburbio) shanty town; (=barrio pobre) slum area, poor quarter* * *1) ( habitantes) population; (Zool) population, colony3) ( acción) settlement* * *1) ( habitantes) population; (Zool) population, colony3) ( acción) settlement* * *la población(n.) = populace, theEx: This would enable the majority of the rural populace who are illiterate and semi-literate to participate in cultural and intellectual entertainment.
población11 = citizenry, population, user population.Ex: The subpoena process represents a legal obligation and duty of citinzenry and is becoming a fact of life in the operations of many libraries.
Ex: The new building was expected to provide for a university population of 5,500 students of which approximately 3,500 would be science and technology students and 2,000 arts and social science students.Ex: Given similar demographics (age, size, and user population), to what extent do community hospital libraries differ in collection content?.* con gran densidad de población = densely populated.* con mucha población = heavily populated.* con poca población = thinly populated.* de población poco densa = sparsely populated.* dirigido a un sector de la población específico = sector-orientated.* en algunos grupos de la población = in some quarters.* en algunos sectores de la población = in some quarters.* en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.* en muchos sectores de la población = in many quarters.* entre la población en general = mainstream.* envejecimiento de la población = aging population [ageing population].* estadística de población = population statistics.* excedente de población = overspill.* foco de población = population centre.* movimiento de la población = population turnover, population transfer.* población activa = working population, economically active population, work-force [workforce], labour force.* población cada vez más envejecida = greying population [graying population].* población civil = civilian.* población civil, la = civilian population, the.* población en general = broad population.* población en general, la = general population, the.* población estudiantil = school population.* población indígena = indigenous people.* población, la = populace, the.* población nativa = native population, aboriginal people, native inhabitant.* población obrera = blue collar population.* población penitenciaria = prison population.* población rural = rural people, rural population.* población urbana = urban population.* profesional dedicado a prestar un servicio a la población = service professional.* profesión dedicada a prestar un servicio a la población = service profession.población22 = village.Ex: In the above example, when specifying the individual village, Ashworthy, we must employ a verbal extension to the 'normal' UDC notation.
* población con mercado ambulante = market town, market centre.* población rural = rural village.* * *A (habitantes) population; ( Zool) population, colonytiene una población de cuatro millones de habitantes it has a population of four millionCompuestos:working populationpermanent populationfloating populationnon-working populationCompuesto:( Chi) shantytownC (acción) settlement* * *
población sustantivo femenino
1 ( habitantes) population;
(Zool) population, colony;◊ población activa/pasiva working/non-working population
2 ( ciudad) town, city;
( aldea) town, village;◊ población callampa (Chi) shantytown
3 ( acción) settlement
población sustantivo femenino
1 (habitantes) population
población activa, working population
2 (ciudad) town
(pueblo) village
' población' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
conmocionar
- densidad
- desierta
- desierto
- diecinueveava
- diecinueveavo
- EPA
- flotante
- fortificación
- machetazo
- predisponer
- reflejar
- refrendar
- saquear
- total
- vecina
- vecino
- villa
- amotinar
- aniquilar
- atemorizar
- censo
- concientizar
- doblar
- empobrecer
- enriquecer
- estragos
- evacuar
- infantil
- isleño
- localidad
- mitad
- movilizar
- totalidad
- urbano
English:
aerial
- civilian
- comprise
- cross-section
- densely
- density
- Hispanic
- popular
- population
- poverty
- town
- vital statistics
- working
- community
- deep
- over
- populace
- public
- shantytown
- work
* * *población nf1. [ciudad] town, city;[pueblo] village2. [personas, animales] populationpoblación activa working population;población de derecho permanent population;población flotante floating o transient population;población de riesgo group at risk3. [acción de poblar] settlement* * *f1 gente population3 Chishanty town* * *1) : population2) : city, town, village* * *1. (personas) population2. (localidad) village / town -
44 Abney, William de Wiveleslie
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 24 July 1843 Englandd. 2 December 1920 England[br]English photographic scientist, inventor and author.[br]Abney began his career as an officer in the Army and was an instructor in chemistry in the Royal Engineers at Chatham, where he made substantial use of photography as a working tool. He retired from the Army in 1877 and joined the Science and Art Department at South Kensington. It was at Abney's suggestion that a collection of photographic equipment and processes was established in the South Kensington Museum (later to become the Science Museum Photography Collection).Abney undertook significant researches into the nature of gelatine silver halide emulsions at a time when they were being widely adopted by photographers. Perhaps his most important practical innovations were the introduction of hydroquinone as a developing agent in 1880 and silver gelatine citrochloride emulsions for printing-out paper (POP) in 1882. However, Abney was at the forefront of many aspects of photographic research during a period of great innovation and change in photography. He devised new techniques of photomechanical printing and conducted significant researches in the fields of photochemistry and spectral analysis. Abney published throughout his career for both the specialist scientist and the more general photographic practitioner.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKCB 1900. FRS 1877. Served at different times as President of the Royal Astronomical, Royal Photographic and Physical Societies. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts.Further ReadingObituary, 1921, Proceedings of the Royal Society (Series A) 99. J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstein, New York.JWBiographical history of technology > Abney, William de Wiveleslie
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45 estudios empresariales
(n.) = business studiesEx. There are more users in the Science and Engineering faculties than in the Arts or Business Studies.* * *(n.) = business studiesEx: There are more users in the Science and Engineering faculties than in the Arts or Business Studies.
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46 población1
1 = citizenry, population, user population.Ex. The subpoena process represents a legal obligation and duty of citinzenry and is becoming a fact of life in the operations of many libraries.Ex. The new building was expected to provide for a university population of 5,500 students of which approximately 3,500 would be science and technology students and 2,000 arts and social science students.Ex. Given similar demographics (age, size, and user population), to what extent do community hospital libraries differ in collection content?.----* con gran densidad de población = densely populated.* con mucha población = heavily populated.* con poca población = thinly populated.* de población poco densa = sparsely populated.* dirigido a un sector de la población específico = sector-orientated.* en algunos grupos de la población = in some quarters.* en algunos sectores de la población = in some quarters.* en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.* en muchos sectores de la población = in many quarters.* entre la población en general = mainstream.* envejecimiento de la población = aging population [ageing population].* estadística de población = population statistics.* excedente de población = overspill.* foco de población = population centre.* movimiento de la población = population turnover, population transfer.* población activa = working population, economically active population, work-force [workforce], labour force.* población cada vez más envejecida = greying population [graying population].* población civil = civilian.* población civil, la = civilian population, the.* población en general = broad population.* población en general, la = general population, the.* población estudiantil = school population.* población indígena = indigenous people.* población, la = populace, the.* población nativa = native population, aboriginal people, native inhabitant.* población obrera = blue collar population.* población penitenciaria = prison population.* población rural = rural people, rural population.* población urbana = urban population.* profesional dedicado a prestar un servicio a la población = service professional.* profesión dedicada a prestar un servicio a la población = service profession. -
47 Á
* * *a negative suffix to verbs, not;era útmakligt, at it is not unmeet that.* * *1.á, prep., often used elliptically, or even adverbially, [Goth. ana; Engl. on; Germ. an. In the Scandinavian idioms the liquid n is absorbed. In English the same has been supposed to happen in adverbial phrases, e. g. ‘along, away, abroad, afoot, again, agate, ahead, aloft, alone, askew, aside, astray, awry,’ etc. It is indeed true that the Ormulum in its northern dialect freq. uses o, even in common phrases, such as ‘o boke, o land, o life, o slæpe, o strande, o write, o naht, o loft,’ etc., v. the glossary; and we may compare on foot and afoot, on sleep (Engl. Vers. of Bible) and asleep; A. S. a-butan and on-butan (about); agen and ongean (again, against); on bæc, aback; on life, alive; on middan, amid. But it is more than likely that in the expressions quoted above, as well as in numberless others, as well in old as in modern English, the English a- as well as the o- of the Ormulum and the modern Scottish and north of England o- are in reality remains of this very á pronounced au or ow, which was brought by the Scandinavian settlers into the north of England. In the struggle for supremacy between the English dialects after the Conquest, the Scandinavian form á or a won the day in many cases to the exclusion of the Anglo-Saxon on. Some of these adverbs have representatives only in the Scandinavian tongues, not in Anglo-Saxon; see below, with dat. B. II, C. VII; with acc. C. I. and VI. The prep. á denotes the surface or outside; í and ór the inside; at, til, and frá, nearness measured to or from an object: á thus answers to the Gr. επί; the Lat. in includes á and i together.]With dat. and acc.: in the first case with the notion of remaining on a place, answering to Lat. in with abl.; in the last with the notion of motion to the place, = Lat. in with acc.WITH DAT.A. Loc.I. generally on, upon; á gólfi, on the floor, Nj. 2; á hendi, on the hand (of a ring), 48, 225; á palli, 50; á steini, 108; á vegg, 115; á sjá ok á landi, on sea and land. In some instances the distinction between d and i is loose and wavering, but in most cases common sense and usage decide; thus ‘á bók’ merely denotes the letters, the penmanship, ‘í’ the contents of a book; mod. usage, however, prefers ‘í,’ lesa í bók, but stafr á bók. Old writers on the other hand; á bókum Enskum, in English books, Landn. 