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next+decade

  • 21 decade

    [ʹdekeıd] n
    1. группа из десяти, десяток
    2. часть, состоящая из десяти разделов ( в литературном произведении)
    3. десятилетие
    4. ист. декада; десять дней (по французскому республиканскому календарю 1793 г.)
    5. вчт.
    1) декада
    2) десятичный разряд

    next [previous] decade - следующий [предыдущий] десятичный разряд

    НБАРС > decade

  • 22 previous decade

    English-Russian base dictionary > previous decade

  • 23 следующий разряд

    next decade

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > следующий разряд

  • 24 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
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    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 25 see

    see [si:]
    (pt saw [sɔ:], pp seen [si:n])
    ∎ can you see me? est-ce que tu me vois?;
    ∎ I can't see a thing je ne vois rien;
    ∎ she could see a light in the distance elle voyait une lumière au loin;
    ∎ I could see she'd been crying je voyais qu'elle avait pleuré;
    ∎ he saw her talk or talking to the policeman il l'a vue parler ou qui parlait au policier;
    ∎ did anyone see you take it? est-ce que quelqu'un t'a vu le prendre?;
    ∎ did you see what happened? avez-vous vu ce qui s'est passé?;
    ∎ let me see your hands fais-moi voir ou montre-moi tes mains;
    ∎ now see what you've done! regarde ce que tu as fait!;
    ∎ can I see your newspaper a minute? puis-je voir votre journal ou jeter un coup d'œil sur votre journal un instant?;
    ∎ I see her around a lot je la croise assez souvent;
    ∎ I don't want to be seen with him je ne veux pas être vu ou qu'on me voie avec lui;
    ∎ there wasn't a car to be seen il n'y avait pas une seule voiture en vue;
    ∎ the cathedral can be seen from a long way off on voit la cathédrale de très loin;
    ∎ nothing more was ever seen of her on ne l'a plus jamais revue;
    ∎ it has to be seen to be believed il faut le voir pour le croire;
    ∎ she began to see spies everywhere elle s'est mise à voir des espions partout;
    ∎ there's nothing there, you're seeing things! il n'y a rien, tu as des hallucinations!;
    ∎ I could see what was going to happen (a mile off) je le voyais venir (gros comme une maison);
    ∎ familiar they saw you coming (a mile off) ils t'ont vu arriver de loin;
    ∎ could you see your way (clear) to lending me £20? est-ce que vous pourriez me prêter 20 livres?;
    ∎ to see the back or last of sth en avoir fini avec qch;
    ∎ I'll be glad to see the back or last of her je serai content d'être débarrassé d'elle
    (b) (watch → movie, play, programme) voir;
    ∎ I saw it on the news je l'ai vu au journal télévisé;
    ∎ did you see the match last night? as-tu vu le match hier soir?
    (c) (refer to → page, chapter) voir;
    ∎ see page 317 voir page 317;
    ∎ see above voir plus haut;
    ∎ see (on) the back voir au verso
    (d) (consult → doctor, lawyer) consulter, voir;
    ∎ you should see a doctor tu devrais voir ou consulter un médecin;
    ∎ I'll be seeing my lawyer about this je vais consulter mon avocat à ce sujet;
    ∎ I'll be seeing the candidates next week je verrai les candidats la semaine prochaine;
    ∎ I want to see the manager je veux voir le directeur;
    ∎ can I see you for a minute in my office? je peux vous voir un instant dans mon bureau?;
    ∎ I'd like to see you on business je voudrais vous parler affaires
    (e) (meet by chance) voir, rencontrer;
    ∎ guess who I saw at the supermarket! devine qui j'ai vu ou qui j'ai rencontré au supermarché!
    (f) (visit → person, place) voir;
    ∎ come round and see me some time passe me voir un de ces jours;
    ∎ they came to see me in hospital ils sont venus me voir à l'hôpital;
    ∎ I've always wanted to see China j'ai toujours voulu voir la Chine
    (g) (receive a visit from) recevoir, voir;
