-
61 ice
hielo; hielo natural* -
62 ice
glace; glace naturelle* -
63 ice
Eis; Natureis* -
64 holandesa
f.Dutchwoman.* * *1 (papel) quarto sheet* * *f., (m. - holandés)* * *SF (Tip) quarto sheet* * *= hollander.Nota: En imprenta antigua, máquina trituradora de trapos inventada en Holanda.Ex. A rotary machine invented in Holland in the late seventeenth century and commonly known as 'hollander' did not pound but minced the rags into pulp with revolving knives.* * *= hollander.Nota: En imprenta antigua, máquina trituradora de trapos inventada en Holanda.Ex: A rotary machine invented in Holland in the late seventeenth century and commonly known as 'hollander' did not pound but minced the rags into pulp with revolving knives.
* * *
holandés,-esa
I adjetivo Dutch
II m,f (hombre) Dutchman
(mujer) Dutchwoman
III m (idioma) Dutch
' holandesa' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
florín
English:
Dutchwoman
- Dutch
* * *holandesa nf[hoja de papel] = piece of paper measuring 22 x 28 cm* * *f Dutchwoman -
65 chicha
adj.&f.feminine of CHICHO.f.1 meat (informal) (para comer). (peninsular Spanish)2 maize liquor, corn liquor, chicha.3 breast, boob, teat, bub.* * *\no ser ni chicha ni limonada familiar to be neither fish nor fowltener muchas chichas familiar to be chubby* * *ISF1) LAm (=bebida) maize liquor, corn liquor (EEUU)- ni chicha ni limonada o limonáCHICHA Chicha is a strong alcoholic drink made from fermented maize and produced in Peru, where it is associated with ceremonial and ritual occasions. It is now an element of what is known as chicha culture, a dynamic blend of traditional Indian and modern imported styles and fashions created out of the migration of the rural poor to major cities. Chicha music has become the most popular music in Peru. It combines the traditional Andean huayno with tropical, Afro-Hispanic music and electronic instruments. II* SF meat- tiene pocas chichasIIIADJcalma chicha — (Náut) dead calm
* * *1) ( bebida alcohólica) alcoholic drink made from fermented maize, also called chicha brujani chicha ni limonada — (fam) neither one thing nor the other
sacarle la chicha a alguien — (Ven fam) to make somebody work for his (o her etc) money
volver chicha a alguien — (fam) to beat somebody to pulp
3) (AmC vulg) ( teta) tit (sl)•• Cultural note:A Latin American drink, typically alcoholic, made of fermented maize. In some South American countries, chicha is drunk out of a bull's horn during fiestas patrias. In Peru, the term lo chicha is used to denote anything relating to ordinary life and the common people. It also refers to a mixture of cumbia, a fast music of Colombian origin, and huayno, Andean music* * *1) ( bebida alcohólica) alcoholic drink made from fermented maize, also called chicha brujani chicha ni limonada — (fam) neither one thing nor the other
sacarle la chicha a alguien — (Ven fam) to make somebody work for his (o her etc) money
volver chicha a alguien — (fam) to beat somebody to pulp
3) (AmC vulg) ( teta) tit (sl)•• Cultural note:A Latin American drink, typically alcoholic, made of fermented maize. In some South American countries, chicha is drunk out of a bull's horn during fiestas patrias. In Peru, the term lo chicha is used to denote anything relating to ordinary life and the common people. It also refers to a mixture of cumbia, a fast music of Colombian origin, and huayno, Andean music* * *A (bebida alcohólica) alcoholic drink made from fermented maize, also called chicha brujani chicha ni limonada ( fam); neither one thing nor the other, neither fish nor fowlsacarle la chicha a algn ( Ven fam): pagan bien pero nos sacan la chicha they pay well but they make you work for your money o they get their pound of fleshvolver chicha a algn ( fam); to beat sb to pulpCompuestos:C2( Esp fam): la chicha (el cuerpo): llevaba toda la chicha al aire she was showing everything she had ( colloq)3A Latin American drink, typically alcoholic, made of fermented maize. In some South American countries, chicha is drunk out of a bull's horn during fiestas patrias (↑ fiesta aa1).In Peru, the term lo chicha is used to denote anything relating to ordinary life and the common people. It also refers to a mixture of cumbia, a fast music of Colombian origin, and huayno, Andean music.* * *
chicha sustantivo femenino