24, but í Aldafars bók, 23 (in the book De Mensurâ Temporum, by Bede), cp. Grág. i. 76, where á is a false reading instead of at; á bréfi, the contents of a letter: of clothing or arms, mítr á höfði, sverð á hlið, mitre on head, sword on side, Fms. i. 266, viii. 404; hafa lykil á sér, on one’s person, 655 xxvii. 22; möttull á tyglum, a mantle hanging on (i. e. fastened by) laces, Fms. vii. 201: á þingi means to be present at a meeting; í þingi, to abide within a jurisdiction; á himni, á jörðu, on (Engl. in) heaven and earth, e. g. in the Lord’s Prayer, but í helviti, in hell; á Gimli, Edda (of a heavenly abode); á báti, á skipi denote crew and cargo, ‘í’ the timber or materials of which a ship is built, Eg. 385; vera í stafni á skipi, 177: á skógi, to be abroad in a wood (of a hunter, robber, deer); but to be situated (a house), at work (to fell timber), í skógi, 573, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 122, viii. 31, xi. 1, Glúm. 330, Landn. 173; á mörkinni, Fms. i. 8, but í mörk, of a farm; á firðinum means lying in a firth, of ships or islands (on the surface of the water), þær eyjar liggja á Breiðafirði, Ld. 36; but í firði, living in a district named Firth; á landi, Nj. 98, Fms. xi. 386.II. á is commonly used in connection with the pr. names or countries terminating in ‘land,’ Engl. in, á Englandi, Írlandi, Skotlandi, Bretlandi, Saxlandi, Vindlandi, Vínlandi, Grænalandi, Íslandi, Hálogalandi, Rogalandi, Jótlandi, Frakklandi, Hjaltlandi, Jamtalandi, Hvítramannalandi, Norðrlöndum, etc., vide Landn. and the index to Fms. xii. In old writers í is here very rare, in modern authors more frequent; taste and the context in many instances decide. An Icelander would now say, speaking of the queen or king, ‘á Englandi,’ ruling over, but to live ‘í Englandi,’ or ‘á Englandi;’ the rule in the last case not being quite fixed.2. in connection with other names of countries: á Mæri, Vörs, Ögðum, Fjölum, all districts of Norway, v. Landn.; á Mýrum (in Icel.), á Finnmörk, Landn., á Fjóni (a Danish island); but í Danmörk, Svíþjóð (á Svíþjóðu is poët., Gs. 13).3. before Icel. farms denoting open and elevated slopes and spaces (not too high, because then ‘at’ must be used), such as ‘staðr, völlr, ból, hjalli, bakki, heimr, eyri,’ etc.; á Veggjum, Landn. 69; á Hólmlátri, id.: those ending in ‘-staðr,’ á Geirmundarstöðum, Þórisstöðum, Jarðlangsstöðum…, Landn.: ‘-völlr,’ á Möðruvöllum: á Fitjum (the farm) í Storð (the island), í Fenhring (the island) á Aski (the farm), Landn., Eg.: ‘-nes’ sometimes takes á, sometimes í (in mod. usage always ‘í’), á Nesi, Eb. 14, or í Krossnesi, 30; in the last case the notion of island, νησος, prevails: so also, ‘fjörðr,’ as, þeir börðust á Vigrafirði (of a fight o n the ice), Landn. 101, but orusta í Hafrsfirði, 122: with ‘-bær,’ á is used in the sense of a farm or estate, hón sa á e-m bæ mikit hús ok fagrt, Edda 22; ‘í bæ’ means within doors, of the buildings: with ‘Bær’ as pr. name Landn. uses ‘í,’ 71, 160, 257, 309, 332.4. denoting on or just above; of the sun, when the time is fixed by regarding the sun in connection with points in the horizon, a standing phrase in Icel.; sól á gjáhamri, when the sun is on the crag of the Rift, Grág. i. 26, cp. Glúm. 387; so, brú á á, a bridge on a river, Fms. viii. 179, Hrafn. 20; taka hús á e-m, to surprise one, to take the house over his head, Fms. i. 11.III. á is sometimes used in old writers where we should now expect an acc., esp. in the phrase, leggja sverði (or the like) á e-m, or á e-m miðjum, to stab, Eg. 216, Gísl. 106, Band. 14; þá stakk Starkaðr sprotanum á konungi, then Starkad stabbed the king with the wand, Fas. iii. 34; bíta á kampi (vör), to bite the lips, as a token of pain or emotion, Nj. 209, 68; taka á e-u, to touch a thing, lay hold of it, v. taka; fá á e-u, id. (poët.); leggja hendr á (better at) síðum, in wrestling, Fms. x. 331; koma á úvart á e-m, to come on one unawares, ix. 407 (rare).B. TEMP. of a particular point or period of time, at, on, in:I. gener. denoting during, in the course of; á nótt, degi, nætrþeli …, Bs. i. 139; or spec. adding a pron. or an adject., á næsta sumri, the next summer; á því ári, þingi, misseri, hausti, vári, sumri …, during, in that year …, Bs. i. 679, etc.; á þrem sumrum, in the course of three summers, Grág. i. 218; á þrem várum, Fms. ii. 114; á hálfs mánaðar fresti, within half a month’s delay, Nj. 99; á tvítugs, sextugs … aldri, á barns, gamals aldri, etc., at the age of …, v. aldr: á dögum e-s, in the days of, in his reign or time, Landn. 24, Hrafn. 3, Fms. ix. 229.II. used of a fixed recurrent period or season; á várum, sumrum, haustum, vetrum, á kveldum, every spring, summer …, in the evenings, Eg. 711, Fms. i. 23, 25, vi. 394, Landn. 292: with the numeral adverbs, cp. Lat. ter in anno, um sinn á mánuði, ári, once a month, once a year, where the Engl. a is not the article but the preposition, Grág. i. 89.III. of duration; á degi, during a whole day, Fms. v. 48; á sjau nóttum, Bárð. 166; á því meli, during that time, in the meantime, Grág. i. 259.IV. connected with the seasons (á vetri, sumri, vári, hausti), ‘á’ denotes the next preceding season, the last winter, summer, autumn, Eb. 40, 238, Ld. 206: in such instances ‘á’ denotes the past, ‘at’ the future, ‘í’ the present; thus í vetri in old writers means this winter; á vetri, last winter; at vetri, next winter, Eb. 68 (in a verse), etc.C. In various other relations, more or less metaphorically, on, upon, in, to, with, towards, against:I. denoting object, in respect of, against, almost periphrastically; dvelja á náðum e-s, under one’s protection, Fms. i. 74; hafa metnað á e-u, to be proud of, to take pride in a thing, 127.2. denoting a personal relation, in; bæta e-t á e-m, to make amends, i. e. to one personally; misgöra e-t á e-m, to inflict wrong on one; hafa elsku (hatr) á e-m, to bear love ( hatred) to one, Fms. ix. 242; hefna sín á e-m, to take revenge on one’s person, on anyone; rjúfa sætt á e-m, to break truce on the person of any one, to offend against his person, Nj. 103; hafa sár á sér, 101; sjá á e-m, to read on or in one’s face; sér hann á hverjum manni hvárt til þín er vel eðr illa, 106; var þat brátt auðséð á hennar högum, at …, it could soon be seen in all her doings, that …, Ld. 22.3. also generally to shew signs of a thing; sýna fáleika á sér, to shew marks of displeasure, Nj. 14, Fs. 14; taka vel, illa, lítt, á e-u, to take a thing well, ill, or indifferently, id.; finna á sér, to feel in oneself; fann lítt á honum, hvárt …, it could hardly be seen in his face, whether …, Eb. 42; líkindi eru á, it is likely, Ld. 172; göra kost á e-u, to give a choice, chance of it, 178; eiga vald á e-u, to have power over …, Nj. 10.II. denoting encumbrance, duty, liability; er fimtardómsmál á þeim, to be subject to …, Nj. 231; the phrase, hafa e-t á hendi, or vera á hendi e-m, on one’s hands, of work or duty to be done; eindagi á fé, term, pay day, Grág. i. 140; ómagi (skylda, afvinna) á fé, of a burden or encumbrance, D. I. and Grág. in several passages.III. with a personal pronoun, sér, mér, honum …, denoting personal appearance, temper, character, look, or the like; vera þungr, léttr … á sér, to be heavy or light, either bodily or mentally; þungr á sér, corpulent, Sturl. i. 112; kátr ok léttr á sér, of a gay and light temper, Fms. x. 152; þat bragð hafði hann á sér, he looked as if, … the expression of his face was as though …, Ld., cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á sér svip, bragð, æði, sið, of one’s manner or personal appearance, to bear oneself as, or the like; skjótr (seinn) á fæti, speedy ( slow) of foot, Nj. 258.IV. as a periphrasis of the possessive pronoun connected with the limbs or parts of the body. In common Icel. such phrases as my hands, eyes, head … are hardly ever used, but höfuð, eyru, hár, nef, munnr, hendr, fætr … á mér; so ‘í’ is used of the internal parts, e. g. hjarta, bein … í mér; the eyes are regarded as inside the body, augun í honum: also without the possessive pronoun, or as a periphrasis for a genitive, brjóstið á e-m, one’s breast, Nj. 95, Edda 15; súrnar í augum, it smarts in my eyes, my eyes smart, Nj. 202; kviðinn á sér, its belly, 655 xxx. 5, Fms. vi. 350; hendr á henni, her hands, Gísl. (in a verse); í vörunum á honum, on his lips, Band. 14; ristin á honum, his step, Fms. viii. 141; harðr í tungu, sharp of tongue, Hallfred (Fs. 114); kalt (heitt) á fingrum, höndum, fótum …, cold ( warm) in the fingers, hands, feet …, i. e. with cold fingers, etc.; cp. also the phrase, verða vísa (orð) á munni, of extemporising verses or speeches, freq. in the Sagas; fastr á fótum, fast by the leg, of a bondsman, Nj. 27: of the whole body, díla fundu þeir á honum, 209. The pers. pron. is used only in solemn style (poetry, hymns, the Bible), and perhaps only when influenced by foreign languages, e. g. mitt hjarta hví svo hryggist þú, as a translation of ‘warumb betrübst du dich mein Herz?’ the famous hymn by Hans Sachs; instead of the popular hjartað í mér, Sl. 43, 44: hjartað mitt is only used as a term of endearment, as by a husband to his wife, parents to their child, or the like, in a metaphorical sense; the heart proper is ‘í mér,’ not ‘mitt.’2. of other things, and as a periphrasis of a genitive, of a part belonging to the whole, e. g. dyrr á husi = húsdyrr, at the house-doors; turn á kirkju = kirkju turn; stafn, skutr, segl, árar … á skipi, the stem, stern, sail … of a ship, Fms. ix. 135; blöð á lauk, á tré …, leaves of a leek, of a tree …, Fas. i. 469; egg á sverði = sverðs egg; stafr á bók; kjölr á bók, and in endless other instances.V. denoting instrumentality, by, on, or a-, by means of; afla fjár á hólmgöngum, to make money a-duelling, by means of duels, Eg. 498; á verkum sínum, to subsist on one’s own work, Njarð. 