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    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > заказ на образцы

  • 2 Kirkaldy, David

    [br]
    b. 4 April 1820 Mayfield, Dundee, Scotland
    d. 25 January 1897 London, England
    [br]
    Scottish engineer and pioneer in materials testing.
    [br]
    The son of a merchant of Dundee, Kirkaldy was educated there, then at Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and at Edinburgh University. For a while he worked in his father's office, but with a preference for engineering, in 1843 he commenced an apprenticeship at the Glasgow works of Robert Napier. After four years in the shops he was transferred to the drawing office and in a very few years rose to become Chief. Here Kirkaldy demonstrated a remarkable talent both for the meticulous recording of observations and data and for technical drawing. His work also had an aesthetic appeal and four of his drawings of Napier steamships were shown at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, earning both Napier and Kirkaldy a medal. His "as fitted" set of drawings of the Cunard Liner Persia, which had been built in 1855, is now in the possession of the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, London; it is regarded as one of the finest examples of its kind in the world, and has even been exhibited at the Royal Academy in London.
    With the impending order for the Royal Naval Ironclad Black Prince (sister ship to HMS Warrior, now preserved at Portsmouth) and for some high-pressure marine boilers and engines, there was need for a close scientific analysis of the physical properties of iron and steel. Kirkaldy, now designated Chief Draughtsman and Calculator, was placed in charge of this work, which included comparisons of puddled steel and wrought iron, using a simple lever-arm testing machine. The tests lasted some three years and resulted in Kirkaldy's most important publication, Experiments on Wrought Iron and Steel (1862, London), which gained him wide recognition for his careful and thorough work. Napier's did not encourage him to continue testing; but realizing the growing importance of materials testing, Kirkaldy resigned from the shipyard in 1861. For the next two and a half years Kirkaldy worked on the design of a massive testing machine that was manufactured in Leeds and installed in premises in London, at The Grove, Southwark.
    The works was open for trade in January 1866 and engineers soon began to bring him specimens for testing on the great machine: Joseph Cubitt (son of William Cubitt) brought him samples of the materials for the new Blackfriars Bridge, which was then under construction. Soon The Grove became too cramped and Kirkaldy moved to 99 Southwark Street, reopening in January 1874. In the years that followed, Kirkaldy gained a worldwide reputation for rigorous and meticulous testing and recording of results, coupled with the highest integrity. He numbered the most distinguished engineers of the time among his clients.
    After Kirkaldy's death, his son William George, whom he had taken into partnership, carried on the business. When the son died in 1914, his widow took charge until her death in 1938, when the grandson David became proprietor. He sold out to Treharne \& Davies, chemical consultants, in 1965, but the works finally closed in 1974. The future of the premises and the testing machine at first seemed threatened, but that has now been secured and the machine is once more in working order. Over almost one hundred years of trading in South London, the company was involved in many famous enquiries, including the analysis of the iron from the ill-fated Tay Bridge (see Bouch, Sir Thomas).
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland Gold Medal 1864.
    Bibliography
    1862, Results of an Experimental Inquiry into the Tensile Strength and Other Properties of Wrought Iron and Steel (originally presented as a paper to the 1860–1 session of the Scottish Shipbuilders' Association).
    Further Reading
    D.P.Smith, 1981, "David Kirkaldy (1820–97) and engineering materials testing", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 52:49–65 (a clear and well-documented account).
    LRD / FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Kirkaldy, David