1
◊ chicha bruja ;
chicha andina alcoholic drink made with corn flour and pineapple juice;
chicha de manzana/uva alcoholic drink made from apple/grape juice
2 (AmC vulg) ( teta) tit (sl)
chicha sustantivo femenino LAm chicha, maize liquor
' chicha' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
calma
- chicho
* * *chicha nfFamde chicha y nabo lousy;un reloj de chicha y nabo a lousy watchtiene pocas chichas he's as thin as a rake3. [bebida alcohólica] = alcoholic drink made from fermented maize;Famno ser ni chicha ni limonada o [m5] limoná to be neither one thing nor the other, to be neither fish nor fowl4. [bebida refrescante] = thick, sweet drink made from rice, condensed milk and vanilla* * *f L.Am.corn liquor;no ser ni chicha ni limonada fam be neither one thing nor the other* * *chicha nf: fermented alcoholic beverage made from corn -
66 mill
1. n мельница; дробилка2. n фабрика3. n завод4. n прядильная фабрика5. n лесопильный завод6. n метал. прокатный стан7. n отжимный пресс8. n тех. фреза9. n тех. фрезерный станок10. n жарг. состязание по боксу11. n жарг. кулачный бой12. n сл. тюрьма13. n сл. воен. гауптвахта, «губа»14. n сл. воен. жарг. двигатель самолёта15. v молоть16. v молоться17. v рушить18. v дробить, измельчать19. v прокатывать20. v обрабатывать на станке; фрезеровать21. v гуртить22. v выделывать23. v валять24. v пилить лес25. v двигаться кругом, кружить; толочься26. v сбивать до пены27. v сл. бить, тузить; колошматить28. n амер. тысячная часть доллара29. v сл. грабить, крастьСинонимический ряд:1. factory (noun) coffee mill; factory; flour mill; forge; grain manufactory; manufactory; millhouse; plant; sawmill; shop; works2. powder (verb) crush; granulate; grind; powder; pulverise -
67 Cai Lun (Tsai Lun)
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. c.57 AD Chinad. c.121 AD China[br]Chinese Director of Imperial Workshops who is usually credited with the invention of paper.[br]He was a confidential secretary to the Emperor. He became Director of the Imperial Workshops and he is said to have invented, or sponsored the invention of, paper around the year 105 AD. Recent studies, however, suggest that paper was already known in China two centuries earlier. The method of making it has hardly varied in principle since that time. The raw materials, then usually old fishing nets and clothing rags, were boiled with water, to which alkali in the form of wood ash was sometimes added. The resulting pulp was then beaten in a stone mortar with a stone or a wooden mallet. The pulp was then mixed and stirred with a large amount of water, and a sieve or mould (formed on a wooden frame carrying a mat of thin reeds sewn together) was dipped into it and was shaken to help the fibres in the layer of pulp to interlock and thus form a sheet of paper. The rest of the process consisted, then as now, of getting rid of the water: the sheets of paper were dried and bleached by leaving them to lie in the sun.Some of China's many inventions were achieved independently in Western Europe, but it seems that Europe's knowledge of papermaking stems from the Chinese. It was not until the eighth century that it passed into the Islamic world and so, first by contact with the Moors in Spain in the twelfth century, into Western Europe.Cai Lun was later made a marquis. Further promotion followed when he was regarded as the god of papermaking.[br]Further ReadingJ.Needham, 1985, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Vol. V (1): Clerks and Craftsmen in China and the West, 1970.LRD -
68 pestil
thin sheet of sun-dried fruit pulp. -ini çıkarmak /ın/ colloq. 1. to beat (someone) to a pulp, beat the tar out of (someone). 2. to tire (someone) out completely, wear (someone) to a frazzle. 3. to crush (something) to a pulp. -i çıkmak colloq. to be dog-tired, be worn to a frazzle. - gibi olmak colloq. to be too tired to move, be worn to a frazzle. -
69 papel2