366: as a law term, sekjast á e-ju, to be convicted upon …, Grág. i. 123; sekst maðr þar á sínu eigini ( a man is guilty in re sua), ef hann tekr af þeim manni er heimild ( possessio) hefir til, ii. 191; falla á verkum sínum, to be killed flagranti delicto, v. above; fella e-n á bragði, by a sleight in wrestling; komast undan á flótta, to escape by flight, Eg. 11; á hlaupi, by one’s feet, by speed, Hkr. ii. 168; lifa á e-u, to feed on; bergja á e-u, to taste of a thing; svala sér á e-u, to quench the thirst on.VI. with subst. numerals; á þriðja tigi manna, up to thirty, i. e. from about twenty to thirty, Ld. 194; á öðru hundraði skipa, from one to two hundred sail strong, Fms. x. 126; á níunda tigi, between eighty and ninety years of age, Eg. 764, v. above: used as prep., á hendi, on one’s hand, i. e. bound to do it, v. hönd.VII. in more or less adverbial phrases it may often be translated in Engl. by a participle and a- prefixed; á lopti, aloft; á floti, afloat; á lífi, alive; á verðgangi, a-begging; á brautu, away; á baki, a-back, behind, past; á milli, a-tween; á laun, alone, secretly; á launungu, id.; á móti, against; á enda, at an end, gone; á huldu, hidden; fara á hæli, to go a-heel, i. e. backwards, Fms. vii. 70;—but in many cases these phrases are transl. by the Engl. partic. with a, which is then perh. a mere prefix, not a prep., á flugi, a-flying in the air, Nj. 79; vera á gangi, a-going; á ferli, to be about; á leiki, a-playing, Fms. i. 78; á sundi, a-swimming, ii. 27; á verði, a-watching, x. 201; á hrakningi, a-wandering; á reiki, a-wavering; á skjálfi, a-shivering; á-hleri, a-listening; á tali, a-talking, Ísl. ii. 200; á hlaupi, a-running, Hkr. ii. 268; á verki, a-working; á veiðum, a-hunting; á fiski, a-fishing; á beit, grazing: and as a law term it even means in flagranti, N. G. L. i. 348.VIII. used absolutely without a case in reference to the air or the weather, where ‘á’ is almost redundant; þoka var á mikil, a thick fog came on, Nj. 267; niðamyrkr var á, pitch darkness came on, Eg. 210; allhvast á norðan, a very strong breeze from the north, Fms. ix. 20; þá var á norðrænt, a north wind came on, 42, Ld. 56; hvaðan sem á er, from whatever point the wind is; var á hríð veðrs, a snow storm came on, Nj. 282; görði á regn, rain came on, Fms. vi. 394, xi. 35, Ld. 156.WITH ACC.A. Loc.I. denoting simple direction towards, esp. connected with verbs of motion, going, or the like; hann gékk á bergsnös, Eg. 389; á hamar, Fas. ii. 517.2. in phrases denoting direction; liggja á útborða, lying on the outside of the ship, Eg. 354; á annat borð skipinu, Fms. vii. 260; á bæði borð, on both sides of the ship, Nj. 124, Ld. 56; á tvær hliðar, on both sides, Fms. v. 73. Ísl. ii. 159; á hlið, sidewards; út á hlið, Nj. 262, Edda 44; á aðra hönd henni, Nj. 50, Ld. 46; höggva á tvær hendr, to hew or strike right and left, Ísl. ii. 368, Fas. i. 384, Fms. viii. 363, x. 383.3. upp á, upon; hann tók augu Þjaza ok kastaði upp á himin, Edda 47: with verbs denoting to look, see, horfa, sjá, líta, etc.; hann rak skygnur á land, he cast glances towards the land, Ld. 154.II. denoting direction with or without the idea of arriving:1. with verbs denoting to aim at; of a blow or thrust, stefna á fótinn, Nj. 84; spjótið stefnir á hann miðjan, 205: of the wind, gékk veðrit á vestr, the wind veered to west, Fms. ix. 28; sigla á haf, to stand out to sea, Hkr. i. 146, Fms. i. 39: with ‘út’ added, Eg. 390, Fms. x. 349.2. conveying the notion of arriving, or the intervening space being traversed; spjótið kom á miðjan skjöldinn, Eg. 379, Nj. 96, 97; langt upp á land, far up inland, Hkr. i. 146: to reach, taka ofan á belti, of the long locks of a woman, to reach down to the belt, Nj. 2; ofan á bringu, 48; á þa ofan, 91.III. without reference to the space traversed, connected with verbs denoting to go, turn, come, ride, sail, throw, or the like, motion of every kind; hann kastar honum á völlinn, he flings him down, Nj. 91; hlaupa á skip sitt, to leap on board his ship, 43; á hest, to mount quickly, Edda 75; á lend hestinum, Nj. 91; hann gengr á sáðland sitt, he walks on to his fields, 82: on, upon, komast á fætr, to get upon one’s legs, 92; ganga á land, to go a-shore, Fms. i. 40; ganga á þing, vii. 242, Grág. (often); á skóg, á merkr ok skóga, into a wood, Fb. i. 134, 257, Fms. xi. 118, Eg. 577, Nj. 130; fara á Finnmörk, to go travelling in Finmark, Fms. i. 8; koma, fara á bæ, to arrive at the farm-house; koma á veginn, Eg. 578; stíga á bát, skip, to go on board, 158; hann gékk upp á borg, he went up to the burg (castle), 717; en er þeir komu á loptriðið, 236; hrinda skipum á vatn, to float the ships down into the water, Fms. i. 58; reka austr á haf, to drift eastwards on the sea, x. 145; ríða ofan á, to ride down or over, Nj. 82.IV. in some cases the acc. is used where the dat. would be used, esp. with verbs denoting to see or hear, in such phrases as, þeir sá boða mikinn inn á fjörðinn, they saw great breakers away up in the bight of the firth, the acc. being due perhaps to a motion or direction of the eye or ear towards the object, Nj. 124; sá þeir fólkit á land, they saw the people in the direction of land, Fas. ii. 517: in phrases denoting to be placed, to sit, to be seated, the seat or bench is freq. in the acc. where the dat. would now be used; konungr var þar á land upp, the king was then up the country, the spectator or narrator is conceived as looking from the shore or sea-side, Nj. 46; sitja á miðjan bekk, to be seated on the middle bench, 50; skyldi konungs sæti vera á þann bekk … annat öndvegi var á hinn úæðra pall; hann setti konungs hásæti á miðjan þverpall, Fms. vi. 439, 440, cp. Fagrsk. l. c., Sturl. iii. 182; eru víða fjallbygðir upp á mörkina, in the mark or forest, Eg. 58; var þar mörk mikil á land upp, 229; mannsafnaðr er á land upp (viewed from the sea), Ld. 76; stóll var settr á mótið, Fas. i. 58; beiða fars á skip, to beg a passage, Grág. i. 90.V. denoting parts of the body; bíta e-n á barka, to bite one in the throat, Ísl. ii. 447; skera á háls, to cut the throat of any one, Nj. 156; brjóta e-n á háls, to break any one’s neck; brjóta e-n á bak, to break any one’s back, Fms. vii. 119; kalinn á kné, frozen to the knees with cold, Hm. 3.VI. denoting round; láta reipi á háls hesti, round his horse’s neck, 623. 33; leggja söðul á hest, Nj. 83; and ellipt., leggja á, to saddle; breiða feld á hofuð sér, to wrap a cloak over his head, 164; reyta á sik mosa, to gather moss to cover oneself with, 267; spenna hring á hönd, á fingr, Eg. 300.VII. denoting a burden; stela mat á tvá hesta, hey á fimtán hesta, i. e. a two, a fifteen horse load, Nj. 74: metaph., kjósa feigð á menn, to choose death upon them, i. e. doom them to death, Edda 22.B. TEMP.I. of a period of time, at, to; á morgun, to-morrow (í morgun now means the past morning, the morning of to-day), Ísl. ii. 333.II. if connected with the word day, ‘á’ is now used before a fixed or marked day, a day of the week, a feast day, or the like; á Laugardag, á Sunnudag …, on Saturday, Sunday, the Old Engl. a-Sunday, a-Monday, etc.; á Jóladaginn, Páskadaginn, on Yule and Easter-day; but in old writers more often used ellipt. Sunnudaginn, Jóladaginn …, by dropping the prep. ‘á,’ Fms. viii. 397, Grág. i. 18.III. connected with ‘dagr’ with the definite article suffixed, ‘á’ denotes a fixed, recurring period or season, in; á daginn, during the day-time, every day in turn, Grett. 91 A.IV. connected with ‘evening, morning, the seasons,’ with the article; á kveldit, every evening, Ld. 14; á sumarit, every summer, Vd. 128, where the new Ed. Fs. 51 reads sumrum; á haust, every autumn, Eg. 741 (perh. a misprint instead of á haustin or á haustum); á vetrinn, in the winter time, 710; á várit, every spring, Gþl. 347; the sing., however, is very rare in such cases, the old as well as mod. usage prefers the plur.; á nætrnar, by night, Nj. 210; á várin, Eg. 710; á sumrin, haustin, á morgnana, in the morning (á morgin, sing., means to-morrow); á kveldin, in the evening, only ‘dagr’ is used in sing., v. above (á daginn, not á dagana); but elliptically and by dropping the article, Icelanders say, kveld og morgna, nótt og dag, vetr sumar vor og haust, in the same sense as those above mentioned.V. denoting duration, the article is dropped in the negative phrase, aldri á sinn dag, never during one’s life; aldri á mína daga, never in my life, Bjarn. 8, where a possess. pron. is put between noun and prep., but this phrase is very rare. Such phrases as, á þann dag, that day, and á þenna dag, Stj. 12, 655 xxx. 2. 20, are unclassical.VI. á dag without article can only be used in a distributive sense, e. g. tvisvar á dag, twice a-day; this use is at present freq. in Icel., yet instances from old writers are not on record.VII. denoting a movement onward in time, such as, liðið á nótt, dag, kveld, morgun, sumar, vetr, vár, haust (or nóttina, daginn …), jól, páska, föstu, or the like, far on in the night, day …, Edda 33; er á leið vetrinn, when the winter was well on, as the winter wore on, Nj. 126; cp. áliðinn: also in the phrase, hniginn á inn efra aldr, well stricken in years, Ld. 68.C. Metaph. and in various relations:I. somewhat metaphorically, denoting an act only (not the place); fara á fund, á vit e-s, to call for one, Eg. 140; koma á ræðu við e-n, to come to a parley with, to speak, 173; ganga á tal, Nj. 103; skora á hólm, to challenge to a duel on an island; koma á grið, to enter into a service, to be domiciled, Grág. i. 151; fara á veiðar, to go a-hunting, Fms. i. 8.β. generally denoting on, upon, in, to; bjóða vöxtu á féit, to offer interest on the money, Grág. i. 198; ganga á berhögg, to come to blows, v. berhögg; fá á e-n, to make an impression upon one, Nj. 79; ganga á vápn e-s, to throw oneself on an enemy’s weapon, meet him face to face, Rd. 310; ganga á lagið, to press on up the spear-shaft after it has passed through one so as to get near one’s foe, i. e. to avail oneself of the last chance; bera fé á e-n, to bribe, Nj. 62; bera öl á e-n, to make drunk, Fas. i. 13; snúinn á e-t, inclined to, Fms. x. 142; sammælast á e-t, to agree upon, Nj. 86; sættast, verða sáttr á e-t, in the same sense, to come to an agreement, settlement, or atonement, 78, Edda 15, Eb. 288, Ld. 50, Fms. i. 279; ganga á mála, to serve for pay as a soldier, Nj. 121; ganga á vald e-s, to put oneself in his power, 267; ganga á sætt, to break an agreement; vega á veittar trygðir, to break truce, Grág. ii. 169.II. denoting in regard to, in respect to:1. of colour, complexion, the hue of the hair, or the like; hvítr, jarpr, dökkr … á hár, having white, brown, or dark … hair, Ísl. ii. 190, Nj. 39; svartr á brún ok brá, dark of brow and eyebrow; dökkr á hörund, id., etc.2. denoting skill, dexterity; hagr á tré, a good carpenter; hagr á járn, málm, smíðar …, an expert worker in iron, metals …, Eg. 4; fimr á boga, good at the bow: also used of mastership in science or arts, meistari á hörpuslátt, a master in striking the harp, Fas. iii. 220; fræðimaðr á kvæði, knowing many poems by heart, Fms. vi. 391; fræðimaðr á landnámssögur ok forna fræði, a learned scholar in histories and antiquities (of Are Frode), Ísl. ii. 189; mikill á íþrótt, skilful in an art, Edda (pref.) 148; but dat. in the phrase, kunna (vel) á skíðum, to be a cunning skater, Fms. i. 9, vii. 120.3. denoting dimensions; á hæð, lengd, breidd, dýpt …, in the heighth, length, breadth, depth …, Eg. 277; á hvern veg, on each side, Edda 41 (square miles); á annan veg, on the one side, Grág. i. 89.β. the phrase, á sik, in regard to oneself, vel (illa) á sik kominn, of a fine ( ugly) appearance, Ld. 100, Fas. iii. 74.III. denoting instrumentality; bjargast á sínar hendr, to live on the work of one’s own hands, (á sínar spýtur is a mod. phrase in the same sense); (vega) á skálir, pundara, to weigh in scales, Grág. ii. 370; at hann hefði tvá pundara, ok hefði á hinn meira keypt en á hinn minna selt, of a man using two scales, a big one for buying and a little one for selling, Sturl. i. 91; á sinn kostnað, at one’s own expense; nefna e-n á nafn, by name, Grág. i. 17, etc. The Icel. also say, spinna á rokk, snældu, to spin on or with a rock or distaff; mala á kvern, to grind in a ‘querne,’ where Edda 73 uses dat.; esp. of musical instruments, syngja, leika á hljóðfæri, hörpu, gígju …; in the old usage, leika hörpu …, Stj. 458.IV. denoting the manner or way of doing:1. á þessa lund, in this wise, Grág. ii. 22; á marga vega, á alla, ymsa vega, in many, all, respects, Fms. i. 114; á sitt hóf, in its turn, respectively, Ld. 136, where the context shews that the expression answers to the Lat. mutatis mutandis; á Þýðersku, after German fashion, Sks. 288.2. esp. of language; mæla, rita á e-a tungu, to speak, write in a tongue; á Írsku, in Irish, Ld. 76; Norrænu, in Norse, Eb. 330, Vm. 35; a Danska tungu, in Danish, i. e. Scandinavian, Norse, or Icelandic, Grág. i. 18; á Vára tungu, i. e. in Icelandic, 181; rita á Norræna tungu, to write in Norse, Hkr. (pref.), Bs. i. 59:—at present, dat. is sometimes used.3. in some phrases the acc. is used instead of the dat.; hann sýndi á sik mikit gaman, Fms. x. 329; hann lét ekki á sik finna, he shewed no sign of motion, Nj. 111; skaltú önga fáleika á þik gera (Cod. Kalf.), 14.V. used in a distributive sense; skal mörk kaupa gæzlu á kú, eðr oxa fim vetra gamlan, a mark for every cow, Grág. i. 147; alin á hvert hross, 442; á mann, per man (now freq.): cp. also á dag above, lit. B.VI. connected with nouns,1. prepositional; á hendr (with dat.), against; á hæla, at heel, close behind; á bak, at back, i. e. past, after; á vit (with gen.), towards.2. adverbially; á braut, away, abroad; á víxl, in turns; á mis, amiss; á víð ok dreif, a-wide and a-drift, i. e. dispersedly.3. used almost redundantly before the following prep.; á eptir, after, behind; á undan, in front of; á meðal, á milli, among; á mót, against; á við, about, alike; á frá (cp. Swed. ifrån), from (rare); á fyrir = fyrir, Haustl. 