  • 3 Muster

    Muster n 1. COMP pattern; 2. GEN pattern, sample, template; 3. PAT design; 4. V&M sample, pattern, model
    * * *
    n 1. < Comp> pattern; 2. < Geschäft> pattern, sample, template; 3. < Patent> design; 4. <V&M> pattern, model
    * * *
    Muster
    (Form) pattern, set form, device, shape, figure, (Gebrauchsmuster) design, pattern [sample], patterned sample, (Modell) model, copy, prototype, (Norm) norm, standard, (Textilwaren) figure, (Type) type, (Vorbild) paragon, mirror, example, (Warenprobe) sample, trial piece, specimen;
    • dem Muster entsprechend up to sample;
    • laut Muster, mit dem Muster übereinstimmend true to specimen;
    • nach Muster according to pattern (sample), on the model (lines);
    • nach dem Muster von on the pattern (model) of;
    • schlechter als das Muster inferior to sample;
    • streng nach Muster strictly up to sample;
    • auf Bestellung angefertigtes Muster custom design;
    • anhängende Muster annexed (attached) samples;
    • aufdringliches Muster loud pattern;
    • beigefügtes Muster attached sample;
    • zu buntes Muster loud design;
    • eingetragenes Muster registered pattern (design, Br.);
    • einheitliches Muster standard pattern;
    • gängiges Muster conventional design;
    • gewerbliches Muster industrial design;
    • vor Absendung der Ware gezogenes Muster preshipment sample;
    • kostenloses Muster free sample;
    • ungeschütztes Muster open pattern;
    • unverkäufliches Muster free sample;
    • nicht verkäufliche Muster models not on sale;
    • verschiedene Muster sundry samples;
    • verschlossenes Muster sealed sample;
    • vorgelegtes Muster sample displayed;
    • wiederkehrendes Muster repeated pattern;
    • Muster auf Anfrage kostenlos free samples on request;
    • Muster unter versiegeltem Verschluss sealed sample;
    • Muster ohne Wert (Postversand) samples [only], no commercial value (US), by pattern (sample) post;
    • Muster abschneiden to cut off a sample;
    • mit Mustern verschiedene Versuche anstellen to put samples through a series of tests;
    • nach einem Muster arbeiten to work from a pattern;
    • Muster stichprobenartig auswählen to select a specimen at random;
    • nach dem Muster bestellen to order goods from sample;
    • als Muster dienen to serve as a model;
    • Muster einsehen to have a look at the patterns;
    • dem Muster entsprechen to correspond to pattern, to be up to (match the, correspond to the) sample;
    • dem Muster nicht entsprechen not to be up to pattern;
    • sich auf ein Muster festlegen to decide on a pattern;
    • einem absehbaren Muster folgen to follow a predictable pattern;
    • nach ausländischen Mustern gestalten to foreignize;
    • etw. nach dem Muster kaufen to buy s. th. from sample;
    • Muster nehmen to draw samples;
    • als Muster ohne Wert senden (verschicken) to send as samples of no value;
    • mit dem Muster übereinstimmen to match the sample;
    • mit Mustern versehen to pattern;
    • Muster vorführen to wait on with patterns;
    • Muster vorlegen to submit samples;
    • Muster ziehen to draw (take) samples, to sample;
    • Muster zusammenstellen to arrange patterns, to assort (make up a collection of) samples;
    • Musterabänderung modification of a design;
    • Musterabkommen model convention;
    • Musteranforderungskarte sample request card;
    • Musteranfrage request for pattern;
    • Musterangebot sample offer;
    • Musteranlage pilot project;
    • Musteranmeldung application for registration as design;
    • Musterarbeitsvertrag model employment contract;
    • Musterauftrag trial order;
    • Musterbedingungen standard form contract conditions;
    • Musterbeispiel [prime] example;
    • Musterbericht standard report;
    • Musterbestellung sample order;
    • Musterbestimmungen eines Vertrages model conditions of contract;
    • Musterbetrieb model enterprise (plant, workshop), pilot plant;
    • landwirtschaftlicher Musterbetrieb model (demonstration) farm;
    • Musterbeutel mailing bag;
    • Musterbilanz standard balance sheet;
    • Musterbrief form (US) (sample, standard, specimen) letter;
    • Musterbuch specimen (pattern, sample, design) book, book of patterns;
    • charakteristische Mustereigenschaften design requirements;
    • Mustereintragung sample entry;
    • Musterentnahme sampling;
    • Mustererkennungssoftware pattern recognition software;
    • Musteretat guideline budget;
    • Musterexemplar pattern, sample, specimen [copy], prototype, showpiece;
    • Musterfarm demonstration (model) farm;
    • Musterformular specimen (sample) form;
    • vollständige Mustergarnitur full set of samples.