    ∎ he's too ill to see anyone il est trop malade pour voir qui que ce soit;
    ∎ she can't see you right now, she's busy elle ne peut pas vous recevoir ou voir maintenant, elle est trop occupée
    ∎ do you still see the Browns? est-ce que vous voyez toujours les Brown?;
    ∎ we've seen quite a lot of them recently nous les avons beaucoup vus dernièrement;
    ∎ we see less of them these days nous les voyons moins en ce moment;
    ∎ is he seeing anyone at the moment? (going out with) est-ce qu'il a quelqu'un en ce moment?
    ∎ see you!, (I'll) be seeing you! salut!;
    ∎ see you later! à tout à l'heure!;
    ∎ see you around! à un de ces jours!;
    ∎ see you tomorrow! à demain!;
    ∎ see you in London! on se verra à Londres!
    (j) (understand) voir, comprendre;
    ∎ I see what you mean je vois ou comprends ce que vous voulez dire;
    ∎ I don't see what's so funny! je ne vois pas ce qu'il y a de si drôle!;
    ∎ he can't see the joke il ne comprend pas la plaisanterie;
    ∎ I could see his point je voyais ce qu'il voulait dire;
    ∎ I don't see any point in going back now je ne vois pas du tout l'intérêt qu'il y aurait à y retourner maintenant;
    ∎ I can see why you were worried je vois pourquoi vous étiez inquiet;
    ∎ I can't see that it matters je ne vois pas quelle importance ça a
    (k) (consider, view) voir;
    ∎ try to see things from my point of view essayez de voir les choses de mon point de vue;
    ∎ we see things differently nous ne voyons pas les choses de la même façon;
    ∎ you'll see things differently in the morning demain tu verras les choses d'un autre œil;
    ∎ that's how I see it c'est comme ça que je vois les choses;
    ∎ he doesn't see his drinking as a problem il ne se considère pas comme un alcoolique;
    ∎ how do you see the current situation? que pensez-vous de la situation actuelle?;
    ∎ as I see it, it's the parents who are to blame à mon avis, ce sont les parents qui sont responsables
    (l) (envisage, picture) voir, s'imaginer;
    ∎ I can't see him getting married je ne le vois pas ou je ne me l'imagine pas se mariant;
    ∎ I can't see them accepting this je ne peux pas croire qu'ils vont accepter cela;
    ∎ I can't see you as a boxer je ne te vois pas en boxeur;
    ∎ she just couldn't see herself as a wife and mother elle ne s'imaginait pas se mariant et ayant des enfants;
    ∎ I can't see it myself je n'y crois pas trop;
    ∎ they say this will be more efficient but I don't see it ils disent que cela sera plus efficace, mais je n'y crois pas;
    ∎ I don't see any chance of that à mon avis c'est peu probable;
    ∎ can I borrow the car? - I don't see why not est-ce que je peux prendre la voiture? - je n'y vois pas d'inconvénients;
    ∎ will you finish in time? - I don't see why not vous aurez fini à temps? - il n'y a pas de raison;
    ∎ what do you see happening next? d'après vous, qu'est-ce qui va se passer ensuite?;
    ∎ how do you see things developing? comment est-ce que vous envisagez l'avenir?
    ∎ I'll see if I can fix it je vais voir si je peux le réparer;
    ∎ I'll see what I can do je vais voir ce que je peux faire;
    ∎ go and see if he's still asleep va voir s'il dort encore;
    ∎ she called by to see what had happened elle est venue pour savoir ce qui s'était passé
    (n) (perceive) voir;
    ∎ I can't see any improvement je ne vois pas d'amélioration;
    ∎ to see oneself in one's children se reconnaître dans ses enfants;
    ∎ what can she possibly see in him? qu'est-qu'elle peut bien lui trouver?;
    ∎ they must have seen how worried I was ils ont dû voir combien j'étais inquiet
    (o) (discover, learn) voir;
    ∎ I'm pleased to see you're enjoying life je suis heureux de voir que tu profites de la vie;
    ∎ I'll be interested to see how he gets on je serais curieux de voir comment il se débrouillera;
    ∎ I see (that) he's getting married j'ai appris qu'il allait se marier;