1; á hjá, beside (rare); á fram, a-head, forwards; á samt, together; ávalt = of allt, always: following a prep., upp á, upon; niðr á, down upon; ofan á, eptir á, post eventum, (temp.) á eptir is loc., id., etc.VII. connected with many transitive verbs, answering to the Lat. ad- or in-, in composition, in many cases periphrastically for an objective case. The prep. generally follows after the verb, instead of being prefixed to it as in Lat., and answers to the Engl. on, to; heita kalla, hrópa á, to call on; heyra, hlusta, hlyða á, to hearken to, listen to; hyggja, hugsa á, to think on; minna á, to remind; sjá, líta, horfa, stara, mæna, glápa, koma auga … á, to look on; girnast á, to wish for; trúa á, to believe on; skora á, to call on any one to come out, challenge; kæra á, to accuse; heilsa á, to greet; herja, ganga, ríða, hlaupa, ráða … á, to fall on, attack, cp. ágangr, áreið, áhlaup; ljúga á, to tell lies of, to slander; telja á, to carp at; ausa, tala, hella, kasta, verpa … á, to pour, throw on; ríða, bera, dreifa á, to sprinkle on; vanta, skorta á, to fall short of; ala á, to plead, beg; leggja á, to throw a spell on, lay a saddle on; hætta á, to venture on; gizka á, to guess at; kveða á, to fix on, etc.: in a reciprocal sense, haldast á, of mutual strife; sendast á, to exchange presents; skrifast á, to correspond (mod.); kallast á, to shout mutually; standast á, to coincide, so as to be just opposite one another, etc.2.f. [Lat. aqua; Goth. ahva; Hel. aha; A. S. eâ; O. H. G. aha, owa; cp. Germ. ach and aue; Fr. eau, eaux; Engl. Ax-, Ex-, etc., in names of places; Swed.-Dan. å; the Scandinavians absorb the hu, so that only a single vowel or diphthong remains of the whole word]:—a river. The old form in nom. dat. acc. sing. is , v. the introduction to A, page 1, Bs. i. 333 sq., where ́n, ́ (acc.), and ́na; so also Greg. 677; the old fragm. of Grág. ii. 222, 223, new Ed. In the Kb. of the Edda the old form occurs twice, viz. page 75, ́na (acc.), (but two lines below, ána), í ́nni (dat.) The old form also repeatedly occurs in the Kb. and Sb. of the Grág., e. g. ii. 266, 267: gen. sing. ár; nom. pl. ár, gen. á contracted, dat. ám, obsolete form ́m; Edda 43, Eg. 80, 99, 133, 185: proverbs, at ósi skal á stemma, answering to the Lat. principiis obsta, Edda 60; hér kemr á til sæfar, here the river runs into the sea, metaph. = this is the very end, seems to have been a favourite ending of old poems; it is recorded in the Húsdrápa and the Norðsetadrápa, v. Edda 96, Skálda 198; cp. the common saying, oil vötn renna til sævar, ‘all waters run into the sea.’ Rivers with glacier water are in Icel. called Hvítá, White river, or Jökulsá: Hitá, Hot river, from a hot spring, opp. to Kaldá, v. Landn.: others take a name from the fish in them, as Laxá, Lax or Salmon river (freq.); Örriða á, etc.: a tributary river is þverá, etc.: ár in the Njála often means the great rivers Ölfusá and Þjórsá in the south of Iceland. Áin helga, a river in Sweden, Hkr. ii: á is also suffixed to the names of foreign rivers, Tempsá = Thames; Dóná, Danube (Germ. Don-au), (mod.), etc. Vide Edda (Gl.) 116, 117, containing the names of over a hundred North-English and Scottish rivers.COMPDS: áráll, árbakki, árbrot, ardjúp, árfarvegr, árfors, árgljúfr, árhlutr, ármegin, árminni, ármót, áróss, árreki, árstraumr, árströnd, árvað, árvegr, árvöxtr. -
48 ministero
m ministry( gabinetto) government, ministry* * *ministero s.m.1 (ufficio, funzione) office, function; (eccl.) ministry: un alto ministero, a high office; svolgere un ministero di pace, to carry out a mission of peace // il sacro ministero, the (sacred) ministry2 (ministero, dipartimento amministrativo dello Stato) Ministry, Office, Board; (negli Stati Uniti) Department // ministero dell'aeronautica, (GB) Air Ministry, (USA) Department of the Air Force // ministero degli (affari) esteri, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (GB) Foreign Office, (USA) Department of State // ministero degli (affari) interni, Ministry of the Interior, (GB) Home Office, (USA) Department of the Interior // ministero per gli affari sociali, (in Italia) Ministry for Social Affairs // ministero dell'agricoltura e foreste, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, (GB) Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, (USA) Department of Agriculture // ministero dell'ambiente, Ministry of the Environment, (GB) Department of the Environment // ministero per le aree urbane, (in Italia) Ministry for Urban Development and Rehabilitation // ministero dei beni culturali, (in Italia) Ministry for Arts and Culture // ministero del bilancio, Ministry of the Budget, (GB) the Treasury, (USA) Office of Management and Budget // ministero del commercio con l'estero, Ministry of Foreign Trade, (GB) Overseas Trade Ministry, (USA) US International Trade Commission // ministero della difesa, Ministry of Defence, (USA) Department of Defense // ministero delle finanze, Ministry of Finance, (GB) Exchequer (o Ministry of Finance), (USA) Department of the Treasury // ministero della funzione pubblica, (in Italia) Ministry for the Civil Service // ministero di grazia e giustizia, Ministry of Justice, (USA) Department of Justice // ministero della guerra, Ministry of War, (GB) War Office, (USA) Department of War // ministero dell'industria, commercio e artigianato, Ministry of Industry and Trade, (GB) Department of Trade and Industry, (USA) Department of Commerce // ministero del lavoro e della previdenza sociale, Ministry of Labour and Social Security, (GB) Department of Employment, (USA) Department of Labor // ministero dei lavori pubblici, (in Italia) Ministry of Public Works // ministero della Marina, Ministry of the Navy, (GB) Admiralty, (USA) Department of the Navy // ministero della marina mercantile, Ministry of the Merchant Marine, (GB) Marine Division of the Department of Trade, (USA) Maritime Administration of the Department of Commerce // ministero delle partecipazioni statali, Ministry of State Investment, (GB) National Enterprise Board // ministero per le politiche comunitarie, (nei paesi della CEE) Ministry for EEC Policy // ministero delle poste e telecomunicazioni, Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, (GB) Post Office Board, (USA) Post Office Department // ministero della protezione civile, Ministry for Civil Defence, (USA) (a livello nazionale, ma non in qualità di ministero) Federal Emergency Board // ministero della pubblica istruzione, Ministry of Education, (GB) Department of Education and Science, (USA) Department of Health, Education and Welfare // ministero per i rapporti col parlamento, (in Italia) Ministry for Parliamentary Affairs // ministero della ricerca scientifica e tecnologica, (in Italia) Ministry of Scientific Research and Technology // ministero della sanità, della salute, Ministry of Health, (GB) Department of Health, (USA) Department of Health, Education and Welfare // ministero del tesoro, Ministry of the Treasury, (GB) the Treasury, (USA) Department of the Treasury // ministero dei trasporti e dell'aviazione civile, Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation, (GB) Department of Transport and Civil Aviation Authority, (USA) Department of Transportation // ministero del turismo e dello spettacolo, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, (GB) British Tourist Authority, (USA) United States Travel Service (of the Department of Commerce)3 (Consiglio dei Ministri, governo) government, ministry; (Gabinetto) Cabinet: ministero radicale, radical government; fece parte del ministero Crispi, he served in Crispi's ministry; formare un ministero, to form a government (o a ministry o a Cabinet)4 (dir.) pubblico ministero, Public Prosecutor; (amer.) Prosecuting Attorney; District Attorney: la difesa e il pubblico ministero, the Defence and the Prosecution.* * *[minis'tɛro]sostantivo maschile1) pol. (governo) ministry, government3) dir.pubblico ministero — public prosecutor BE, prosecuting attorney AE
4) relig.•ministero dell'ambiente — (in GB) Department o Ministry of the Environment
ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali — = ministry of cultural heritage and environmental conservation
ministero della difesa — (in GB) Ministry of Defence; (negli USA) Department of Defense
ministero degli (affari) esteri — = foreign ministry, ministry of foreign affairs
ministero delle finanze — = finance ministry
ministero di grazia e giustizia — = ministry of Justice; (negli USA) Justice Department
ministero dell'interno — (in GB) Home Office; (negli USA) Department of the Interior
ministero del lavoro — = ministry of Employment; (negli USA) Labor Department
ministero delle poste e telecomunicazioni — = postal and telecommunications ministry
ministero della pubblica istruzione — = ministry of education
ministero della sanità — (in GB) Department of Health; (negli USA) Department of Health and Human Services
ministero del tesoro — (in GB) Treasury; (negli USA) Treasury Department
ministero dei trasporti — (in GB) Ministry of Transport; (negli USA) Department of Transportation
ministero dell'università e della ricerca scientifica e tecnologica — = ministry of university and of scientific and technological research
* * *ministero/minis'tεro/sostantivo m.1 pol. (governo) ministry, government4 relig. ministero sacerdotale ministryministero dell'ambiente (in GB) Department o Ministry of the Environment; ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali = ministry of cultural heritage and environmental conservation; ministero della difesa (in GB) Ministry of Defence; (negli USA) Department of Defense; ministero degli (affari) esteri = foreign ministry, ministry of foreign affairs; ministero delle finanze = finance ministry; ministero di grazia e giustizia = ministry of Justice; (negli USA) Justice Department; ministero dell'interno (in GB) Home Office; (negli USA) Department of the Interior; ministero del lavoro = ministry of Employment; (negli USA) Labor Department; ministero delle poste e telecomunicazioni = postal and telecommunications ministry; ministero della pubblica istruzione = ministry of education; ministero della sanità (in GB) Department of Health; (negli USA) Department of Health and Human Services; ministero del tesoro (in GB) Treasury; (negli USA) Treasury Department; ministero dei trasporti (in GB) Ministry of Transport; (negli USA) Department of Transportation; ministero dell'università e della ricerca scientifica e tecnologica = ministry of university and of scientific and technological research. -