    Business german-english dictionary > Muster

  • 4 Probe

    Probe f 1. COMP sample, test; 2. GEN trial, tryout; pattern (Muster) • auf Probe GEN on approval, on appro • die Probe bestehen GEN stand the test • etw. auf die Probe stellen GEN put sth to the test • etw. auf Probe kaufen GEN buy sth on approval
    * * *
    f 1. < Comp> sample, test; 2. < Geschäft> trial, tryout, Muster pattern ■ auf Probe < Geschäft> on approval (on appro) ■ etw. auf die Probe stellen < Geschäft> put sth to the test ■ etw. auf Probe kaufen < Geschäft> buy sth on approval
    * * *
    Probe
    (Beweis) proof, evidence, (drucktechn.) specimen, (Erprobung) test, trial, tryout (US), (Kontrollberechnung) proof, (Muster) sample, pattern, example, (Nachprüfung) verification, check, (Probezeit) probation, (Prüfstück) specimen;
    • auf Probe on [ap]probation, (Warensendung) on approval;
    • auf Probe angestellt probationary;
    • der Probe entsprechend answering the (to) pattern, up to sample;
    • laut beiliegender Probe as per pattern enclosed;
    • nach Probe on (upon the authority of) sample, according to pattern;
    • streng nach der Probe strictly up to sample;
    • zur Probe on trial (approbation);
    • unsortierte, nicht ausgewählte Proben unpicked samples;
    • DNA-Probe DNA sample;
    • entnommene Probe picked sample;
    • bewusst gewählte Probe purposive sample;
    • kostenlose Probe free trial (sample);
    • vorgelegte (vorgezeigte) Probe sample displayed (shown);
    • Probe liegt bei enclosed please find a sample;
    • j. auf Probe anstellen to engage s. o. on probation, to give s. o. a trial;
    • Probe[n] entnehmen to [take a] sample, to draw samples;
    • der Probe entsprechen to be up to (match the) sample;
    • zur Probe gebrauchen to have on trial;
    • auf Probe kaufen to buy on approbation;
    • etw. auf Probe kaufen to buy s. th. on trial;
    • Probe auf eine Rechnung machen to check an invoice;
    • Maschine kostenlos zur Probe schicken to send a machine for free trial;
    • auf Probe angestellt sein to be [employed] on probation;
    • Proben versenden to send out samples;
    • Probeabdruck (drucktechn.) proof [sheet], pull;
    • Probeabdruck für zweite Korrektur revised proof;
    • Probeabonnement trial subscription;
    • Probeabsatzgebiet test market;
    • Probeabschluss (Bilanz) [preclosing] trial balance;
    • Probeabstimmung test ballot, preliminary (straw, US) vote;
    • inoffizielle Probeabstimmung unofficial (straw, US) vote;
    • Probeabzug (drucktechn.) proof impression, pull, (Probebilanz) trial balance;
    • Probeanfertigung sample;
    • Probeangebot trial offer;
    • Probeangestellter probationer, probationary employee;
    • Probe anstellung, Probearbeitsverhältnis probation[ary] employment (appointment), trial engagement;
    • Probeanwärter probationer;
    • Probearbeit test paper;
    • Probeauftrag trial (sample) order;
    • Probeauftrag platzieren to place a trial order;
    • Probeband dummy copy;
    • Probebefragung pilot study, pretest;
    • Probebenutzung trial use;
    • Probebeschäftigung trial (probationary) employment;
    • Probebestellung sample (trial) order;
    • Probebilanz rough (preclosing trial) balance;
    • bereinigte Probebilanz closing trial balance;
    • nach Gruppen geordnete Probebilanz classified trial balance;
    • Probebohrung [mineral] exploration, test;
    • Probedienstzeit probationary arrangement;
    • Probedruck proof sheet, specimen volume;
    • Probeentlohnung probationary [wage] rate;
    • Probe[ent]nahme sampling, taking a sample;
    • Probeentwurf tentative draft;
    • Probeerhebung (Statistik) exploration (pilot) survey, pilot study;
    • Probeexemplar complimentary (sample) copy, specimen [copy];
    • Probefahrt (Auto) trial run (trip, drive), test run, road test (US), (Kriegsschiff) shake-down cruise (coll.);
    • Probefahrt auf See (Schiff) maiden trip, sea trial;
    • einer Probefahrt unterzogen werden to be test-run;
    • Probefall trial (test) case;
    • Probeflug trial (test, shake-down, coll., demonstration) flight, test flying;
    • Probeflugzeug prototype aircraft;
    • Probegehalt entrance (trial) rate, probationary [wage] rate.