    ∎ I saw it in the paper this morning je l'ai vu ou lu ce matin dans le journal;
    ∎ as we shall see in a later chapter comme nous le verrons dans un chapitre ultérieur;
    ∎ I see she's in the new Scorsese movie je vois qu'elle est dans le nouveau film de Scorsese
    (p) (make sure) s'assurer, veiller à;
    ∎ see that all the lights are out before you leave assurez-vous que ou veillez à ce que toutes les lumières soient éteintes avant de partir;
    ∎ see that everything's ready for when they arrive veillez à ce que tout soit prêt pour leur arrivée;
    ∎ I shall see that he comes je me charge de le faire venir;
    ∎ familiar she'll see you right elle veillera à ce que tu ne manques de rien□, elle prendra bien soin de toi□
    (q) (inspect → file, passport, ticket) voir;
    ∎ can I see your ticket, sir? puis-je voir votre ticket, Monsieur?
    (r) (experience) voir, connaître;
    ∎ he thinks he's seen it all il croit tout savoir;
    ∎ most recruits never see active service la plupart des recrues ne voient jamais la guerre de près;
    ∎ our car has seen better days notre voiture a connu des jours meilleurs;
    ∎ the city hasn't seen such crowds in decades la ville n'a pas connu une foule pareille depuis des dizaines d'années;
    ∎ the country saw many changes le pays a connu de grands changements
    (s) (witness) voir;
    ∎ they have seen their purchasing power halved ils ont vu leur pouvoir d'achat diminuer de moitié;
    ∎ last year saw an increase in profits l'année dernière a vu une augmentation des bénéfices;
    ∎ the next decade will see enormous changes la prochaine décennie verra se produire des changements considérables;
    ∎ I never thought I'd see the day when he'd admit he was wrong je n'aurais jamais cru qu'un jour il admettrait avoir tort;
    ∎ you don't see athletes like her any more! il n'y a plus beaucoup d'athlètes comme elle!
    (t) (accompany) accompagner;
    ∎ I'll see you to the bus stop je t'accompagne à ou jusqu'à l'arrêt du bus;
    ∎ I'll see you home je te raccompagne chez toi;
    ∎ see Mr Smith to the door, please veuillez raccompagner M. Smith jusqu'à la porte;
    ∎ he saw her into a taxi/onto the train il l'a mise dans un taxi/le train;
    ∎ to see sb across the road aider qn à traverser la rue
    (u) (in poker) voir;
    ∎ I'll see you je vous vois;
    ∎ I'll see your $10 and raise you 20 je vous suis à 10 dollars et je relance de 20
    ∎ I can't see without (my) glasses je ne vois rien sans mes lunettes;
    ∎ he may never see again il se peut qu'il ne voie plus jamais;
    ∎ on a clear day you can see as far as the coast par temps clair on voit jusqu'à la mer;
    ∎ you can see for miles around la vue s'étend sur des kilomètres;
    ∎ cats can see in the dark les chats voient dans l'obscurité;
    ∎ I haven't quite finished - so I see je n'ai pas tout à fait terminé - c'est ce que je vois;
    ∎ to see into the future voir ou lire dans l'avenir;
    ∎ she can't see any further than the end of her nose elle ne voit pas plus loin que le bout de son nez;
    ∎ for all to see au vu et au su de tous
    (b) (look) voir;
    ∎ can I see? je peux voir?;
    ∎ let me see!, let's see! fais voir!;
    ∎ see for yourself voyez par vous-même;
    ∎ familiar see! I told you he wouldn't let us down tu vois! je t'avais dit qu'il ne nous laisserait pas tomber
    (c) (find out) voir;
    ∎ is that the baby crying? - I'll go and see c'est le bébé qu'on entend pleurer? - je vais voir;
    ∎ you'll see! tu verras!;
    ∎ we shall see nous verrons (bien);
    ∎ we'll soon see on le saura vite;
    ∎ we'll soon see if… on saura vite si…
    (d) (understand) voir, comprendre;
    ∎ it makes no difference as far as I can see autant que je puisse en juger, ça ne change rien;
    ∎ you see, there's something else you should know tu vois, il y a quelque chose d'autre que tu devrais savoir;
    ∎ I was tired, you see, and… j'étais fatigué, voyez-vous, et…;