49 Equestrianism
Equestrianism or Equitation has an ancient tradition in Portugal. Although today this sport of horseback riding, which is related to the art and science of horse breeding, is a peaceful activity, for centuries Portugal's use of the horse in cavalry was closely associated with war. Beginning in the 18th century, the activity became connected to bull- fighting. In war, the Portuguese used horse cavalry longer than most other European nations. While most armies gave up the horse for mechanized cavalry or tanks after World War I, Portugal was reluctant to change this tradition. Oddly, Portugal used a specialized form of cavalry in combat as late as 1969-1971, in Angola, a colony of Portugal until 1975. Portugal's army in Angola, engaged in a war with Angolan nationalist forces, employed the so-called "Dragoons," a specialized cavalry in rural areas, until 1971, a case perhaps of the last use of cavalry in modern warfare.Soccer, or futebol, is Portugal's favorite mass sport today, but equestrianism retains a special place in sports as a now democratized, if somewhat elite, sport for both Portuguese and visiting foreign riders. As of 1900, equestrianism was still the sport of royalty and aristocracy, but in the 21st century persons from all classes and groups enjoy it. The sport now features the unique Lusitano breed of horse, which evolved from earlier breeds of Iberian ponies and horses. Touring equestrianism recently has become an activity of niche tourism, and it is complemented by international competitive riding. Following the early 20th century, when the Olympics were revived, Portuguese competitors have excelled not only in sailing, field hockey on roller-skates, rowing, and marksmanship, but also in equestrianism. Notable Portuguese riders were medal winners in summer Olympics such as those of 1948 and 1988. This sport is engaged in primarily if not exclusively in regions with a history of horse breeding, riding, and cattle herding, in Ribatejo and Alentejo provinces, and has featured career military participants.Portuguese equestrianism, including the use of horses in bull-fighting, hunting, and other forms of sport, as well as in horse cavalry in war, was long associated with the lifestyles of royalty and the nobility. The use of traditional, Baroque riding gear and garb in competitive riding, instruction, and bull-fighting reflects such a tradition. Riders in bull-fighting or in exhibitions wear 18th-century male costumes that include a tricornered hat, long frock coats, breeches, stockings, and buckled shoes. The Ribatejo "cowboy" or riding herder wears the regional costume of a green and red cap, red tunic, white breeches and stockings, Portuguese bridles, and chaps sometimes made of olive leaves.Although their prestigious classical riding academy remains less well known than the famous Spanish Riding School of Vienna, Portugal has preserved the ancient tradition of a classical riding school in its Royal School of Portuguese Equestrian Arts, at Queluz, not far from the National Palace of Queluz, a miniature Portuguese Versailles, with a hall of mirrors, tiled garden, and canal. One of the great riding masters and trainers was the late Nuno Oliveira (1925-89), whose work generated a worldwide network of students and followers and who published classic riding manuals. Oliveira's widely admired method of instruction was to bring about a perfect harmony of action between horse and rider, an inspiration to new generations of riders. -
50 Kay, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. probably before 1747d. 1801 Bury, Lancashire, England[br]English inventor of the drop box, whereby shuttles with different wefts could be stored and selected when needed.[br]Little is known about the early life of Robert Kay except that he may have moved to France with his father, John Kay of Bury in 1747 but must have returned to England and their home town of Bury soon after. He may have been involved with his father in the production of a machine for making the wire covering for hand cards to prepare cotton for spinning. However, John Aikin, writing in 1795, implies that this was a recent invention. Kay's machine could pierce the holes in the leather backing, cut off a length of wire, bend it and insert it through the holes, row after row, in one operation by a person turning a shaft. The machine preserved in the Science Museum, in London's South Kensington, is more likely to be one of Robert's machine than his father's, for Robert carried on business as a cardmaker in Bury from 1791 until his death in 1801. The flying shuttle, invented by his father, does not seem to have been much used by weavers of cotton until Robert invented the drop box in 1760. Instead of a single box at the end of the sley, Robert usually put two, but sometimes three or four, one above another; the boxes could be raised or lowered. Shuttles with either different colours or different types of weft could be put in the boxes and the weaver could select any one by manipulating levers with the left hand while working the picking stick with the right to drive the appropriate shuttle across the loom. Since the selection could be made without the weaver having to pick up a shuttle and place it in the lath, this invention helped to speed up weaving, especially of multi-coloured checks, which formed a large part of the Lancashire output.Between 1760 and 1763 Robert Kay may have written a pamphlet describing the invention of the flying shuttle and the attack on his father, pointing out how much his father had suffered and that there had been no redress. In February 1764 he brought to the notice of the Society of Arts an improvement he had made to the flying shuttle by substituting brass for wood, which enabled a larger spool to be carried.[br]Further ReadingA.P.Wadsworth and J. de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, Manchester.A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London; and R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (for details about the drop box).RLH -
51 Lodge, Sir Oliver Joseph
[br]b. 12 June 1851 Penkhull, Staffordshire, Englandd. 22 August 1940 Lake, near Salisbury, Wiltshire, England[br]English physicist who perfected Branly's coherer; said to have given the first public demonstration of wireless telegraphy.[br]At the age of 8 Lodge entered Newport Grammar School, and in 1863–5 received private education at Coombs in Suffolk. He then returned to Staffordshire, where he assisted his father in the potteries by working as a book-keeper. Whilst staying with an aunt in London in 1866–7, he attended scientific lectures and became interested in physics. As a result of this and of reading copies of English Mechanic magazine, when he was back home in Hanley he began to do experiments and attended the Wedgewood Institute. Returning to London c. 1870, he studied initially at the Royal College of Science and then, from 1874, at University College, London (UCL), at the same time attending lectures at the Royal Institution.In 1875 he obtained his BSc, read a paper to the British Association on "Nodes and loops in chemical formulae" and became a physics demonstrator at UCL. The following year he was appointed a physics lecturer at Bedford College, completing his DSc in 1877. Three years later he became Assistant Professor of Mathematics at UCL, but in 1881, after only two years, he accepted the Chair of Experimental Physics at the new University College of Liverpool. There began a period of fruitful studies of electricity and radio transmission and reception, including development of the lightning conductor, discovery of the "coherent" effect of sparks and improvement of Branly's coherer, and, in 1894, what is said to be the first public demonstration of the transmission and reception (using a coherer) of wireless telegraphy, from Lewis's department store to the clock tower of Liverpool University's Victoria Building. On 10 May 1897 he filed a patent for selective tuning by self-in-ductance; this was before Marconi's first patent was actually published and its priority was subsequently upheld.In 1900 he became the first Principal of the new University of Birmingham, where he remained until his retirement in 1919. In his later years he was increasingly interested in psychical research.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1902. FRS 1887. Royal Society Council Member 1893. President, Society for Psychical Research 1901–4, 1932. President, British Association 1913. Royal Society Rumford Medal 1898. Royal Society of Arts Albert Medal 1919. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1932. Fourteen honorary degrees from British and other universities.Bibliography1875, "The flow of electricity in a plane", Philosophical Magazine (May, June and December).1876, "Thermo-electric phenomena", Philosophical Magazine (December). 1888, "Lightning conductors", Philosophical Magazine (August).1889, Modern Views of Electricity (lectures at the Royal Institution).10 May 1897, "Improvements in syntonized telegraphy without line wires", British patent no. 11,575, US patent no. 609,154.1898, "Radio waves", Philosophical Magazine (August): 227.1931, Past Years, An Autobiography, London: Hodder \& Stoughton.Further ReadingW.P.Jolly, 1974, Sir Oliver Lodge, Psychical Resear cher and Scientist, London: Constable.E.Hawks, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen.See also: Hertz, Heinrich RudolphKFBiographical history of technology > Lodge, Sir Oliver Joseph
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52 Preece, Sir William Henry