2 = paper, stationery, paper stock.Ex. Folders allow a set of papers to be kept together when a set on a given topic is removed from the file.Ex. Dual dictionaries are not card-based, but are computer produced post-co-ordinate indexes where usually two identical lists are printed on continuous computer stationery.Ex. As far as durability is concerned, comic books are now published on heavier, higher quality paper stock; the days of newsprint are largely gone = En lo que respecta a la durabilidad, los tebeos se publican ahora en papel de mayor grosor y calidad; los días del papel de "periódico" de baja calidad en general pertenecen al pasado.----* abanicar el papel = fan (out) + paper.* acidez del papel = paper acidity.* acolchado con papel = paper padded.* atasco de papel = paper jam.* bandeja de alimentación de papel = feed tray.* basado en el papel = paper-based.* bloque de papel = pad of paper.* bolsa de papel = paper carrier, paper bag.* caja de pañuelos de papel = box of tissue.* calidad del papel = paper quality.* cinta de papel continuo = web of paper.* clip para el papel = paper clip.* confección de papel = paper-making [papermaking].* con papel de calco intercalado = carbon interleaved paper.* copia de papel de calco = carbon copy.* copia en papel = hard copy [hardcopy].* cubierta de papel = paper cover.* dispensador de papel de cocina = kitchen roll holder.* dispensador de toallitas de papel = kitchen roll holder.* documento en papel = paper document.* edición en papel coloreado = coloured-paper issue.* encuadernación flexible en papel = limp paper binding.* en formato papel = in hard copy, paper-based.* en papel = in print, paper-based, in hard copy.* envoltorio de papel = paper wrapper.* existencias de papel = paper stock.* fabricación de papel = paper-making [papermaking], paper manufacturing.* fábrica de papel = paper mill, pulp and paper mill.* farolillo de papel = Chinese lantern.* fibra de papel = paper fibre.* forma de papel vitela = wove mould.* forma de un solo fondo para papel verjurado = single-faced laid mould.* forma para papel verjurado = laid mould.* formato de presentación en papel = hard copy format.* funda de papel = paper jacket.* hoja de papel = slip of paper, sheet of paper.* hoja de papel continuo = web of paper.* hoja de papel encerada = wax sheet.* impresión en papel = print on paper.* impreso en papel = paper-printed.* industria del papel = paper industry.* invasión del papel, la = paper storm, the.* letra cuya impresión en papel no está completa = broken letter.* mano de papel = quire.* máquina continua de papel = paper-making machine.* máquina de papel continuo = newsprint machine.* máquina de perforar papeles = desk punch.* máquina Fourdrinier de papel continuo = newsprint Fourdrinier.* mundo del papel impreso, el = paper world, the.* oficina sin papel = paperless office.* pañuelo de papel = tissue.* papel acídico = acidic paper.* papel ácido = acid paper, acidic paper.* papel adhesivo = contact paper.* papel Albal = tinfoil [tin foil], kitchen foil, aluminum foil, aluminium foil.* papel alcalino = alkaline paper.* papel a mano-máquina = mouldmade paper.* papel avitelado = wove paper.* papel comercial = commercial paper.* papel con membrete = letterhead.* papel continuo = web, continuous paper.* papel continuo de períodico = newsprint.* papel cuadriculado = graph paper.* papel cuché = art paper, coated paper.* papel de acidez neutralizada = deacidified paper.* papel de aluminio = aluminium foil, tinfoil [tin foil], kitchen foil, aluminum foil.* papel de arroz = rice paper, pith paper.* papel de biblia = Bible paper.* papel debilitado = brittle paper.* papel de calcar = tracing paper.* papel de calco = carbon paper, carbon, tracing paper.* papel de cera = greaseproof paper, waxed paper.* papel de China = rice paper, pith paper.* papel de cocina = paper towel, kitchen paper.* papel de colores = coloured paper.* papel de embalar = wrapping paper.* papel de empapelar = wallpaper.* papel de envolver = wrapping paper.* papel de envolver regalos = gift wrapping paper.* papel de escribir = writing paper.* papel de escritura = bond paper.* papel de esmeril = emery paper.* papel de esparto = esparto paper.* papel de imprenta = printing paper, copy paper.* papel de lija = sandpaper, emery paper.* papel de multicopista = run-off paper.* papel de pasta = paste paper.* papel de periódico = newsprint.* papel de plata = tinfoil [tin foil], kitchen foil, aluminum foil, aluminium foil.* papel desacidificado = deacidified paper.* papel de seda = tissue paper, tissue sheet.* papel de tela = rag paper.* papel de tornasol = litmus paper.* papel de trapo = rag paper.