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101 Freitas do Amaral, Diogo
(1941-)Legal scholar and teacher, jurist, civil servant, and politician. Born in Povoa de Varzim, Freitas do Amaral's father became a member of parliament in the Estado Novo's National Assembly. A superb student, the young Freitas do Amaral studied law at the Law Faculty, University of Lisbon, and became the top law student and protégé of Professor Marcello Caetano, who in 1968 was selected to replace an ailing Antônio de Oliveira Salazar as prime minister. Freitas do Amaral received his doctorate in law in the late 1960s and remained close to his former law professor, who was now prime minister. In his scholarship on the history of Portuguese law, as well as in his political and social ideology as a conservative, Freitas do Amaral in many respects remained a student, protégé, and follower of Caetano through the period of Caetano's premiership (1968-74) and into the era of the Revolution of 25 April 1974. More than 20 years later, Freitas do Amaral published his memoirs, which focused on the 1968-74 political era, O Antigo Regime E A Revolução. Memórias Políticas ( 1941-75). This personal portrait of Caetano's tribulations as a sometimes reluctant, well-prepared but probably inappropriately selected national leader remains an invaluable primary source for historical reconstruction.During the early months after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Freitas do Amaral entered politics and became a founder of the right-wing Christian Democratic Party (CDS). He served as the party's leader to 1985 and again from 1988 to 1991, and was a member of parliament, the Assembly of the Republic, from 1975 to 1983 and from 1992 to 1993. When the Democratic Alliance, of which the CDS was a part, won elections in 1979-80, Freitas do Amaral served as deputy prime minister and minister of defense and, when Francisco de Sá Carneiro died in a mysterious air crash, Freitas do Amaral briefly served as interim prime minister. He was a candidate for the presidency in the 1986 presidential election, although he lost to Mário Soares. In 1995, he served as President of the United Nations General Assembly. As a European federalist who disagreed with the CDS Euroskeptic line followed by Paulo Portas, Freitas do Amaral broke with his party and resigned from it. Although he was usually regarded as a right-winger, Freitas do Amaral backed the Social Democratic Party in the 2002 Assembly of the Republic elections. Disillusioned with the government's policies and critical of its endorsement of the U.S. invasion of Iraq in March 2003, Freitas do Amaral shifted his support to the Socialist Party in the 2005 election. The new prime minister José Sôcrates named Freitas do Amaral minister of foreign affairs in the XVII Constitutional Government, but the senior jurist and politician resigned after a year in office, for health reasons.After many years as a law professor at the New University of Lisbon, in 2007, Freitas do Amaral delivered a final public lecture and retired from academia. He is the author of a biography of King Afonso I, a play, and of various legal and juridical studies and is considered the most eminent living scholar in the fields of administrative and constitutional law.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Freitas do Amaral, Diogo
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102 ساخر
سَاخِر \ cynic: sb. who has no faith in human goodness and believes that people only do things for bad reasons, or personal gain. cynical: of or like a cynic. ironic(al): (of a statement) said with words that say the opposite of what one means, esp. for amusing effect: ‘There is nothing I like better than cold tea!’ he said ironically, when he found I’d forgotten to keep it hot. sarcastic: (of a person) using sarcasm; (of words) intentionally hurtful and spoken in a bitter voice: When he said my mistake was ‘clever’ he was being sarcastic. sardonic: showing bitter, cruel amusement: a sardonic smile. \ ساخِر (لابتسامة أو وجْه) \ wry: (of a smile or face) showing dislike or lack of pleasure. -