[br]b. 15 February 1834 Bryn Helen, Gwynedd, Walesd. 6 November 1913 Penrhos, Gwynedd, Wales[br]Welsh electrical engineer who greatly furthered the development and use of wireless telegraphy and the telephone in Britain, dominating British Post Office engineering during the last two decades of the nineteenth century.[br]After education at King's College, London, in 1852 Preece entered the office of Edwin Clark with the intention of becoming a civil engineer, but graduate studies at the Royal Institution under Faraday fired his enthusiasm for things electrical. His earliest work, as connected with telegraphy and in particular its application for securing the safe working of railways; in 1853 he obtained an appointment with the Electric and National Telegraph Company. In 1856 he became Superintendent of that company's southern district, but four years later he moved to telegraph work with the London and South West Railway. From 1858 to 1862 he was also Engineer to the Channel Islands Telegraph Company. When the various telegraph companies in Britain were transferred to the State in 1870, Preece became a Divisional Engineer in the General Post Office (GPO). Promotion followed in 1877, when he was appointed Chief Electrician to the Post Office. One of the first specimens of Bell's telephone was brought to England by Preece and exhibited at the British Association meeting in 1877. From 1892 to 1899 he served as Engineer-in-Chief to the Post Office. During this time he made a number of important contributions to telegraphy, including the use of water as part of telegraph circuits across the Solent (1882) and the Bristol Channel (1888). He also discovered the existence of inductive effects between parallel wires, and with Fleming showed that a current (thermionic) flowed between the hot filament and a cold conductor in an incandescent lamp.Preece was distinguished by his administrative ability, some scientific insight, considerable engineering intuition and immense energy. He held erroneous views about telephone transmission and, not accepting the work of Oliver Heaviside, made many errors when planning trunk circuits. Prior to the successful use of Hertzian waves for wireless communication Preece carried out experiments, often on a large scale, in attempts at wireless communication by inductive methods. These became of historic interest only when the work of Maxwell and Hertz was developed by Guglielmo Marconi. It is to Preece that credit should be given for encouraging Marconi in 1896 and collaborating with him in his early experimental work on radio telegraphy.While still employed by the Post Office, Preece contributed to the development of numerous early public electricity schemes, acting as Consultant and often supervising their construction. At Worcester he was responsible for Britain's largest nineteenth-century public hydro-electric station. He received a knighthood on his retirement in 1899, after which he continued his consulting practice in association with his two sons and Major Philip Cardew. Preece contributed some 136 papers and printed lectures to scientific journals, ninety-nine during the period 1877 to 1894.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCB 1894. Knighted (KCB) 1899. FRS 1881. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers, 1880. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1880, 1893. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1898–9. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts 1901–2.BibliographyPreece produced numerous papers on telegraphy and telephony that were presented as Royal Institution Lectures (see Royal Institution Library of Science, 1974) or as British Association reports.1862–3, "Railway telegraphs and the application of electricity to the signaling and working of trains", Proceedings of the ICE 22:167–93.Eleven editions of Telegraphy (with J.Sivewright), London, 1870, were published by 1895.1883, "Molecular radiation in incandescent lamps", Proceedings of the Physical Society 5: 283.1885. "Molecular shadows in incandescent lamps". Proceedings of the Physical Society 7: 178.1886. "Electric induction between wires and wires", British Association Report. 1889, with J.Maier, The Telephone.1894, "Electric signalling without wires", RSA Journal.1898, "Aetheric telegraphy", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers.Further ReadingJ.J.Fahie, 1899, History of Wireless Telegraphy 1838–1899, Edinburgh: Blackwood. E.Hawkes, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen.E.C.Baker, 1976, Sir William Preece, F.R.S. Victorian Engineer Extraordinary, London (a detailed biography with an appended list of his patents, principal lectures and publications).D.G.Tucker, 1981–2, "Sir William Preece (1834–1913)", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 53:119–36 (a critical review with a summary of his consultancies).GW / KFBiographical history of technology > Preece, Sir William Henry
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53 Riquet, Pierre Paul
[br]b. 29 June 1604 Béziers, Hérault, Franced. 1 October 1680 buried at Toulouse, France[br]French canal engineer and constructor of the Canal du Midi.[br]Pierre Paul Riquet was the son of a wealthy lawyer whose ancestors came from Italy. In his education at the Jesuit College in Béziers he showed obvious natural ability in science and mathematics, but he received no formal engineering training. With his own and his wife's fortunes he was able to purchase a château at Verfeil, near Toulouse. In 1630 he was appointed a collector of the salt tax in Languedoc and in a short time became Lessee General (Fermier Général) of this tax for the whole province. This entailed constant travel through the district, with the result that he became very familiar with this part of the country. He also became involved in military contracting. He acquired a vast fortune out of both activities. At this time he pondered the possibility of building a canal from Toulouse to the Mediterranean beyond Béziers and, after further investigation as to possible water supplies, he wrote to Colbert in Paris on 16 November 1662 advocating the construction of the canal. Although the idea proved acceptable it was not until 27 May 1665 that Riquet was authorized to direct operations, and on 14 October 1666 he was given authority to construct the first part of the canal, from Toulouse to Trebes. Work started on 1 January 1667. By 1669 he had between 7,000 and 8,000 men employed on the work. Unhappily, Riquet died just over six months before the canal was completed, the official opening beingon 15 May 1681.Although Riquet's fame rightly rests on the Canal du Midi, probably the greatest work of its time in Europe, he was also consulted about and was responsible for other projects. He built an aqueduct on more than 100 arches to lead water into the grounds of the château of his friend the marquis de Castres. The plans for this work, which involved considerable practical difficulties, were finalized in 1670, and water flowed into the château grounds in 1676. Also in 1676, Riquet was commissioned to lead the waters of the river Ourcq into Paris; he drew up plans, but he was too busy to undertake the construction and on his death the work was shelved until Napoleon's time. He was responsible for the creation of the port of Sète on the Mediterranean at the end of the Canal du Midi. He was also consulted on the supply of water to the Palace of Versailles and on a proposed route which later became the Canal de Bourgogne. Riquet was a very remarkable man: when he started the construction of the canal he was well over 60 years old, an age at which most people are retiring, and lived almost to its completion.[br]Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1973, From Sea to Sea, London: Allen Lane; rev. ed. 1994, Bridgwater: Internet Ltd.Jean-Denis Bergasse, 1982–7, Le Canal de Midi, 4 vols, Hérault:—Vol. I: Pierre Paul Riquet et le Canal du Midi dans les arts et la littérature; Vol II: Trois Siècles debatellerie et de voyage; Vol. III: Des Siècles d'aventures humaine; Vol. IV: Grands Moments et grands sites.JHB -
54 ASA
1) Общая лексика: Air service agreements2) Компьютерная техника: Animate Singular Agent4) Медицина: acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), Американское общество анестезиологов5) Американизм: American Standards Authority, Assistant Secretary of the Army6) Спорт: Aggressive Skater Association, Aggressive Skaters Association, All Softball Associations, Amateur Softball Association, American Sailing Association, American Softball Association, American Speed Association7) Военный термин: Allied Swat Agents, Ammunition Storage Area, Ammunition Supply Activity, Army Sailing Association, Army Satellite Communications Agency, Army School of Ammunition, Army Security Agency, Army Signal Association, Army Space Agency, Army Strategic Appraisal, Army seal of approval, Assistant Secretary of the Army, ASAF, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Civil Works, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Civil-Military Affairs, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Financial Management, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Installations and Logistics, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Manpower and Reserve Affairs, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Research and Development, Atomic Security Agency, advanced strike aircraft, advanced surveillance aircraft, advanced system avionics, area scanning alarm, army service area, automatic steerable antenna, automatic systems analysis, aviation supply annex, (M&RA)Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs), (CW) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works, (FM) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Financial Management, (I&L) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installation and Logistics8) Техника: Army Satcom Agency, abort sensor assembly, adaptive search algorithm, amplifier and switch assembly, annular slot antenna, automatic speech analyzer, azimuth servo assembly9) Сельское хозяйство: ammoniated superphosphoric acid10) Шутливое выражение: American Superhero Association, Anarchy Strikes America, Angry Stache Alliance11) Химия: Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride12) Математика: Angle Side Angle, Американская статистическая ассоциация (American Statistical Association)13) Религия: All Saints Association14) Страхование: American Surety Association, Associate in Society of Actuaries15) Музыка: The Acoustical Society of America16) Сокращение: Acetyl Salicylic Acid, Acoustical Society of America, Advanced Security Agency (USA), Advanced System Architecture, Aggiornamento del Sistema d'Arma (Weapon systems upgrade (Italy)), Air Security Agency, Amateur Swimming Association, American Sociological Association, American Statistical Association, American Surgical Association, Appropriate Superior Authority, Assistant Secretary of the Army (US Army), American Standard Association, Atomic Scientists' Association17) Театр: Art Service Association18) Университет: Adventist Students Association, African Students Association, Arizona Students Association, Art Scholarship Achievement, Asian Students Association19) Физика: Accessible Surface Area, Apparent Strength Of Adhesion20) Школьное выражение: Arizona School for the Arts21) Вычислительная техника: Advanced SCSI Architecture (SCSI), American Standards Association (organization, USA, ANSI, Vorlaeufer), Американская ассоциация по стандартизации, Американская ассоциация программного обеспечения22) Нефть: automatic spectrum analyzer, Американская ассоциация стандартов, Американская ассоциация стандартов (American Standards Association)23) Иммунология: антиспермальные антитела24) Космонавтика: Austrian Space Agency25) Транспорт: Automotive Service Association26) Фирменный знак: Advertising And Selling Association, American Spirit Arms27) Экология: air stagnation advisories28) Деловая лексика: Advertising Standards Authority, (сокр. от) Additional Services Authorization = разрешение (санкция) на дополнительные услуги30) Сетевые технологии: Active Server Application, Adaptive Server Anywhere, American Software Association, American Standards Association, Application Service Assurance, Automatic System Answer31) Пластмассы: Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate, Poly (Acrylic Styrene Acrylonitrile)32) Телефония: Average speed of answer33) Общая лексика: air signal attenuator34) Химическое оружие: automatic submerged arc, (FM) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Financial Management, (IL&E) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations, Logistics, and Environment, (RDA) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research, Development, and Acquisition35) Авиационная медицина: astronaut science advisor36) Безопасность: Adaptive Security Algorithm, After Security Advisory, Комплексная проверка безопасности (Advanced Safety Audit)37) Яхтенный спорт: Американское Самоа (Обозначения на парусах)38) Общественная организация: American Scientific Association, American Security Association, Autism Society of America39) Должность: Accredited Senior Appraiser, Alarm Systems Agent, Associate of the Society of Actuaries40) Чат: As Soon As41) NYSE. A S A, Ltd.43) НАСА: Australian Space Agency -