    ∎ I see je vois;
    ∎ familiar I don't want any trouble, see? je ne veux pas d'histoires, OK?;
    ∎ familiar old-fashioned now see here, young man! écoutez-moi, jeune homme!
    ∎ let me or let's see voyons voir;
    ∎ it was, let me see, in 1938 c'était, voyons (voir), en 1938;
    ∎ Mum said you'd take us to the fair - we'll see Maman a dit que tu nous amènerais à la foire - on verra (ça)
    3 noun
    Religion (of bishop) siège m épiscopal, évêché m; (of archbishop) archevêché m
    (a) (deal with) s'occuper de;
    ∎ I'll see about making the reservations je m'occuperai des réservations;
    ∎ they're sending someone to see about the gas ils envoient quelqu'un pour vérifier le gaz
    (b) (consider) voir;
    ∎ I'll see about it je verrai ça;
    ∎ we'll have to see about getting a new car il va falloir songer à acheter une nouvelle voiture;
    ∎ familiar they won't let us in - we'll (soon) see about that! ils ne veulent pas nous laisser entrer - c'est ce qu'on va voir!
    ➲ see in
    (a) (escort) faire entrer
    ∎ to see in the New Year fêter le Nouvel An
    voir à l'intérieur;
    ∎ the curtains were drawn, so we couldn't see in les rideaux étaient tirés, nous ne pouvions pas voir à l'intérieur
    (a) (say goodbye to) dire au revoir à;
    ∎ she came to see me off at the station elle est venue à la gare me dire au revoir
    (b) (chase away) chasser;
    ∎ see him off! (to dog) chasse-le!
    (c) (repel → attack) repousser
    (a) (accompany to the door) reconduire ou raccompagner à la porte;
    ∎ can you see yourself out? pouvez-vous trouver la sortie tout seul?;
    ∎ goodbye, I'll see myself out au revoir, ce n'est pas la peine de me raccompagner
    ∎ I'll see another year out here then go home je vais passer une autre année ici puis je rentrerai;
    ∎ we've got enough food to see the week out nous avons assez à manger pour tenir jusqu'à la fin de la semaine;
    ∎ I don't think these boots will see the winter out je ne crois pas que ces bottes feront l'hiver;
    ∎ he isn't expected to see out the week il y a peu de chances qu'il survive jusqu'à la fin de la semaine;
    ∎ he'll see us all out! (will survive us) il nous enterrera tous!
    ∎ to see out the Old Year fêter le Nouvel An
    visiter;
    ∎ they came to see round the house ils sont venus pour visiter la maison
    (a) (window, fabric) voir à travers
    (b) (be wise to → person) percer à jour, voir dans le jeu de; (→ trick, scheme, behaviour) ne pas se laisser tromper par;
    ∎ I saw through him je l'ai percé à jour, j'ai vu dans son jeu;
    ∎ she saw through his apparent cheerfulness elle ne s'est pas laissée tromper par ou elle n'a pas été dupe de son apparente bonne humeur;
    ∎ I saw through their little game j'ai vite compris leur petit jeu
    (a) (bring to a successful end) mener à bonne fin;
    ∎ we can count on her to see the job through on peut compter sur elle pour mener l'affaire à bien
    ∎ to see a show/film through assister à un spectacle/regarder un film jusqu'au bout
    (c) (support, sustain)
    ∎ I've got enough money to see me through the week j'ai assez d'argent pour tenir jusqu'à la fin de la semaine;
    ∎ £20 should see me through (to Monday) 20 livres devraient me suffire (jusqu'à lundi);
    ∎ their love has seen them through many a crisis leur amour les a aidés à surmonter de nombreuses crises;
    ∎ her good humour will always see her through any difficulties sa bonne humeur lui permettra toujours de traverser les moments difficiles
    (a) (look after) s'occuper de;
    ∎ I'll see to the dinner je m'occuperai du dîner;
    ∎ I'll see to it je vais m'en occuper, je m'en charge;
    ∎ see to it that everything's ready by 5 p.m. veillez à ce que tout soit prêt pour 17 heures;
    ∎ she saw to it that our picnic was ruined elle a fait en sorte de gâcher notre pique-nique
    (b) (repair) réparer;
    ∎ you should get the brakes seen to tu devrais faire réparer les freins

