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21 Ma Jun (Ma Chun)
[br]fl. 220–265 China[br]Chinese engineer and inventor.[br]Ma Jun was active at the court of Emperor Ming Ti and achieved several useful inventions in a number of fields. First, he made improvements in the silk-weaving loom by simplifying the heddles and treadles, thereby enabling a greater variety of patterns to be woven. Second, he constructed a "south pointing carriage", which was a two-wheeled cart with a train of gears arranged so that whichever direction the vehicle turned, the figure mounted on top of it would always point south. This may seem trivial, but the carriage may have had useful applications, possibly in surveying. During the period 227 to 239, Ma Jun also made a square-pallet chain pump, usually attributed to Bi Lan (186 AD), Loyang, that was used to irrigate parks and gardens. Other inventions included rotary ballistae and mechanical toys that were worked by water power, such as puppets operated by horizontal jack wheels.[br]Further ReadingJ.Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965, Vol. IV, 2, pp. 39–42, 286–8, 295, 303, 346, 350, 524, 532–3.LRD -
22 Shi Lu (Shih Lu)
[br]fl. late third century BC China[br]Chinese canal builder who constructed the oldest contour transport canal.[br]The background to Shi's work was the victorious campaign waged by the Qin emperor against the state of Yue. He scored a triumph by constructing the Ling Qu or "magic canal", by far the oldest contour transport canal in any civilization and which took the emperor's barges and warships across a mountain range. The canal joined the Xiang and Li rivers and included thirty-six lock gates.[br]Further ReadingJ.Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, Vol. IV.3, pp. 299, 300, 303ff., 375.LRD -
23 Shen Gua (Shen Kua)
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]fl. eleventh century China[br]Chinese writer on the compass.[br]Shen Gua gave the first clear description in any language of the magnetic compass and magnetic declination in his Meng Qi Bi Tan (c. 1088). The text also describes north-and south-pointing needles, just over a century before the earliest Western accounts.[br]Bibliographyc.1088, Meng Qi Bi Tan.Further ReadingJ.Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962, Vol. IV. 1, pp. 249–51.LRD -
24 Ding Huan (Ting Huan)
[br]fl. c.100 AD China[br]Chinese inventor of various devices.[br]Ding Huan invented a form of suspension rediscovered by the French Renaissance mathematician Jerome Cardan, although a reference in the "Ode to beautiful women" (c.740) indicates that the device was probably in existence earlier (see vol. IV.2, p. 233 in the reference given below). Ding Huan also invented the zoetrope lamp (c.180), which had a thin canopy bearing vanes at the top that were caused to rotate by an ascending current of warm air from the lamp. The canopy bore images which, if the canopy were rotated fast enough, gave the impression of movement, as in early forerunners of the cinematograph. In the Xi Jing Za Ji (Miscellaneous Records of the Western Capital), it is recorded that Ding Huan devised an air-conditioning fan that consisted of a set of seven fans, each 10 ft (3 m) in diameter, connected so that they could be worked together by one person. The device could cool a hall so that "people would even begin to shiver".[br]Further ReadingJ.Needham, 1972–4, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, vols IV. 1, pp. 123, 125; IV. 2, pp. 150–1, 233, 236; V. 2, p. 133.LRD -
25 Qiao Weiyue (Chiao Wei-Yo)
SUBJECT AREA: Canals[br]fl. c. 980/987 China[br]Chinese canal engineer who constructed pound-lock gates on the Huai section of the Grand Canal.[br]Qiao held office as Assistant Transport Commissioner of Huainan c. 984. In the course of his duties he constructed true pound-lock gates on the Huai section of the Grand Canal as a means of preventing tax frauds on grain, which resulted from the frequent wrecking of grain-carrying boats on the canal's double slipways. The pound locks included suspended lock gates (portcullis gates), implying some mechanism for raising and lowering them. The locks were covered over by a shed-like roof and were large enough to accommodate several barges at a time. Qiao's pound locks were the first in any civilization: they probably resembled those illustrated in the work of the Italian writer Vittorio Zonca on machines of the seventeenth century.[br]Further ReadingJ.Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, vol. IV.3, pp. 350–2, 357, 660(i).LRDBiographical history of technology > Qiao Weiyue (Chiao Wei-Yo)
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