103 صحيح
صَحِيح \ accurate: correct; making no mistakes; exact: an accurate statement; accurate accounts (of money). correct: right; true: the correct answer. intact: not touched; not damaged or broken; complete: The box was broken but the contents were intact. orthodox: generally accepted as being right and usual: orthodox opinions; orthodox medical practice. precise: exact: His precise age is 4 years, 10 months and 3 days. proper: correct, suitable: Eat your food at the proper time, not during lessons. pure: (of a musical note or voice) clear and corret in its sound; (of speech) correct in every way, without local differences: The purest German is spoken around Hanover. right: correct; not mistaken; suitable: the right answer; the right time; the right kind of cloth; the right way to play. rightful: having a right: Are you the rightful owner of this bicycle?. so: showing agreement or surprise: It’s snowing "Oh, so it is!". straight: in the correct position; in proper order: His business affairs were in confusion, but I put them straight. true: correct with regard to facts; actual; proper; right: a true statement; a true copy. valid: (of claims and reasons) good; acceptable. why: expressing surprise: Why! I never knew that!. \ See Also سَلِيم، مضبوط (مَضْبُوط)، دَقيق، قويم (قَوِيم)، مناسب (مُناسِب) \ صَحِيح الجِسم \ healthy: having good health in general (see well for good health at a particular time): Healthy children are not often ill. \ صَحِيفة \ newspaper: a printed paper that gives general news (daily or weekly). paper: a newspaper. sheet: a broad thin piece of any material (glass, metal, paper, etc.) that will lie flat: a sheet of notepaper. \ صَحِيفة سَوَابق \ record: personal history: The thief had a very bad record (of crime). -
104 متهكم
مُتَهكِّم \ cynic: sb. who has no faith in human goodness and believes that people only do things for bad reasons, or personal gain. -
105 cynic
مُتَهكِّم \ cynic: sb. who has no faith in human goodness and believes that people only do things for bad reasons, or personal gain. -
106 cynic
سَاخِر \ cynic: sb. who has no faith in human goodness and believes that people only do things for bad reasons, or personal gain. cynical: of or like a cynic. ironic(al): (of a statement) said with words that say the opposite of what one means, esp. for amusing effect: ‘There is nothing I like better than cold tea!’ he said ironically, when he found I’d forgotten to keep it hot. sarcastic: (of a person) using sarcasm; (of words) intentionally hurtful and spoken in a bitter voice: When he said my mistake was ‘clever’ he was being sarcastic. sardonic: showing bitter, cruel amusement: a sardonic smile. -
107 cynical
سَاخِر \ cynic: sb. who has no faith in human goodness and believes that people only do things for bad reasons, or personal gain. cynical: of or like a cynic. ironic(al): (of a statement) said with words that say the opposite of what one means, esp. for amusing effect: ‘There is nothing I like better than cold tea!’ he said ironically, when he found I’d forgotten to keep it hot. sarcastic: (of a person) using sarcasm; (of words) intentionally hurtful and spoken in a bitter voice: When he said my mistake was ‘clever’ he was being sarcastic. sardonic: showing bitter, cruel amusement: a sardonic smile. -
108 ironic(al)
سَاخِر \ cynic: sb. who has no faith in human goodness and believes that people only do things for bad reasons, or personal gain. cynical: of or like a cynic. ironic(al): (of a statement) said with words that say the opposite of what one means, esp. for amusing effect: ‘There is nothing I like better than cold tea!’ he said ironically, when he found I’d forgotten to keep it hot. sarcastic: (of a person) using sarcasm; (of words) intentionally hurtful and spoken in a bitter voice: When he said my mistake was ‘clever’ he was being sarcastic. sardonic: showing bitter, cruel amusement: a sardonic smile. -