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > see

  • 26 Deere, John

    [br]
    b. 7 February 1804 Rutland, Vermont, USA
    d. 17 May 1886 USA
    [br]
    American inventor and manufacturer of agricultural equipment.
    [br]
    John Deere was the son of a tailor, and first worked as a tanner before becoming apprenticed to a blacksmith. He married Demarius Lamb in 1827, but it appears that competition for blacksmiths was fierce, and the Deere family moved frequently. Two attempts to establish forges ended in fires, and changing partnerships and arguments over debts were to be a feature of Deere's working life. In 1836 John Deere moved west on his own, in an attempt to establish himself. He settled in Grand Detour, Illinois. In this new frontier a blacksmith's skills were sought after, and the blacksmith, with no ready supply of raw materials, had to be able to operate both a furnace for melting metal and a forge for working it. Deere was sufficiently successful for his family to be able to join him. A chance visit to a sawmill and the acquisition of a broken saw blade led to the making of a plough that was to establish John Deere in manufacturing. There were two distinctive features associated with the plough: the soil in the area failed to stick to the steel blade, with obvious benefits to the draught of the implement; and second, the shape of the working mouldboard was square. The reputation that developed with his first three ploughs established that Deere had made the transition from blacksmith to manufacturer.
    Over the next decade he had a number of partnerships and eventually set up a factory in Moline, Illinois, in 1848. The following year he sold 2,136 ploughs, and by early 1850 he was producing 350 ploughs per month. Deere was devastated by the loss of his eldest son in the year that the company moved to Moline. However, his second son, Charles, joined him in 1851 and was to be a major influence on the way in which the company developed over the next half-century. The company branched out into the production of cultivators, harrows, drills and wagons. John Deere himself played an active part in the company, but also played an increasing role in public life, with a particular interest in education. The company was incorporated in 1868.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    The following both provide biographical details of John Deere, but are mainly concerned with the company and the equipment it produced: W.G.Broehl, 1984, John Deere's Company: A History of Deere and Company and its
    Times, American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
    D.Macmillan, 1988, John Deere Tractors and Equipment, American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Deere, John

  • 27 deficit

    сущ.
    1)
    а) общ. дефицит, нехватка, недочет

    If current trends continue, the deficit in jobs will not diminish over the next decade. — Если текущие тенденции сохранятся, то в следующем десятилетии сохранится дефицит рабочих мест.

    Syn:
    See:

    Tajikistan faces serious food deficit. — Таджикистану грозит серьезная нехватка продовольствия.

    Ant:
    See:
    а) гос. фин. (в государственном бюджете: превышение расходов над доходами за определенный период времени)
    Syn:
    Ant:
    See:
    в) учет (дебетовое сальдо по счету нераспределенной прибыли, возникшее из-за накопленных убытков)
    г) межд. эк. (в платежном балансе: превышение оттока денежных средств из страны в результате международных хозяйственных операций над поступлениями средств в страну, т. е. отрицательное сальдо платежного баланса в целом либо отдельной его части)
    Ant:
    See:

    * * *
    дефицит: 1) превышение обязательств и долгов компании над ее активами и доходами; 2) бюджетный дефицит; 3) дефицит платежного баланса.
    * * *
    . Разница между обязательствами и активами, между убытками и прибылью, между затратами и доходами . Инвестиционная деятельность .

