-
61 Johnson, Eldridge Reeves
SUBJECT AREA: Recording[br]b. 18 February 1867 Wilmington, Delaware, USAd. 14 November 1945 Moorestown, New Jersey, USA[br]American industrialist, founder and owner of the Victor Talking Machine Company; developer of many basic constructions in mechanical sound recording and the reproduction and manufacture of gramophone records.[br]He graduated from the Dover Academy (Delaware) in 1882 and was apprenticed in a machine-repair firm in Philadelphia and studied in evening classes at the Spring Garden Institute. In 1888 he took employment in a small Philadelphia machine shop owned by Andrew Scull, specializing in repair and bookbinding machinery. After travels in the western part of the US, in 1891 he became a partner in Scull \& Johnson, Manufacturing Machinists, and established a further company, the New Jersey Wire Stitching Machine Company. He bought out Andrew Scull's interest in October 1894 (the last instalment being paid in 1897) and became an independent general machinist. In 1896 he had perfected a spring motor for the Berliner flat-disc gramophone, and he started experimenting with a more direct method of recording in a spiral groove: that of cutting in wax. Co-operation with Berliner eventually led to the incorporation of the Victor Talking Machine Company in 1901. The innumerable court cases stemming from the fact that so many patents for various elements in sound recording and reproduction were in very many hands were brought to an end in 1903 when Johnson was material in establishing cross-licencing agreements between Victor, Columbia Graphophone and Edison to create what is known as a patent pool. Early on, Johnson had a thorough experience in all matters concerning the development and manufacture of both gramophones and records. He made and patented many major contributions in all these fields, and his approach was very business-like in that the contribution to cost of each part or process was always a decisive factor in his designs. This attitude was material in his consulting work for the sister company, the Gramophone Company, in London before it set up its own factories in 1910. He had quickly learned the advantages of advertising and of providing customers with durable equipment and records. This motivation was so strong that Johnson set up a research programme for determining the cause of wear in records. It turned out to depend on groove profile, and from 1911 one particular profile was adhered to and processes for transforming the grooves of valuable earlier records were developed. Without precise measuring instruments, he used the durability as the determining factor. Johnson withdrew more and more to the role of manager, and the Victor Talking Machine Company gained such a position in the market that the US anti-trust legislation was used against it. However, a generation change in the Board of Directors and certain erroneous decisions as to product line started a decline, and in February 1926 Johnson withdrew on extended sick leave: these changes led to the eventual sale of Victor. However, Victor survived due to the advent of radio and the electrification of replay equipment and became a part of Radio Corporation of America. In retirement Johnson took up various activities in the arts and sciences and financially supported several projects; his private yacht was used in 1933 in work with the Smithsonian Institution on a deep-sea hydrographie and fauna-collecting expedition near Puerto Rico.[br]BibliographyJohnson's patents were many, and some were fundamental to the development of the gramophone, such as: US patent no. 650,843 (in particular a recording lathe); US patent nos. 655,556, 655,556 and 679,896 (soundboxes); US patent no. 681,918 (making the original conductive for electroplating); US patent no. 739,318 (shellac record with paper label).Further ReadingMrs E.R.Johnson, 1913, "Eldridge Reeves Johnson (1867–1945): Industrial pioneer", manuscript (an account of his early experience).E.Hutto, Jr, "Emile Berliner, Eldridge Johnson, and the Victor Talking Machine Company", Journal of AES 25(10/11):666–73 (a good but brief account based on company information).E.R.Fenimore Johnson, 1974, His Master's Voice was Eldridge R.Johnson, Milford, Del.(a very personal biography by his only son).GB-NBiographical history of technology > Johnson, Eldridge Reeves
-
62 аннулированный патент
1) Economy: void patent2) Advertising: canceled patent3) Patents: cancelled patent, revoked patentУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > аннулированный патент
-
63 патентный отдел
1) Economy: patent department, patent division2) Advertising: patent section3) Patents: patent branch -
64 мешающий патент
1) Advertising: nuisance patent (самостоятельно не представляющий коммерческой ценности, но не позволяющий конкуренту получить патент в данной сфере деятельности)2) Patents: nuisance patent, nuisance patent (сам по себе не представляющий коммерческой ценности, но мешающий конкуренту получить патент в данной области техники) -
65 обязательное использование патента
1) Law: compulsory working of a patent (под угрозой выдачи принудительной лицензии или аннулирования патента), compulsory working of patent (под угрозой выдачи принудительной лицензии или аннулирования патента)2) Advertising: compulsory working of patentУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > обязательное использование патента
-
66 оспоримый патент
1) Law: assailable patent, contestable patent2) Advertising: voidable patent -
67 патент, утративший силу
1) Economy: invalid patent, invalidated patent2) Advertising: extinct patentУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > патент, утративший силу
-
68 патентно-ассоциированная литература
1) Advertising: patent-associated literature (непатентная литература, используемая при экспертизе заявки)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > патентно-ассоциированная литература
-
69 agent