109 sarcastic
سَاخِر \ cynic: sb. who has no faith in human goodness and believes that people only do things for bad reasons, or personal gain. cynical: of or like a cynic. ironic(al): (of a statement) said with words that say the opposite of what one means, esp. for amusing effect: ‘There is nothing I like better than cold tea!’ he said ironically, when he found I’d forgotten to keep it hot. sarcastic: (of a person) using sarcasm; (of words) intentionally hurtful and spoken in a bitter voice: When he said my mistake was ‘clever’ he was being sarcastic. sardonic: showing bitter, cruel amusement: a sardonic smile. -
110 sardonic
سَاخِر \ cynic: sb. who has no faith in human goodness and believes that people only do things for bad reasons, or personal gain. cynical: of or like a cynic. ironic(al): (of a statement) said with words that say the opposite of what one means, esp. for amusing effect: ‘There is nothing I like better than cold tea!’ he said ironically, when he found I’d forgotten to keep it hot. sarcastic: (of a person) using sarcasm; (of words) intentionally hurtful and spoken in a bitter voice: When he said my mistake was ‘clever’ he was being sarcastic. sardonic: showing bitter, cruel amusement: a sardonic smile. -
111 Psychology
We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)"Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology
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112 клиенты (олимпийских игр)
клиенты
основные группы клиентов
Различные группы людей или организации, которым полагается персональное обслуживание в рамках программы распространения билетов, что обусловлено договорными обязательствами или соображениями целевого маркетинга. К числу клиентов Игр относятся:
• делегации Национальных Олимпийских комитетов;
• Международные спортивные федерации;
• пресса;
• вещательные организации;
• МОК;
• маркетинговые партнеры;
• зрители;
• обслуживающий персонал;
• широкая публика/ местное сообщество.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]EN
client
key client
Different groups of people or organizations which are given direct personal service by the ticketing program for reasons of contractual requirements or targeted marketing. “Clients” refers to the following Games customers:
• NOC Delegations
• International Federations
• Press
• Broadcasters
• IOC
• Marketing Partners
• Spectators
• Workforce
• General public / community
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > клиенты (олимпийских игр)
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113 טובא
טוּבָאm. ch. sam(טוב goodness, good), good, goodness, mercy. Targ. Is. 1:19. Targ. Ps. 33:22; a. fr. 2) (mostly in pl. constr. טוּבֵי) happines, used like אַשְׁרֵי, happy!, blessed! Targ. 1 Kings 10:8. Targ. 2 Kings 5:3 (h. text אחלי). With personal suffix טוּבוֹהִי, טוּבוֹי, טוּבֵיה. Targ. Prov. 28:14. Targ. Ps. 1:1; a. fr.Snh.7a v. דּוּש ch.Y.Yoma IV, 41d top טיבוי … טובוי, v. לְוָיְיתָא; a. fr 3) much; many; very. Snh.41b ט׳ אמריתו בה you said much (had many reasons to offer). Ber.30b מרירת ליבא ט׳ very bitter at heart.Ib. 18b אבא ט׳ many by the name of Abba. Ib. 52b ט׳ נהורי many lights (colors); a. fr.Pl. fem. טוּבָן more. Y.Peah I, 15c; Y.Kidd.I, 61b top פריטין ט׳ a higher price. -
114 טוּבָא
טוּבָאm. ch. sam(טוב goodness, good), good, goodness, mercy. Targ. Is. 1:19. Targ. Ps. 33:22; a. fr. 2) (mostly in pl. constr. טוּבֵי) happines, used like אַשְׁרֵי, happy!, blessed! Targ. 1 Kings 10:8. Targ. 2 Kings 5:3 (h. text אחלי). With personal suffix טוּבוֹהִי, טוּבוֹי, טוּבֵיה. Targ. Prov. 28:14. Targ. Ps. 1:1; a. fr.Snh.7a v. דּוּש ch.Y.Yoma IV, 41d top טיבוי … טובוי, v. לְוָיְיתָא; a. fr 3) much; many; very. Snh.41b ט׳ אמריתו בה you said much (had many reasons to offer). Ber.30b מרירת ליבא ט׳ very bitter at heart.Ib. 18b אבא ט׳ many by the name of Abba. Ib. 52b ט׳ נהורי many lights (colors); a. fr.Pl. fem. טוּבָן more. Y.Peah I, 15c; Y.Kidd.I, 61b top פריטין ט׳ a higher price.
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