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > deficit

  • 28 factor in

    Общая лексика: заложить, учитывать, учесть (They did not factor in population increase over the next decade. - не учли), принимать в расчёт (factor smth in), принять в расчёт (When they talked about the 5 percent cut in carbon emissions, they did not factor in population growth. - не приняли в расчёт), принять во внимание

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > factor in

  • 29 vision

    'viʒən
    1) (something seen in the imagination or in a dream: God appeared to him in a vision.) visión
    2) (the ability to see or plan into the future: Politicians should be men of vision.) visión (de futuro)
    3) (the ability to see or the sense of sight: He is slowly losing his vision.) vista, visión
    vision n vista / visión

    visión sustantivo femenino 1
    ◊ ver visiones to be seeing things
    2 (enfoque, punto de vista) view; tener visión de futuro to be forward-looking
    visión sustantivo femenino
    1 (vista, sentido) sight, vision (alucinación) vision
    2 (opinión) viewpoint, view
    3 (capacidad de anticipación) sense
    visión de futuro, forward-looking approach ' visión' also found in these entries: Spanish: aparición - binocular - campo - global - imponer - nublarse - panorama - vista - desvanecerse - espectáculo - fugaz - pesadilla - previsor - turbio - visual English: blur - cloud - overview - range - seeing - short-sighted - sight - vision - acumen - blurred - breadth - far - field - glimpse - grand - impair - line - sighted - survey - view
    tr['vɪʒən]
    2 (eyesight) vista
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    a man of vision un hombre con visión de futuro
    vision ['vɪʒən] n
    1) eyesight: vista f, visión f
    2) apparition: visión f, aparición f
    3) foresight: visión f (del futuro), previsión f
    4) image: imagen f
    she had visions of a disaster: se imaginaba un desastre
    n.
    • visión s.f.
    • vista s.f.
    'vɪʒən
    1)
    a) u ( faculty of sight) visión f, vista f

    good/poor vision — buena/mala vista

    b) ( visibility) visibilidad f

    field of vision — campo m visual

    2) u (imagination, foresight) visión f (de futuro)
    3) c
    a) ( dreamlike revelation) visión f
    b) (mental image, concept) imagen f, visión f
    ['vɪʒǝn]
    N
    1) (=eyesight) vista f

    field of vision — campo m visual

    double 6., tunnel 4.
    2) (=farsightedness) clarividencia f, visión f de futuro; (=imagination) imaginación f

    we need vision to make this idea work — nos hace falta clarividencia or visión de futuro para hacer que esta idea funcione

    he had the vision to see that... — tenía la suficiente visión de futuro como para ver que...

    3) (=dream, hope) visión f
    4) (=image)
    5) (Rel) visión f

    Christ appeared to her in a vision — tuvo una visión de Cristo, se le apareció Cristo

    * * *
    ['vɪʒən]
    1)
    a) u ( faculty of sight) visión f, vista f

    good/poor vision — buena/mala vista

    b) ( visibility) visibilidad f

    field of vision — campo m visual

    2) u (imagination, foresight) visión f (de futuro)
    3) c
    a) ( dreamlike revelation) visión f
    b) (mental image, concept) imagen f, visión f