агент, представитель, поверенный, посредник, доверенное лицо- agent for an inventor
- advertising agent
- chartered patent agent
- commercial agent
- commission agent
- common agent of several applicants
- foreign agent
- general agent
- official agent
- professional patent agent
- registered patent agent
- sales agent
- statutory agent
- trademark agent -
70 policy
1) политика, курс2) стратегия, поведение3) методика; правила•- brand policy
- international brand policy
- laissez-faire policy
- patent policy
- patent law policy
- patent licensing policy
- trademark policy -
71 Sauerbrun, Charles de, Baron von Drais
SUBJECT AREA: Land transport[br]b. 1785d. 1851[br]German popularizer of the first form of manumotive vehicle, the hobby-horse.[br]An engineer and agriculturalist who had to travel long distances over rough country, he evolved an improved design of velocipede. The original device appears to have been first shown in the gardens of the Palais Royal by the comte de Sivrac in 1791, a small wooden "horse" fitted with two wheels and propelled by the rider's legs thrusting alternately against the ground. It was not possible to turn the front wheel to steer the machine, a small variation from the straight being obtained by the rider leaning sideways. It is not known if de Sivrac was the inventor of the machine: it is likely that it had been in existence, probably as a child's toy, for a number of years. Its original name was the celerifière, but it was renamed the velocifère in 1793. The Baron's Draisienne was an improvement on this primitive machine; it had a triangulated wooden frame, an upholstered seat, a rear luggage seat and an armrest which took the thrust of the rider as he or she pushed against the ground. Furthermore, it was steerable. In some models there was a cordoperated brake and a prop stand, and the seat height could be adjusted. At least one machine was fitted with a milometer. Drais began limited manufacture and launched a long marketing and patenting campaign, part of which involved sending advertising letters to leading figures, including a number of kings.The Draisienne was first shown in public in April 1817: a ladies' version became available in 1819. Von Drais took out a patent in Baden on 12 January 1818 and followed with a French patent on 17 February. Three-and four-wheeled versions became available so the two men could take the ladies for a jaunt.Drais left his agricultural and forestry work and devoted his full time to the "Running Machine" business. Soon copies were being made and sold in Italy, Germany and Austria. In London, a Denis Johnson took out a patent in December 1818 for a "pedestrian curricle" which was soon nicknamed the dandy horse.[br]Further ReadingC.A.Caunter, 1955, Cycles: History and Development, London: Science Museum and HMSO.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Sauerbrun, Charles de, Baron von Drais
-
72 product
сущ.1)а) эк. продукт, изделие, товар (предмет, созданный человеком, машиной или природой; чаще всего имеются в виду предметы, созданные с целью продажи); мн. продукцияfood products — продукты, продовольственные товары
high-quality product — товар высокого качества, высококачественный [первоклассный\] товар
premium quality [premium grade\] product — товар высшего сорта [качества\], товар класса премиум-класса
undiscounted products — товары, продаваемые без скидки
fairly-priced product — товар по приемлемой [справедливой\] цене
See:acceptable product, accessory product, actual product, adulterated product, advanced technology products, ageing product, agricultural product, alimentary products, allied products, all-meat product, alternative products, ancillary product, anonymous product, augmented product, bakery products 1), basic product, beauty product, best-selling product, business products, by-product 1), &3, capitalized product, captive product, characteristic product, 2), co-product, commercialized product, commodity product, common product, comparable products, competing products, competiting products, competitive product, competitive products, complementary products, complete product, complicated product, conforming product, consumer products, consumer durable product, convenience products, core product, crop products, custom-designed product, customized product, custom-made product, declining product, deficient product, dehydrated product, differentiated product, diminishing marginal product, disposable product, diversified products, DIY product, do-it-yourself product, domestic product, durable products, egg product, electronics products, end product 2), &3, energy-saving product, entrenched product, essential product, established product, ethical product, ethnic product, everyday product, exclusive product, export products, fair trade product, fairly traded product, fairtrade product, fighting product, final product 1), а&2, financial product, food products, foreign products, formal product, functional product, generic product, global product, green products, grooming product, hair-care product, half-finished product, harmful product, health product, hedonic product, heterogeneous product, high performance product, high quality product, high-interest product 1), high-involvement products, high-margin product, high-reliability product, high-risk product, high-tech product, high-turnover product, high-value product, home-grown product, home-produced product, homogeneous product, hot product, household cleaning product, household maintenance products, household product, hygiene product, imitative product, imperfect product, import products, import-sensitive products, impulse product, industrial product, inferior product, information product, innovative product, in-process product, intangible product, interlocking products, intermediate product, investigated product, joint product, key product, knowledge-intensive product, known product, laundry products, lead product, leading edge product, leisure products, leisure-time products, licensed product, line extension