* papel de virutas = woodchip paper.* papel digital = digital paper.* papel dominante = alpha role.* papel durable = durable paper.* papel duradero = durable paper.* papel esmeril = emery paper.* papel estraza = brown paper.* papel estucado = art paper, coated paper.* papel hecho a mano = hand-made paper.* papel hecho a máquina = machine-made paper.* papel higiénico = toilet paper, loo paper.* papel hilo = bond paper.* papel inservible = scrap paper, scrap.* papel kraft = kraft.* papel lignario = ligneous paper.* papel moneda = banknote, paper money.* papel neutro = acid-free paper.* papel no ácido = acid-free paper.* papel perforado continuo = continuous computer stationery.* papel permanente = permanent paper, durable paper.* papel plastificado = laminated paper, plasticised paper.* papel reciclado = recycled paper.* papel satinado = glossy paper.* papel secante = blotting paper, blotter.* papel sin acidez = acid-free paper.* papel soporte para estucado = body paper.* papel verjurado = laid paper.* papel verjurado hecho a máquina = machine-made laid paper.* papel verjurado manual = laid hand-made paper.* papel vitela = wove paper.* pasta de papel = stuff.* plato de papel = paper plate.* poner papel en la impresora = load + printer.* publicación en papel = paper publication.* publicación sin papel = paperless publishing.* que no está en papel = non-paper [non paper].* recipiente de papel = paper container.* reproducción en papel = blowback.* reproductor de microformas en papel = reader/printer [reader-printer].* rollo de papel de cocina = kitchen roll.* rollo de papel higiénico = loo roll.* rollo de toallitas de papel = kitchen roll.* saco de papel = paper sack.* separación mediante papel = paper splitting.* sin papel = paperless.* sobre el papel = in intent, nominally.* sociedad del papel = paper society.* sociedad sin papel, la = paperless society, the.* sólo en papel = print-only.* toallita de papel = paper towel, kitchen paper.* trozo de papel = slip.* un mar de papel = a sea of + paper. -
70 макулатура
жен.;
только ед.
1) полигр. mackle( - paper), spoilt sheet(s) ;
spoilage;
pages spoiled in printing
2) перен. pulp literature, literary trashж.
1. (негодная бумага) spoilage, waste-paper;
2. разг. (бездарное литературное произведение) rubbish, pulp.Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > макулатура
-
71 paper
1) бумага
2) бумажный
3) статья
4) бумажные деньги
5) работа
– abrasive paper
– Alexandria paper
– aquarel paper
– asbestos paper
– autographic paper
– backing paper
– bag paper
– bakelized paper
– baryta paper
– blotting paper
– box-cover paper
– building paper
– bundle of paper
– capacitor paper
– carbon paper
– chalk-overly paper
– chart paper
– cigarette paper
– coil paper
– colored paper
– coordinate paper
– copying paper
– cover paper
– crepe paper
– desinfectant paper
– diagram paper
– diazo-type paper
– drawing paper
– duplication paper
– embossed paper
– emery paper
– filter paper
– flat paper
– flonix paper
– fuzzing of paper
– glazed paper
– grained paper
– graph paper
– gum paper
– gummed paper
– hard-sized paper
– heat-sensitive paper
– heliographic paper
– insulating paper
– keyboard paper
– kraft paper
– lacquering of paper
– leather-imitation paper
– light-sensitive paper
– long-fibered paper
– map paper
– mat paper
– match box paper
– matrix paper
– metallization of paper
– metallized paper
– mica-loaded paper
– micanite paper
– mimeo paper
– mulch paper
– offset paper
– packaging paper
– paper advance
– paper back
– paper capacitor
– paper clamp
– paper cockling
– paper conditioning
– paper creping
– paper cup
– paper dirt
– paper gloss
– paper insulation
– paper loading
– paper mill
– paper money
– paper oiling
– paper shuffling
– paper tape
– paper trimmings
– paper winder
– paper wood
– paraffined paper
– phototype paper
– post paper
– poster paper
– pre-coated paper
– printing paper
– reagent paper
– reinforced paper
– resistance paper
– roll-fed paper
– roofing paper
– sand paper
– seasoning of paper
– semi-sized paper
– sheet paper
– size paper
– sized paper
– square paper
– squared paper
– static-charge by paper
– stencil paper
– supercalendered paper
– test paper
– thread paper
– ticket paper
– tracing paper
– transfer paper
– unfinished paper
– vellum paper
– velour paper
– waterproof paper