    English-spanish dictionary > vision

  • 30 shape

    A n
    1 (form, outline) (of object, building etc) forme f ; ( of person) silhouette f ; a square/triangular/star shape une forme carrée/triangulaire/d'étoile ; what shape is it? de quelle forme est-ce? ; to change shape [substance] changer de forme ; to be an odd shape avoir une drôle de forme ; to be the right/wrong shape [object] avoir/ne pas avoir la forme qu'il faut ; [person] avoir/ne pas avoir la silhouette qu'il faut ; to be round/square in shape avoir la forme d'un rond/d'un carré ; it's like a leaf in shape de forme cela ressemble à une feuille ; in the shape of a star/a cat en forme d'étoile/de chat ; to carve/cut/mould sth into shape donner forme à qch en le sculptant/taillant/modelant ; to keep its shape [garment] garder sa forme ; to keep one's shape [person] garder sa ligne ; to take shape [sculpture, building] prendre forme ; to be out of shape [garment] ne plus avoir de forme ; to go out of shape, to lose its shape [garment] se déformer ; to bend/knock sth out of shape gauchir/défoncer qch ; in all shapes and sizes de toutes les formes et de toutes les tailles ; cookers come in all shapes and sizes il existe des cuisinières de toutes les formes et de toutes les tailles ; the prince took on the shape of a frog le prince a pris la forme d'une grenouille ;
    2 ( optimum condition) forme f ; to be in/out of shape être/ne pas être en forme ; to get in/keep in shape se mettre/se maintenir en forme ; to get/knock/lick ○ sb in(to) shape mettre qn en forme ; to get/knock/lick ○ /whip ○ sth into shape mettre qch au point or en état [project, idea, proposal, report, essay] ;
    3 fig (character, structure) gen forme f ; ( of organization) structure f ; technology that influences the shape of the labour market technologie qui influe sur la structure du marché du travail ; he determined the whole shape of 20th century poetry il a déterminé la forme de la poésie du vingtième siècle ; to take shape [plan, project, idea] prendre forme ; [events] prendre tournure ; the likely shape of currency union la forme que prendra probablement l'union monétaire ; this will determine the shape of political developments over the next decade ceci déterminera l'évolution politique de la prochaine décennie ; my contribution took the shape of helping/advising… j'ai contribué en aidant/en conseillant… ; whatever the shape of the new government ( in composition) quelle que soit la composition du nouveau gouvernement ; ( in style) quelle que soit la forme que prendra le nouveau gouvernement ; to spell out the shape of a proposal expliquer clairement les grandes lignes d'une proposition ; to decide what shape one's apology should take décider comment on va présenter ses excuses ; developments which have changed the shape of our lives des développements qui ont changé notre mode de vie ; the shape of things to come ce que sera or ce que nous réserve l'avenir ; X comes in many shapes and forms il y a toutes sortes de X ; tips in any shape or form are forbidden les pourboires de toutes sortes sont interdits ; I don't condone violence in any shape or form je ne pardonne pas la violence, sous quelque forme que ce soit ; I wasn't involved in the matter in any way, shape or form je n'étais, en aucune manière, impliqué dans cette affaire ;
    4 ( guise) in the shape of sous (la) forme de ; help arrived in the shape of a policeman/a large sum of money les secours sont arrivés en la personne d'un agent de police/sous (la) forme d'une importante somme d'argent ; he eats a lot of fat in the shape of chips and burgers il mange beaucoup de matière grasse sous (la) forme de frites et de hamburgers ;
    5 (vague, indistinguishable form) forme f, silhouette f ; the shape under the bedclothes groaned la forme sous les couvertures a grogné ;
    6 Culin (mould for jelly, pastry) moule m ;
    7 Culin ( moulded food) ( of jelly) gelée f ; (of pudding, rice) gâteau m ; ( of meat) pâté m, terrine f.
    B vtr
    1 (fashion, mould) [person] modeler [clay, dough] ; sculpter [wood, stone] ; [wind, rain] façonner, sculpter [rock, region] ; [hairdresser] couper [hair] ; he shaped my hair into a bob/into layers il m'a coupé les cheveux au carré/en dégradé ; we shaped the sand into a mound nous avons façonné le sable en forme de butte ; the statue had been shaped out of a single block of stone la statue avait été sculptée dans un seul bloc de pierre ; caves shaped out of the rock by the action of the water des grottes creusées dans la roche par l'action de l'eau ; shape the dough into balls faites des boules avec la pâte ; to shape the material/cardboard into a triangle faire un triangle dans le tissu/carton ;
    2 fig [person, event] influencer ; ( stronger) déterminer [future, idea] ; modeler [character] ; [person] formuler [policy, project] ; you could play a part in shaping this country's future vous pourriez avoir un rôle dans la détermination de l'avenir du pays ;
    3 Sewing ( fit closely) ajuster [garment] ; a jacket shaped at the waist une veste cintrée.
    1 ( develop) [person] s'en sortir ; she's shaping up really well as a manager elle s'en sort bien comme directrice ; how are things shaping up at (the) head office? quelle tournure prennent les choses au siège? ; to be shaping up to be être en train de devenir ; this game is shaping up to be an enthralling contest ce jeu est en train de devenir un concours passionnant ;
    2 ( meet expectations) être à la hauteur ; if he doesn't shape up, fire him s'il n'est pas à la hauteur, renvoie-le ; shape up or ship out ○ ! si tu n'es pas à la hauteur prends la porte! ;
    3 ( improve one's figure) se mettre en forme.