55 Asa
1) Общая лексика: Air service agreements2) Компьютерная техника: Animate Singular Agent4) Медицина: acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), Американское общество анестезиологов5) Американизм: American Standards Authority, Assistant Secretary of the Army6) Спорт: Aggressive Skater Association, Aggressive Skaters Association, All Softball Associations, Amateur Softball Association, American Sailing Association, American Softball Association, American Speed Association7) Военный термин: Allied Swat Agents, Ammunition Storage Area, Ammunition Supply Activity, Army Sailing Association, Army Satellite Communications Agency, Army School of Ammunition, Army Security Agency, Army Signal Association, Army Space Agency, Army Strategic Appraisal, Army seal of approval, Assistant Secretary of the Army, ASAF, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Civil Works, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Civil-Military Affairs, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Financial Management, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Installations and Logistics, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Manpower and Reserve Affairs, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Research and Development, Atomic Security Agency, advanced strike aircraft, advanced surveillance aircraft, advanced system avionics, area scanning alarm, army service area, automatic steerable antenna, automatic systems analysis, aviation supply annex, (M&RA)Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs), (CW) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works, (FM) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Financial Management, (I&L) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installation and Logistics8) Техника: Army Satcom Agency, abort sensor assembly, adaptive search algorithm, amplifier and switch assembly, annular slot antenna, automatic speech analyzer, azimuth servo assembly9) Сельское хозяйство: ammoniated superphosphoric acid10) Шутливое выражение: American Superhero Association, Anarchy Strikes America, Angry Stache Alliance11) Химия: Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride12) Математика: Angle Side Angle, Американская статистическая ассоциация (American Statistical Association)13) Религия: All Saints Association14) Страхование: American Surety Association, Associate in Society of Actuaries15) Музыка: The Acoustical Society of America16) Сокращение: Acetyl Salicylic Acid, Acoustical Society of America, Advanced Security Agency (USA), Advanced System Architecture, Aggiornamento del Sistema d'Arma (Weapon systems upgrade (Italy)), Air Security Agency, Amateur Swimming Association, American Sociological Association, American Statistical Association, American Surgical Association, Appropriate Superior Authority, Assistant Secretary of the Army (US Army), American Standard Association, Atomic Scientists' Association17) Театр: Art Service Association18) Университет: Adventist Students Association, African Students Association, Arizona Students Association, Art Scholarship Achievement, Asian Students Association19) Физика: Accessible Surface Area, Apparent Strength Of Adhesion20) Школьное выражение: Arizona School for the Arts21) Вычислительная техника: Advanced SCSI Architecture (SCSI), American Standards Association (organization, USA, ANSI, Vorlaeufer), Американская ассоциация по стандартизации, Американская ассоциация программного обеспечения22) Нефть: automatic spectrum analyzer, Американская ассоциация стандартов, Американская ассоциация стандартов (American Standards Association)23) Иммунология: антиспермальные антитела24) Космонавтика: Austrian Space Agency25) Транспорт: Automotive Service Association26) Фирменный знак: Advertising And Selling Association, American Spirit Arms27) Экология: air stagnation advisories28) Деловая лексика: Advertising Standards Authority, (сокр. от) Additional Services Authorization = разрешение (санкция) на дополнительные услуги30) Сетевые технологии: Active Server Application, Adaptive Server Anywhere, American Software Association, American Standards Association, Application Service Assurance, Automatic System Answer31) Пластмассы: Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate, Poly (Acrylic Styrene Acrylonitrile)32) Телефония: Average speed of answer33) Общая лексика: air signal attenuator34) Химическое оружие: automatic submerged arc, (FM) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Financial Management, (IL&E) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations, Logistics, and Environment, (RDA) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research, Development, and Acquisition35) Авиационная медицина: astronaut science advisor36) Безопасность: Adaptive Security Algorithm, After Security Advisory, Комплексная проверка безопасности (Advanced Safety Audit)37) Яхтенный спорт: Американское Самоа (Обозначения на парусах)38) Общественная организация: American Scientific Association, American Security Association, Autism Society of America39) Должность: Accredited Senior Appraiser, Alarm Systems Agent, Associate of the Society of Actuaries40) Чат: As Soon As41) NYSE. A S A, Ltd.43) НАСА: Australian Space Agency -
56 asa
1) Общая лексика: Air service agreements2) Компьютерная техника: Animate Singular Agent4) Медицина: acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), Американское общество анестезиологов5) Американизм: American Standards Authority, Assistant Secretary of the Army6) Спорт: Aggressive Skater Association, Aggressive Skaters Association, All Softball Associations, Amateur Softball Association, American Sailing Association, American Softball Association, American Speed Association7) Военный термин: Allied Swat Agents, Ammunition Storage Area, Ammunition Supply Activity, Army Sailing Association, Army Satellite Communications Agency, Army School of Ammunition, Army Security Agency, Army Signal Association, Army Space Agency, Army Strategic Appraisal, Army seal of approval, Assistant Secretary of the Army, ASAF, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Civil Works, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Civil-Military Affairs, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Financial Management, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Installations and Logistics, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Manpower and Reserve Affairs, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Research and Development, Atomic Security Agency, advanced strike aircraft, advanced surveillance aircraft, advanced system avionics, area scanning alarm, army service area, automatic steerable antenna, automatic systems analysis, aviation supply annex, (M&RA)Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs), (CW) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works, (FM) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Financial Management, (I&L) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installation and Logistics8) Техника: Army Satcom Agency, abort sensor assembly, adaptive search algorithm, amplifier and switch assembly, annular slot antenna, automatic speech analyzer, azimuth servo assembly9) Сельское хозяйство: ammoniated superphosphoric acid10) Шутливое выражение: American Superhero Association, Anarchy Strikes America, Angry Stache Alliance11) Химия: Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride12) Математика: Angle Side Angle, Американская статистическая ассоциация (American Statistical Association)13) Религия: All Saints Association14) Страхование: American Surety Association, Associate in Society of Actuaries15) Музыка: The Acoustical Society of America16) Сокращение: Acetyl Salicylic Acid, Acoustical Society of America, Advanced Security Agency (USA), Advanced System Architecture, Aggiornamento del Sistema d'Arma (Weapon systems upgrade (Italy)), Air Security Agency, Amateur Swimming Association, American Sociological Association, American Statistical Association, American Surgical Association, Appropriate Superior Authority, Assistant Secretary of the Army (US Army), American Standard Association, Atomic Scientists' Association17) Театр: Art Service Association18) Университет: Adventist Students Association, African Students Association, Arizona Students Association, Art Scholarship Achievement, Asian Students Association19) Физика: Accessible Surface Area, Apparent Strength Of Adhesion20) Школьное выражение: Arizona School for the Arts21) Вычислительная техника: Advanced SCSI Architecture (SCSI), American Standards Association (organization, USA, ANSI, Vorlaeufer), Американская ассоциация по стандартизации, Американская ассоциация программного обеспечения22) Нефть: automatic spectrum analyzer, Американская ассоциация стандартов, Американская ассоциация стандартов (American Standards Association)23) Иммунология: антиспермальные антитела24) Космонавтика: Austrian Space Agency25) Транспорт: Automotive Service Association26) Фирменный знак: Advertising And Selling Association, American Spirit Arms27) Экология: air stagnation advisories28) Деловая лексика: Advertising Standards Authority, (сокр. от) Additional Services Authorization = разрешение (санкция) на дополнительные услуги30) Сетевые технологии: Active Server Application, Adaptive Server Anywhere, American Software Association, American Standards Association, Application Service Assurance, Automatic System Answer31) Пластмассы: Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate, Poly (Acrylic Styrene Acrylonitrile)32) Телефония: Average speed of answer33) Общая лексика: air signal attenuator34) Химическое оружие: automatic submerged arc, (FM) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Financial Management, (IL&E) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations, Logistics, and Environment, (RDA) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research, Development, and Acquisition35) Авиационная медицина: astronaut science advisor36) Безопасность: Adaptive Security Algorithm, After Security Advisory, Комплексная проверка безопасности (Advanced Safety Audit)37) Яхтенный спорт: Американское Самоа (Обозначения на парусах)38) Общественная организация: American Scientific Association, American Security Association, Autism Society of America39) Должность: Accredited Senior Appraiser, Alarm Systems Agent, Associate of the Society of Actuaries40) Чат: As Soon As41) NYSE. A S A, Ltd.43) НАСА: Australian Space Agency -
57 Jobard, Jean-Baptiste-Ambroise Marcelin