– wax paper
– web paper
– wrapping paper
– writing paper
bitumized packaging paper — битумированная упаковочная бумага
heavy kraft paper — <industr.> бумага кабельная
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72 целлюлоза
* * *целлюло́за ж.1. ( клетчатка) cellulose2. ( целлюлозная масса) cellulose pulpобезво́живать целлюло́зу — dewater (the) celluloseобесцве́чивать целлюло́зу — decolorize (the) celluloseоблагора́живать целлюло́зу — refine (the) celluloseотбе́ливать целлюло́зу — bleach (the) celluloseочища́ть целлюло́зу — purify (the) celluloseпроце́живать целлюло́зу — strain (the) celluloseформова́ть целлюло́зу в полотно́ — form (the) cellulose into a continuous sheetвиско́зная целлюло́за — rayon [viscose] celluloseдлинноволокни́стая целлюло́за — long-fibre celluloseцеллюло́за для хими́ческого произво́дства — chemical celluloseдреве́сная целлюло́за — wood celluloseдреве́сная целлюло́за для произво́дства бума́ги ( бумажная масса) — woodpulpкормова́я целлюло́за — fodder celluloseкоротковолокни́стая целлюло́за — short-fibred celluloseсульфа́тная целлюло́за — sulphate celluloseсульфи́тная целлюло́за — sulphite celluloseтова́рная целлюло́за — market [commercial] celluloseхло́пковая целлюло́за — cotton [linters] pulp, cotton lintersщелочна́я целлюло́за — alkali(ne) [sodium] cellulose -
73 mill
1) завод
2) мельница
3) молоть
4) намолачивать
5) обрабатывать фрезой
6) постав
7) стан
8) фрезеровать
9) фрезовать
10) шарошить
11) вальцы
12) дробилка
13) дробить
14) раздробить
– aerated mill
– ball mill
– ball-rolling mill
– ball-tube mill
– beam mill
– billet mill
– blooming mill
– bone mill
– burr mill
– center-discharge mill
– coarse-grinding mill
– coke mill
– colloidal mill
– concentrating mill
– crushing mill
– double-strand mill
– duo mill
– duo rolling mill
– edge mill
– edge-runner mill
– finishing mill
– flattening mill
– flour mill
– fodder mill
– grain mill
– grinding mill
– hammer mill
– hot-rolling mill
– impact mill
– jet mill
– knitting mill
– looping mill
– masticating mill
– melting mill
– mill length
– mill line
– mill paint
– mill peat
– mill plasticization
– mill pond
– mill rolls
– mill scale
– mill separator
– mill spindle
– mill tackle
– mill the latex
– mill the rubber
– multi-stand mill
– multi-strand mill
– multiple-compartment mill
– non-reversing mill
– paper mill
– pearl mill
– pebble mill
– plate mill
– pulverizing mill
– rail-rolling mill
– reeling mill
– rod mill
– roller mill
– rolling mill
– rotary-pan mill
– saw mill
– seamless-tube mill
– section mill
– set-up of a mill
– sheet mill
– sheet-bar mill
– sinking mill
– sizing mill
– skelp mill
– skin-rolling mill
– slab mill
– slabbing-blooming mill
– sludge mill
– small-section mill
– steel mill
– stone mill
– strip mill
– tire mill
– tube mill
– tube-forming mill
– tubular mill
– two-stand mill
– universal mill
– vapart mill
– vibratory mill
– wet crushing mill
– wire-rod mill
pulverization in an eddy mill — <metal.> размол вихревой
rail-and-structural steel mill — рельсобалочный прокатный стан
tube-reducing rolling mill — редукционный трубопрокатный стан
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74 capa1
1 = coat, coating, layer, film, veneer.Ex. We will not accomplish that by being timid or by giving our profession a fresh coat of paint.Ex. A thesaurus might advise the searcher that the following alternative terms might prove fruitful: coating and other more specific terms, e.g. Printing works.Ex. While the layer of pulp was on this wire, the water drained away and the wire was given a sideways shake.Ex. The water of the stuff poured into the middle of the cylinder through its wire-mesh cover, and was immediately pumped out from one end leaving a film of fibres on the surface.Ex. Sexism is typically rationalized by & masked beneath an intellectual veneer.----* aplicar una capa base = prime.* aplicar una capa de imprimación = prime.* capa de = carpet of.* capa de espuma sucia = scum.* capa de hielo = ice sheet, sheet of ice.* capa de ozono = ozone layer.* capa de pintura = coat of paint.* capa social más distinguida, la = crust, the.* capa unimolecular = monolayer.* capa vegetal = topsoil.* multicapa = multiwall.* por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.* una capa fina de = a skim of. -
75 макулатура
только ед.