    Business german-english dictionary > Probe

  • 5 Dudley, Dud

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1599
    d. 25 October 1684 Worcester, England
    [br]
    English ironmaster who drew attention to the need to change from charcoal to coal as a fuel for iron smelting.
    [br]
    Dudley was the fourth natural son of Edward Sutton, fifth Baron Dudley. In 1619 he was summoned from Balliol College, Oxford, to superintend his father's ironworks at Pensnet in Worcestershire. There had long been concern at the destruction of the forests in order to make charcoal for the smelting of iron ore, and unsuccessful attempts had been made to substitute coal as a fuel. Finding that charcoal was in short supply and coal plentiful near Pensnet, Dudley was stimulated by these attempts to try the process for himself. He claimed to have made good, marketable iron and in 1621 his father obtained a patent from the King to protect his process for thirty-one years. After a serious flood, Dudley moved to Staffordshire and continued his efforts there. In 1639 he was granted a further patent for making iron with coal. Although he probably made some samples of good iron, more by luck than judgement, it is hardly possible that he achieved consistent success. He blamed this on the machinations of other ironmasters. The day that King Charles II landed in England to assume his throne', Dudley petitioned him to renew his patents, but he was refused and he ceased to promote his invention. In 1665, however, he published his celebrated book Metallum Martis, Iron Made with Pit-Coaky Sea-Coale…. In this he described his efforts in general terms, but neither there nor in his patents does he give any technical details of his methods. He implied the use of slack or small coal from the Staffordshire Thick or Ten Yard coal, but this has a sulphur content that would have rendered the iron unusable; in addition, this coal would not have been suitable for converting to coke in order to remove the sulphur. Nevertheless, Dudley recognized the need to change from charcoal to coal as a fuel for iron smelting and drew attention to it, even though he himself achieved little success.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.
    W.K.V.Gale, 1967, The British Iron and Steel Industry: A Technical History, London (provides brief details of Dudley's life in relation to the history of ironmaking).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Dudley, Dud

  • 6 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 7 проводить

    (= провести) lead, carry on, carry out, conduct
    • Большая часть исследовательской работы была уже проведена. - Much research work has been accomplished.
    • Давайте проведем здесь данную процедуру для частного случая... - Let us carry out this procedure here for the special case of...
    • Данное рассуждение можно провести в обратном порядке (= Данное рассуждение обратимо), следовательно... - The argument is reversible so that...
    • Доказательство обратного утверждения уже было проведено. - The proof of the converse has already been given.
    • Однако следует попробовать провести такой анализ с целью... - But such an analysis has to be attempted in order to...
    • Подобное рассуждение могло бы быть проведено с использованием... - A similar argument may be made using...
    • Поучительно провести детальное решение... - It is instructive to carry out in detail the solution of...
    • Существуют несколько способов как провести введение в теорию... - There are several ways of introducing the theory of...
    • Удовлетворительный анализ был проведен на образцах, имеющих... - Satisfactory analysis has been performed on samples having...
    • Хотя мы и не проводили многочисленные эксперименты, тем не менее, мы ожидаем, что... - Although no extensive experiments have been carried out, we expect that...
    • Часто удобно проводить последнюю процедуру... - It is often convenient to carry out the latter process by...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > проводить

  • 8 Muster

    n; -s, -
    1. (Vorlage, Zeichnung) pattern; nach einem Muster arbeiten work from a pattern
    2. WIRTS. (Probe) sample, specimen; Muster ohne Wert POST., altm. sample (with no commercial value)
    3. (Verzierung) pattern, design
    4. (Vorbild) model; (Beispiel) example; sie ist ein Muster von einer Lehrerin oder das Muster einer Lehrerin etc. she’s a model teacher etc.; ein Muster an Tugend a paragon of virtue; nach dem Muster von following the example of; ein Justizwesen nach angelsächsischem Muster a justice system model(l)ed on the English one ( oder along English lines); jemanden als Muster hinstellen hold s.o. up as an example to be followed
    * * *
    das Muster
    pattern; design; sample; scheme; specimen; model; paragon; prototype
    * * *
    Mụs|ter ['mʊstɐ]
    nt -s, -
    1) (= Vorlage, Dessin) pattern; (für Brief, Bewerbung etc) specimen

    nach einem Muster stricken etc — to knit etc from a pattern

    die Parade läuft immer nach demselben Muster ab — the parade always takes the same form