product, livestock product, low-interest product 1), low-involvement products, low-value product, luxury product, main product 2), &3, manufactured products, marginal physical product, marginal product, mature product, me-too product, metal product, misbranded product, multinational product, multiple-use product 2), mundane product, national product, necessary product, necessity product, new product, no-name product, nonconforming product, non-conforming product, non-durable products, nonfood products, non-standard product, novel product, office products, off-price product, off-standard product, oil products, one-shot product, optional product, over-engineered product, paper products, parity products, patentable product, patented product, patent-protected product, payment product, pension product, pharmaceutical product, physical product, plant products, potential product, premium product, prestige products, price-sensitive product, primary products, prime product, printed products, private brand products, private label products, processed product, qualified product, quality products, ready-made product, rejected product, related product, replacement product, representative product, retirement product, revenue product, revised product, safe product, saleable product, salutary product, satisfactory product, scarce product, second generation product, secondary product, semi-finished products, shoddy product, sideline product, single-use product, skill-intensive product, slow-moving product, social product, sophisticated product, standardized products, sugared product, superior product, supplementary products, surplus product, synthetic product, tainted products, tangible product, tied product, tied products, tinned products, tobacco products 1), tying products, unacceptable product, unbranded product, unidentified product, unpatented product, unsafe product, unsaleable product, unsatisfactory product, utilitarian product, vendible product, viable product, wanted product, well-designed product, worthwhile product, product acceptability, product acceptance, product adaptability, product adaptation, product addition, product advertising, product analysis, product announcement, product application, product area, product arsenal, product assessment, product association, product assortment, product assurance, product augmentation, product availability, product awareness, product benefit, product billing, product brand, product branding, product bundling, product capabilities, product category, product choice, product claim, product class, product classification, product company, product compatibility, product competition, product comprehension, product concept, product conception, product control, product copy, product cost, product costing, product coverage, product cycle, product decision, product deletion, product demand, product demonstration, product departmentalization, product design, product development, product differences, product differentiation, product display, product distribution network, product diversification, product division, product element, product elimination, product engineering, product enhancement, product evaluation, product evolution, product exchange, product exhaustion, product expansion, product extension, product failure, product family, product field, product flows, product form, product graduation, product group, product homogeneity, product idea, product image, product improvement, product inflation, product innovation, product inspection, product integrity, product introduction, product invention, product item, product knowledge, product label, product labelling, product layout, product leveraging, product liability, product life, product life cycle, product line, product lineup, product literature, product management, product manager, product manual, product market, product marketing, product matching, product message, product mix, product modification, product name, product nameplate, product offering, product opportunity, product organization, product orientation, product origin, product patent, product perception, product performance, product personality, product placement, product plan, product planner, product planning, product policy, product portfolio, product position, product positioning, product preference, product presentation, product price, product pricing, product profile, product proliferation, product promotion, product proof, product protection, product publicity, product puffery, product quality, product quantity, product range, product rationalization, product recall, product release, product requirements, product research, product research and development, product retailer, product revision, product revolution, product safety, product sales, product sample, product sampling, product satisfaction, product segment, product segmentation, product shortage, product specialization, product specifications, product standard, product statement, product strategy, product structure, product style, product styling, product subline, product superiority, product survey, product tangibility, product team, product technology, product test, product testimony, product testing, product trial, product type, product uniformity, product usage, product validation, product variation, product variety, product warranty, endorse a product, Central Product Classification, Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product, Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers, Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing, debt-for-products swapб) эк. продукт, объем продукции ( количество произведенных товаров или услуг)company's product — продукция компании, товары компании
See:2) общ. результат, продукт (итог какой-л. деятельности)History is the product of social and economic forces. — История — это результат взаимодействия общественных и экономических факторов.
the product of this activity is radiation — в результате этой деятельности появляется радиация.