1) полигр. mackle(-paper), spoilt sheet(s); spoilage; pages spoiled in printing
2) перен. pulp literature, literary trash* * ** * *mackle(-paper), spoilt sheet(s); spoilage* * *bumfbumphgarbagetrash -
76 stock
1) фонд; запас || снабжать, хранить в фондах2) исходное сырьё, исходный материал (бумага, плёнка)3) стопа; пачка4) макулатураАнгло-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > stock
-
77 slush
1. n шуга2. n талый снег3. n жидкая грязь, слякоть4. n глухой плеск, хлюпанье5. n жировые отбросы6. n сальный налёт7. n тех. консистентная смазка; антикоррозионная смазка8. n тех. ружейное масло9. n тех. разг. сентиментальная болтовня; сентиментальный вздорslush sheet — журнал, печатающий сентиментальные рассказы
slush sheet — журнал, печатающий сентиментальные рассказы
10. v окатывать11. v тех. покрывать антикоррозионной смазкой12. v брызгать водой13. v шлёпать по грязи14. v течь с глухим плеском15. v есть жадно, с чавканьем16. v стр. расшивать швы; заполнять швы17. v воен. чистить канал стволаСинонимический ряд:1. melting snow (noun) frozen mud; melting snow; mire; muck; mud; slime; sludge; waste; wet snow2. soft mass (noun) curd; dough; mash; mush; ooze; paste; pulp; soft mass -
78 stock
1. фонд; запас; снабжать, хранить в фондах2. исходное сырьё, исходный материалstock stop — упор — ограничитель продвижения материала
3. стопа; пачка4. макулатураout of stock — нет на складе, распродано
paper stock — бумажное сырьё; тряпьё; бумажная масса
prepiled stock — бумага, предварительно уложенная в стопу
pulp stock — целлюлоза, целлюлозная масса
5. стопа листов6. листовой материалplanting stock — посадочный материал; саженцы
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79 Fourdrinier, Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 11 February 1766 London, Englandd. 3 September 1854 Mavesyn Ridware, near Rugeley, Staffordshire, England[br]English pioneer of the papermaking machine.[br]Fourdrinier's father was a paper manufacturer and stationer of London, from a family of French Protestant origin. Henry took up the same trade and, with his brother Sealy (d. 1847), devoted many years to developing the papermaking machine. Their first patent was taken out in 1801, but success was still far off. A machine for making paper had been invented a few years previously by Nicolas Robert at the Didot's mill at Essonnes, south of Paris. Robert quarrelled with the Didots, who then contacted their brother-in-law in England, John Gamble, in an attempt to raise capital for a larger machine. Gamble and the Fourdriniers called in the engineer Bryan Donkin, and between them they patented a much improved machine in 1807. In the new machine, the paper pulp flowed on to a moving continuous woven wire screen and was then squeezed between rollers to remove much of the water. The paper thus formed was transferred to a felt blanket and passed through a second press to remove more water, before being wound while still wet on to a drum. For the first time, a continuous sheet of paper could be made. Other inventors soon made further improvements: in 1817 John Dickinson obtained a patent for sizing baths to improve the surface of the paper; while in 1820 Thomas Crompton patented a steam-heated drum round which the paper was passed to speed up the drying process. The development cost of £60,000 bankrupted the brothers. Although Parliament extended the patent for fourteen years, and the machine was widely adopted, they never reaped much profit from it. Tsar Alexander of Russia became interested in the papermaking machine while on a visit to England in 1814 and promised Henry Fourdrinier £700 per year for ten years for super-intending the erection of two machines in Russia; Henry carried out the work, but he received no payment. At the age of 72 he travelled to St Petersburg to seek recompense from the Tsar's successor Nicholas I, but to no avail. Eventually, on a motion in the House of Commons, the British Government awarded Fourdrinier a payment of £7,000. The paper trade, sensing the inadequacy of this sum, augmented it with a further sum which they subscribed so that an annuity could be purchased for Henry, then the only surviving brother, and his two daughters, to enable them to live in modest comfort. From its invention in ancient China (see Cai Lun), its appearance in the Middle Ages in Europe and through the first three and a half centuries of printing, every sheet of paper had to made by hand. The daily output of a hand-made paper mill was only 60–100 lb (27–45 kg), whereas the new machine increased that tenfold. Even higher speeds were achieved, with corresponding reductions in cost; the old mills could not possibly have kept pace with the new mechanical printing presses. The Fourdrinier machine was thus an essential element in the technological developments that brought about the revolution in the production of reading matter of all kinds during the nineteenth century. The high-speed, giant paper-making machines of the late twentieth century work on the same principle as the Fourdrinier of 1807.[br]Further ReadingR.H.Clapperton, 1967, The Paper-making Machine, Oxford: Pergamon Press. D.Hunter, 1947, Papermaking. The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft, London.LRD -
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1) доска англ. (шириной до 10 см и толщиной до 5 см); амер. ( шириной до 20 см и толщиной до 5 см)2) мн. ч. пиломатериал ( обычно из хвойных пород)3) картон (массой свыше 250 г/см2)4) плита; щит12) электрон. плата13) мор. возд. борт14) осуществлять ( производить) посадку, садиться (на судно, самолёт)15) переплётная крышка; сторонка ( переплётной крышки)•to assemble board — монтировать( печатную) плату;to calender board — каландрировать картон;to cast board — отливать картон;to dress board in planer — обрабатывать доску по поверхности, строгать доску;to glaze board — глянцевать картон;to mold board — калевать доску;to paste board — склеивать листы картона;to run board in ( through) planer — обрабатывать доску по поверхности, строгать доску;to run board through molder — калевать доску;to shiplap board — строгать доску на фальц;to size board — проклеивать картон;to surface board — обрабатывать доску по поверхности, строгать доску-
access board
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additive board
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asbestos-cement board
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asphalt board
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axially fluted board
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back board
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baffle board
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bare board
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barge board
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barrier board
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batter board
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bench board
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bilge board
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binder board
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bleached board
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bleached sulfate board
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bluff board
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bogus board
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boning board
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bottom board
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box board
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bread board
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bridging board
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Bristol board
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bulletin board
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cane fiber board
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cant board
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caption board
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cement-asbestos board
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center board
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center-beaded board
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central control board
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cheek boards
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chip board
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circuit board
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clapper boards
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comb board