    2) (= Probestück) sample; (Buch, Korrekturfahne etc) specimen

    Muster ohne Wert — sample of no commercial value

    3) (fig = Vorbild) model (
    an +dat of); (= Verhaltensmuster) pattern

    sich (dat) ein Muster an jdm nehmen — to take sb as an example

    er ist ein Muster von einem Schüler/Ehemann/Staatsbürger —

    * * *
    das
    1) (something that can be used to copy from.) model
    2) (a pattern etc: The curtains have a flower design on them.) design
    3) (the first or original model from which others are copied.) prototype
    4) (a perfect example of a good quality etc: She is a paragon of virtue.) paragon
    5) (a model or guide for making something: a dress-pattern.) pattern
    6) (a repeated decoration or design on material etc: The dress is nice but I don't like the pattern.) pattern
    7) (an example suitable to be copied: the pattern of good behaviour.) pattern
    * * *
    Mus·ter
    <-s, ->
    [ˈmʊstɐ]
    nt
    1. HANDEL (Probe) sample, specimen
    \Muster ohne Wert sample of no commercial value
    dem \Muster entsprechend up to sample
    Waren nach \Muster bestellen to order goods from sample
    nach \Muster kaufen/verkaufen to buy according to sample/to sell by sample
    \Muster ziehen to sample, to draw samples
    2. (Motive) pattern
    eingetragenes \Muster HANDEL registered pattern
    3. (Vorlage) pattern
    [jdm] als \Muster dienen to serve [sb] as a model
    nach antikem \Muster modelled [or AM a. modeled] on an antique style
    ▪ ein \Muster an etw dat sein to be a paragon of sth
    ein \Muster an Vollkommenheit sein to be the pink of perfection
    * * *
    das; Musters, Muster
    1) (Vorlage) pattern
    2) (Vorbild) model (an + Dat. of)

    er ist ein Muster an Fleiß — he is a model of industry

    er ist ein Muster von einem Ehemann — (ugs.) he is a model husband

    3) (Verzierung) pattern
    4) (Probe) specimen; (Warenprobe) sample
    * * *
    Muster n; -s, -
    1. (Vorlage, Zeichnung) pattern;
    nach einem Muster arbeiten work from a pattern
    2. WIRTSCH (Probe) sample, specimen;
    Muster ohne Wert Postwesen:, obs sample (with no commercial value)
    3. (Verzierung) pattern, design
    4. (Vorbild) model; (Beispiel) example;
    das Muster einer Lehrerin etc she’s a model teacher etc;
    ein Muster an Tugend a paragon of virtue;
    nach dem Muster von following the example of;
    ein Justizwesen nach angelsächsischem Muster a justice system model(l)ed on the English one ( oder along English lines);
    jemanden als Muster hinstellen hold sb up as an example to be followed
    * * *
    das; Musters, Muster
    1) (Vorlage) pattern
    2) (Vorbild) model (an + Dat. of)

    er ist ein Muster von einem Ehemann — (ugs.) he is a model husband

    3) (Verzierung) pattern
    4) (Probe) specimen; (Warenprobe) sample
    * * *
    - n.
    model n.
    pattern n.
    prototype n.
    sample n.
    specimen n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Muster

  • 9 Käufe

    Käufe
    (Börse) buying order;
    • durch Käufe gehalten supported;
    • bedeutende Käufe heavy purchases;
    • aufgrund von Warenproben getätigte Käufe sales made on the basis of samples;
    • lebhafte Käufe active buyers;
    • spekulative Käufe speculation (speculative) purchases;
    • Käufe am offenen Markt open[-market] purchases, purchases on the open market;
    • Käufe in offener Rechnung open-file purchases;
    • auf Käufe hin festliegen to be firm (steady) on account of buying orders;
    • auf eine Hausse hin Käufe tätigen to buy for a rise.

    Business german-english dictionary > Käufe

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