See:3) мат. произведение ( результат умножения двух чисел)
* * *
продукт, товар: что-либо производимое для продажи.* * ** * *. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * * -
73 вопрос о выдаче патента рассматривается
1) Advertising: patent pending (надпись на изделии)2) Patents: patent pendingУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > вопрос о выдаче патента рассматривается
-
74 злоупотребление патентными правами, нарушающее антитрестовское законодательство
1) Law: patent antitrust misuse (США)2) Advertising: patent antitrust misuseУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > злоупотребление патентными правами, нарушающее антитрестовское законодательство
-
75 лицензия на пользование патентом
1) Economy: patent license2) Advertising: patent licenceУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > лицензия на пользование патентом
-
76 патентно-лицензионная политика
1) Advertising: patent-licensing policy2) Patents: patent licensing policyУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > патентно-лицензионная политика
-
77 патентно-правовая политика
1) Advertising: patent-law policy2) Patents: patent law policyУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > патентно-правовая политика
-
78 патентные услуги
1) Advertising: patent services2) Patents: patent servicing -
79 патентованное лекарственное средство
1) General subject: patent medicinal product (AD)2) Medicine: nostrum, proprietary drug, proprietary medicine3) Pharmacology: proprietory preparation4) Advertising: over-the-counter drug, patent medicine5) Business: OTC drug, over-the-counter drug (OTC drugs)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > патентованное лекарственное средство
-
80 порядок патентной экспертизы
1) Advertising: patent examination procedure2) Investment: patent examining procedureУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > порядок патентной экспертизы
См. также в других словарях:
Patent medicine — E.W. Kemble s Death s Laboratory in Collier s in 1906 Patent medicine refers to medical compounds of questionable effectiveness sold under a variety of names and labels. The term patent medicine is somewhat of a misnomer because, in most cases,… … Wikipedia
Burger King advertising — Burger King Type Private Industry Restaurants Predecessor Insta Burger King … Wikipedia
Public participation in patent examination — The involvement of the public in patent examination has been proposed and is currently used in some forms to help identifying relevant prior art and, more generally, to help assessing whether patent applications and inventions meet the… … Wikipedia
Mobile phone content advertising — is the promotion of ring tones, games and other mobile phone services. Such services are usually subscription based and use the short message service (SMS) system to join up to them. Another method is broadcasting messages to the mobile phone s… … Wikipedia
Intellectual property in the People's Republic of China — This article is about intellectual property in mainland China. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) have been acknowledged and protected in the People s Republic of China since 1979. The People s Republic of China has acceded to the major… … Wikipedia
Hamlin's Wizard Oil — Advertising poster from about 1890 Hamlin s Wizard Oil was an American patent medicine sold as a cure all under the slogan There is no Sore it will Not Heal, No Pain it will not Subdue. First produced in 1861 in Chicago[1] by former magician John … Wikipedia
Vin Mariani — Advertising bill for the wine Mariani, lithograph of Jules Cheret, 1894 Vin Mariani (French: Mariani s wine) was a tonic and patent medicine created circa 1863 by Angelo Mariani, a French chemist who became intrigued with coca and its economic… … Wikipedia
Computers and Information Systems — ▪ 2009 Introduction Smartphone: The New Computer. The market for the smartphone in reality a handheld computer for Web browsing, e mail, music, and video that was integrated with a cellular telephone continued to grow in 2008. According to… … Universalium
Monsanto — This article is about the corporation. For other uses, see Monsanto (disambiguation). Monsanto Company Type Public company Traded as NYSE: … Wikipedia
Google — This article is about the corporation. For the search engine, see Google Search. For other uses, see Google (disambiguation). Google Inc … Wikipedia
Television — For other uses, see Television (disambiguation). TV redirects here. For other uses, see TV (disambiguation) … Wikipedia