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combined board
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composite board
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control board
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cordless board
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corrugated asbestos-cement board
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corrugated board
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corrugated plastic board
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cover board
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CPU board
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crawling board
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cross-corrugated board
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cutout board
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dagger board
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danger board
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dash board
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data board
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delivery board
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densely populated board
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digital board
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distant-warning board
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distribution board
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double-double face corrugated board
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double-face corrugated board
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double-height board
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double-sided board
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double-wall corrugated board
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drafting board
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draining board
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drain board
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drawing board
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duplex board
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echo board
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edged board
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elbow board
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elevating board
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end board
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end boards
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evaluation board
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expansion board
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extension board
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fascia board
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fat board
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feather-edged board
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feather-edge board
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feed board
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fiber board
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fiddle board
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filler board
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fine-line board
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finger board
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fitting board
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flight progress board
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floor board
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floor boards
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fluted board
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folder register board
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food board
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fourble board
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fuse board
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gable board
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gage board
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gangway board
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glass-epoxy board
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gradient board
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gravel board
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grease-resistant board
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guard board
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gypsum board
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hard board
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hard-sized board
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hex-width board
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high-density board
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hybrid-circuit board
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hybrid board
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illuminated indicator board
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illustration board
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impregnated board
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in-and-out board
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input-output board
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instrument board
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jack board
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junction board
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known-good board
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kraft-lined board
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lacing board
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laminated printed circuit board
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layer board
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lazy board
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lear board
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lens board
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leveling board
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light board
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limber board
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load board
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loaded board
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loom board
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louver board
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manger board
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manila board
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manilla board
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matched boards
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match boards
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matrix board
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memory board
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meter board
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mill-lined board
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mixed straw board
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module board
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moisture-barrier board
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mold board
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molded bead board
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molded board
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molded pulp board
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molding board
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moldproof board
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monkey board
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mother board
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mottled white board
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multifunction board
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multilayer interconnection board
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naked board
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navigation lights board
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nontest board
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notch board
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number board
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odd-side board
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one-sided board
