-
1 IT
(impersonal 3rd sg. pronoun – notice that “personal” forms are used of all living things including plants; see HE): As a pronominal suffix, the entire 3rd person singular “he, she it” is expressed by the ending -s, e.g. caris *“(s)he/it does” (VT49:16). The ending -s is also attested in object position, e.g. utúvienyes, "I have found [utúvienye-] it [-s]"). “It”, with reference to non-living or abstract things, does have a distinct form when appearing as an independent pronoun: sa (VT49:37), with long vowel (sá, VT49:51) when stressed. It is attested in object position: carë sa, “to do it” (VT49:34). Another word for “it” or “that” is ta (though in some sources, Tolkien used ta for plural impersonal “they, them” instead). Case endings may probably be added to sa, e.g. dative *san “for it” (cf. nin “for me”); sa also appears suffixed to a preposition in the word ósa *”with it” (VT43:29). Genitive ITS would normally appear as the ending -rya (only attested with personal meanings “his, her” – see HIS). “Its” as an independent word may be *sanya, formed from *san as the dative form of sa “it” (compare ninya “my” vs. ni “I”, dative nin “for me”). –VT49:16, 51, VT43:29, LotR:1008, TA -
2 PLANT
\#olva (only pl olvar is attested, never actually translated "plants" but defined as "growing things with roots in the earth"); LONG TRAILING PLANT uilë ("especially sea-weed", which is explicitly ëaruilë) –Silm:415, UY -
3 THEY, THEM
(3rd person pl. and dual forms): As the pronominal ending for “they”, Tolkien hesitated between -ltë and -ntë. For instance, a verb like “they do” is attested both as cariltë and carintë (VT49:16, 17). In one text, the ending -ltë is marked as archaic or poetic (VT49:17), but in other paradigms no such qualification occurs (VT49:51). The alternative form -nte- occurs in UT:317, with a second pronominal marker (-s “it”, denoting the object) following: Tiruvantes "they will keep it". General considerations of euphony may favour -ltë rather than -ntë (e.g. *quenteltë rather than *quententë for “they spoke” – in the past tense, many verbs end in -ntë even before any pronominal endings are supplied, like quentë “spoke” in this example). The ending -ltë (unlike -ntë) would also conform with the general system that the plural pronominal endings include the plural marker l (VT48:11). – In Tolkien’s early material, the ending -ltë appears as -lto instead (e.g. tulielto “they have come”, LT1:270). – A simple plural verb (with ending -r) can have “they” as its implied subject, as in the example quetir en “they still say” (PE17:167). – In the independent pronouns, distinct forms of may be used depending on whether “they, them” refers to living beings (persons, animals or even plants) or to non-living things or abstracts. The “personal” independent pronoun is te, which may have a long vowel when stressed (té, VT49:51). It is also attested in object position (laita te “bless them”, LotR:989 cf. Letters:308, VT43:20). It can receive case endings, e.g. dative ten (VT49:14; variant forms téna and tien, VT49:14, VT43:12, 21). As the “impersonal” they, them referring to non-living things, Tolkien in some sources used ta (VT43:20; 8, 9), but this apparently caused dissatisfaction because he also wanted ta to be the singular pronoun “that, it”. According to VT49:32, the form tai was introduced as the word for impersonal or inanimate “they, them” (in some places changed to te, apparently suggesting that Tolkien considered using te for both personal and impersonal “they/them”, abandoning the distinction). Another source (VT49:51) lists sa as the pl. impersonal form, but all other published sources use this pronoun for singular impersonal “it”, not pl. “they”. – The object “them” can also be expressed by the ending -t following another pronominal suffix (laituvalmet, “we shall bless [or praise] them", LotR:989 cf Letters:308). Presumably this ending -t makes no distinction between personal and impersonal forms. – Quenya also possesses special dual forms of “they, them”, used where only two persons or things are referred to (none of these pronouns distinguish between personal and impersonal forms). In VT49:16, the old ending for dual “they” is given as -stë (marked as archaic or poetic), but this would clash with the corresponding 2nd person ending. According to VT49:51, this ending was changed (also within the imaginary world) from -stë to -ttë, which seems the better alternative (*carittë, “the two of them do”). The independent dual pronoun is given as tú (ibid.) However, it may also be permissible to use te for “they, them” even where only two persons are involved (te is seemingly used with reference to Frodo and Sam in one of the examples above, laita te “bless them”). – Genitive forms, see THEIR; reflexive pronoun, see THEMSELVES.
См. также в других словарях:
plants — plants; plants·man; … English syllables
PLANTS — Research into the flora mentioned in the ancient Hebrew literature is grounded on the basic assumption that within historical times no fundamental changes have taken place in the country s climate (see agriculture ). This assumption, which allows … Encyclopedia of Judaism
plants — The most recent and most authoritative work on the folklore of plants in the British Isles is Roy Vickery s A Dictionary of Plant Lore (1995), drawing on information gathered between 1981 and 1994, as well as on previous books and journals. It … A Dictionary of English folklore
plants — Regarded in the OT as gifts of God to be valued and not consumed selfishly or greedily (Gen. 1:29–30; 3:18), especially the vine (2 Kgs. 19:29). In the NT plants and planting are used metaphorically of God s work (Matt. 15:13) and people s… … Dictionary of the Bible
plants — • göt, tacka, stång, plants … Svensk synonymlexikon
plants — augalai statusas T sritis ekologija ir aplinkotyra apibrėžtis Organizmai, sudarantys augalų karalystę (regnum Plantae). Dauguma yra autotrofai: naudodami Saulės spindulių energiją iš anglies dioksido ir vandens gamina organines medžiagas… … Ekologijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
Plants in the Bible — • Discusses all of the types of plants mentioned in the Sacred Scriptures Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Plants in the Bible Plants in the Bible … Catholic encyclopedia
Plants vs. Zombies — Разработчик PopCap Games Издатель … Википедия
Plants Plus — is an Australian marketing and buying group operated on behalf of independently owned garden centres. Each member nursery pays an annual fee for membership. In return, they trade under the Plants Plus banner, sell Plants Plus branded garden… … Wikipedia
Plants vs. Zombies — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Plants vs. Zombies Desarrolladora(s) PopCap Games Distribuidora(s) PopCap Games Diseñador(es) PopCap … Wikipedia Español
Plants for a Future — (PFAF) is an online not for profit resource for those interested in edible and useful plants of temperate regions. The project currently has two sites in the South West of England where many of the plants are being grown on a trial basis, and… … Wikipedia