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 14 May 1792 Baissey, Haute-Marne, Franced. 27 October 1861 Brussels, Belgium[br]French technologist, promoter of Belgian industry.[br]After attending schools in Langres and Dijon, Jobard worked in Groningen and Maastricht as a cadastral officer from 1811 onwards. After the Netherlands had been constituted as a new state in 1814, he became a Dutch citizen in 1815 and settled in Brussels. In 1825, when he had learned of the invention of lithography by Alois Senefelder, he retired and established a renowned lithographic workshop in Belgium, with considerable commercial profit. After the political changes which led to the separation of Belgium from the Netherlands in 1830, he devoted his activities to the progress of science and industry in this country, in the traditional idea of enlightenment. His main aim was to promote all branches of the young economy, to which he contributed with ceaseless energy. He cultivated especially the transfer of technology in many articles he wrote on his various journeys, such as to Britain, France, Germany and Switzerland, and he continued to do so when he became the Director of the Museum of Industry in Brussels in 1841, editing its Bulletin until his death. Jobard, as a member of societies for the encouragement of arts and industry in many countries, published on almost any subject and produced many inventions. Being a restless character by nature, and having, in addition, a strong attitude towards designing and constructing, he also contributed to mining technology in 1828 when he was the first European to practise successfully the Chinese method of rope drilling near Brussels.[br]Bibliography1840, Plan d'organisation du Musée de l'industrie, présenté au Ministre de l'interieur, Brussels.1844, Machines à vapeur, arrêtes et instructions, Brussels.1846, Comment la Belgique peut devenir industrielle, à propos de la Société d'exportation, Brussels.considérées comme blason de l'industrie et du commerce, dédié à la Société des inventeurs et protecteurs de l'industrie, Brussels.1855, Discours prononcé à l'assemblée des industriels réunis pour l'adoption de la marque obligatoire, Paris.Further ReadingH.Blémont, 1991, article in Dictionnaire de biographie française, Paris, pp. 676–7 (for a short account of his life).A.Siret, 1888–9, article in Biographie nationale de belgique, Vol. X, Brussels, col. 494– 500 (provides an impressive description of his restless character and a selected bibliography of his many publications.T.Tecklenburg, 1900, Handbuch der Tiefbohrkunde, 2nd edn, Vol. IV, Berlin, pp. 7–8 (contains detailed information on his method of rope drilling).WKBiographical history of technology > Jobard, Jean-Baptiste-Ambroise Marcelin
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58 OASIS
1) Компьютерная техника: Online Aix Service Information Station2) Американизм: Operational And Administrative System For Import Support3) Спорт: Oldham Athletic Supporters In The South4) Военный термин: Office Automation System for Intelligence Support, Operational Application of Special Intelligence Systems, Optimized Action Sequence Interpreter System, operational applications of special intelligence systems, operational automatic scheduling information system, optimized air-to-surface IR seeker5) Техника: Oak Ridge automated safeguards information system, ocean all-source information system, optimized air-to-surface infrared seeker6) Метеорология: Oceanographic and Atmospheric Support and Information System, Optimization Of Aquifer Storage For Increased Supply7) Автомобильный термин: ford motor company online automotive service information system8) Сокращение: OTH Airborne Sensor Information System, Office Automation Secure Information System, Operational Analysis for Systems Simulation, Operational Applications of Special Intelligence Systems (USA), Organic Airborne and Surface Influence Sweep, Over-the-horizon Airborne Sensor Information System9) Университет: Ocean Acquisition System For Interdisciplinary Science, Office Of Arts And Sciences Information Services, Online Academic Student Information System, Online Auburn Student Information System, Organization For African Students Interest And Solidarity10) Физиология: Online Asperger Syndrome Information Support, Online Asperger's Syndrome Information Support11) Вычислительная техника: Online Application System Interactive Software, Open And Secure Information Systems (Eureka), Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (organization)12) Транспорт: Observation Aided Safety Improvement System, Operational and Supportability Implementation System13) Пищевая промышленность: Ornaments And Specialty Ingredients Source14) Фирменный знак: Online Auction Service And Internet Specialists15) Экология: Oceanic and Atmospheric Scientific16) Деловая лексика: Operational Application Support Information Services, Outsourced Application Software And Information Services, Outstanding Adults Still In Service17) Образование: Outreach Assisting Students In Schools18) Сетевые технологии: Open Architecture For Scaleable Internet Systems, Open Architecture System Integration Strategy19) Океанография: Ocean Atmosphere Seafloor Integration Study, Oceanic and Atmospheric Scientific Information System20) Безопасность: Orbis Advanced Security Intruder System21) Энергосистемы: автоматизированная система, обеспечивающая участников оптового рынка западного энергообъединения США информацией о пропускной способности участков сети22) Нефть и газ: Baker Hughes engineering and consulting service for improved drilling performance, услуги консультантов компании «Baker Hughes» в целях оптимизации процесса выполнения буровых работ24) Программное обеспечение: Online Automated Scheduling Information Software -
59 Oasis
1) Компьютерная техника: Online Aix Service Information Station2) Американизм: Operational And Administrative System For Import Support3) Спорт: Oldham Athletic Supporters In The South4) Военный термин: Office Automation System for Intelligence Support, Operational Application of Special Intelligence Systems, Optimized Action Sequence Interpreter System, operational applications of special intelligence systems, operational automatic scheduling information system, optimized air-to-surface IR seeker5) Техника: Oak Ridge automated safeguards information system, ocean all-source information system, optimized air-to-surface infrared seeker6) Метеорология: Oceanographic and Atmospheric Support and Information System, Optimization Of Aquifer Storage For Increased Supply7) Автомобильный термин: ford motor company online automotive service information system8) Сокращение: OTH Airborne Sensor Information System, Office Automation Secure Information System, Operational Analysis for Systems Simulation, Operational Applications of Special Intelligence Systems (USA), Organic Airborne and Surface Influence Sweep, Over-the-horizon Airborne Sensor Information System9) Университет: Ocean Acquisition System For Interdisciplinary Science, Office Of Arts And Sciences Information Services, Online Academic Student Information System, Online Auburn Student Information System, Organization For African Students Interest And Solidarity10) Физиология: Online Asperger Syndrome Information Support, Online Asperger's Syndrome Information Support11) Вычислительная техника: Online Application System Interactive Software, Open And Secure Information Systems (Eureka), Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (organization)12) Транспорт: Observation Aided Safety Improvement System, Operational and Supportability Implementation System13) Пищевая промышленность: Ornaments And Specialty Ingredients Source14) Фирменный знак: Online Auction Service And Internet Specialists15) Экология: Oceanic and Atmospheric Scientific16) Деловая лексика: Operational Application Support Information Services, Outsourced Application Software And Information Services, Outstanding Adults Still In Service17) Образование: Outreach Assisting Students In Schools18) Сетевые технологии: Open Architecture For Scaleable Internet Systems, Open Architecture System Integration Strategy19) Океанография: Ocean Atmosphere Seafloor Integration Study, Oceanic and Atmospheric Scientific Information System20) Безопасность: Orbis Advanced Security Intruder System21) Энергосистемы: автоматизированная система, обеспечивающая участников оптового рынка западного энергообъединения США информацией о пропускной способности участков сети22) Нефть и газ: Baker Hughes engineering and consulting service for improved drilling performance, услуги консультантов компании «Baker Hughes» в целях оптимизации процесса выполнения буровых работ24) Программное обеспечение: Online Automated Scheduling Information Software -
60 oasis
1) Компьютерная техника: Online Aix Service Information Station2) Американизм: Operational And Administrative System For Import Support3) Спорт: Oldham Athletic Supporters In The South4) Военный термин: Office Automation System for Intelligence Support, Operational Application of Special Intelligence Systems, Optimized Action Sequence Interpreter System, operational applications of special intelligence systems, operational automatic scheduling information system, optimized air-to-surface IR seeker5) Техника: Oak Ridge automated safeguards information system, ocean all-source information system, optimized air-to-surface infrared seeker6) Метеорология: Oceanographic and Atmospheric Support and Information System, Optimization Of Aquifer Storage For Increased Supply7) Автомобильный термин: ford motor company online automotive service information system8) Сокращение: OTH Airborne Sensor Information System, Office Automation Secure Information System, Operational Analysis for Systems Simulation, Operational Applications of Special Intelligence Systems (USA), Organic Airborne and Surface Influence Sweep, Over-the-horizon Airborne Sensor Information System9) Университет: Ocean Acquisition System For Interdisciplinary Science, Office Of Arts And Sciences Information Services, Online Academic Student Information System, Online Auburn Student Information System, Organization For African Students Interest And Solidarity10) Физиология: Online Asperger Syndrome Information Support, Online Asperger's Syndrome Information Support11) Вычислительная техника: Online Application System Interactive Software, Open And Secure Information Systems (Eureka), Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (organization)12) Транспорт: Observation Aided Safety Improvement System, Operational and Supportability Implementation System13) Пищевая промышленность: Ornaments And Specialty Ingredients Source14) Фирменный знак: Online Auction Service And Internet Specialists15) Экология: Oceanic and Atmospheric Scientific16) Деловая лексика: Operational Application Support Information Services, Outsourced Application Software And Information Services, Outstanding Adults Still In Service17) Образование: Outreach Assisting Students In Schools18) Сетевые технологии: Open Architecture For Scaleable Internet Systems, Open Architecture System Integration Strategy19) Океанография: Ocean Atmosphere Seafloor Integration Study, Oceanic and Atmospheric Scientific Information System20) Безопасность: Orbis Advanced Security Intruder System21) Энергосистемы: автоматизированная система, обеспечивающая участников оптового рынка западного энергообъединения США информацией о пропускной способности участков сети22) Нефть и газ: Baker Hughes engineering and consulting service for improved drilling performance, услуги консультантов компании «Baker Hughes» в целях оптимизации процесса выполнения буровых работ24) Программное обеспечение: Online Automated Scheduling Information Software
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