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otter board
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panel board
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particle board
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patch board
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pattern board
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peg board
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perforated board
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pilot-balloon plotting board
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pin board
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pipe racking board
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pit boards
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plain board
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plotting board
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plug board
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plug-in board
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poling board
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poppet board
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populated board
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power-ground board
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printed-circuit board
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proofing board
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propulsion control board
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prototyping board
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quard-height board
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race board
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racking board
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raw printed circuit board
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rigid-when-wet corrugated board
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rod board
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rough board
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route card board
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run board
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saddle board
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saddleback board
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sarking boards
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scaffold board
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scum board
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sheet-lined board
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side boards
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sign board
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signal board
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single-face corrugated board
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single-sided board
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single-wall corrugated board
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skid board
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skirt board
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skirting board
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slab board
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sleeve board
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sluice board
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snow board
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sound board
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spacing board
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spinning board
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splash board
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spot board
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square board
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squat board
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stabbing board
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stability board
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stamping board
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stock pile board
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story board
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strickle board
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strip board
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subtractive board
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sulfate board
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terminal board
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test board
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thole board
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timing board
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toll board
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tonnage board
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transom board
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triple-wall corrugated board
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trunk-line board
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tubing board
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turnover board
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two-sided board
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unbleached sulfate board
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unedged board
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unloaded board
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valley board
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varnished board
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vat-lined board
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verge board
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video control board
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visual control board
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warning board
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water-repellent board
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water-resistant board
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wax-treated board
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weatherproof board
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window board
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wire-circuit board
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wire board
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wire-wrap board
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zoned vacuum board
См. также в других словарях:
Pulp-sheet — Дешёвый журнал (отпечатанный на газетной бумаге) … Краткий толковый словарь по полиграфии
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Wood pulp — is a dry fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating the fibers which make up wood. Pulp can be either fluffy or formed into thick sheets. The latter form is used if the pulp must be transported from the pulp mill to a… … Wikipedia
Molded pulp — Molded pulp, also named Moulded pulp or Molded Fibre, is a packaging material, typically made from recycled paperboard and/or newsprint. It is used for protective packaging or for food service trays and beverage carriers. Other typical uses are… … Wikipedia
Wood-pulp paper — is paper made from wood pulp, which is produced from trees by a variety of mechanical and chemical processes. Paper made from wood pulp ranges from toilet paper (obviously a single use product) to newsprint (meant to be used once then recycled),… … Wikipedia
Wood pulp — Wood Wood, n. [OE. wode, wude, AS. wudu, wiodu; akin to OHG. witu, Icel. vi?r, Dan. & Sw. ved wood, and probably to Ir. & Gael. fiodh, W. gwydd trees, shrubs.] [1913 Webster] 1. A large and thick collection of trees; a forest or grove; frequently … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
paper pulp — raw material for paper manufacture that contains vegetable, mineral, or man made fibres. It forms a matted or felted sheet on a screen when moisture is removed. Rags and other fibres, such as straw, grasses, and bark of the mitsumata… … Universalium
free sheet — Print. paper made entirely from chemical pulp and therefore free of groundwood. * * * … Universalium
uncoated free sheet — noun A grade of paper containing little or no mechanical wood pulp that is often used in the production of office papers … Wiktionary
free sheet — Print. paper made entirely from chemical pulp and therefore free of groundwood … Useful english dictionary