    Big English-French dictionary > shape

  • 31 project

    projet ⇒ 1 (a) travaux pratiques ⇒ 1 (b) étude ⇒ 1 (c) prévoir ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b) projeter ⇒ 2 (c)-(e), 2 (g) présenter ⇒ 2 (d) dépasser ⇒ 3 (a)
    1 noun ['prɒdʒekt]
    (a) (plan) projet m; (enterprise, undertaking) opération f, entreprise f;
    ∎ they're working on a new building project ils travaillent sur un nouveau projet de construction;
    ∎ the start of the project has been delayed le début de l'opération a été retardé;
    ∎ a fund-raising project to save or for saving the shipyard une collecte de fonds pour sauver le chantier naval
    (b) School (class work) travaux mpl pratiques; (individual work) dossier m;
    ∎ the class has just finished a nature project la classe vient de terminer des travaux pratiques de sciences naturelles;
    ∎ Tina's project was the best in the whole class le dossier de Tina était le meilleur de toute la classe
    (c) (study, research) étude f;
    ∎ a mining project une étude minière
    ∎ (housing) project cité f HLM
    2 transitive verb [prə'dʒekt]
    (a) (plan) prévoir;
    ∎ two new airports are projected for the next decade il est prévu de construire deux nouveaux aéroports durant la prochaine décennie
    (b) (forecast → figures, output) prévoir;
    ∎ he's projecting a 40 percent slide in May il prévoit une baisse de 40 pour cent au mois de mai
    (c) (send forth → gen) projeter, envoyer; (→ film, slide etc) projeter;
    ∎ to project one's voice projeter sa voix;
    ∎ the missile was projected into space le missile a été envoyé dans l'espace;
    ∎ the explosion projected debris high into the air l'explosion a projeté des débris très haut dans les airs;
    ∎ Art projected shadow ombre f portée;
    ∎ figurative try to project yourself forward into the 25th century essayez d'imaginer que vous êtes au 25ème siècle
    (d) (present) présenter, projeter;
    ∎ football hooligans project a poor image of our country abroad les hooligans donnent une mauvaise image de notre pays à l'étranger;
    ∎ she projects an image of self-confidence elle donne d'elle-même l'image d'une personne pleine d'assurance;
    ∎ to project one's personality mettre sa personnalité en avant;
    ∎ he tries to project himself as a great humanist il essaie de se faire passer pour un grand humaniste
    ∎ to project one's feelings onto sb projeter ses sentiments sur qn
    (f) (cause to jut out) faire dépasser
    (g) Geometry projeter;
    ∎ to project a cylinder on or onto a plane projeter un cylindre sur un plan
    3 intransitive verb [prə'dʒekt]
    (a) (protrude, jut out) faire saillie, dépasser;
    ∎ the barrel of his gun projected from his overcoat le canon de son revolver dépassait de son pardessus;
    ∎ the balcony projects over the pavement le balcon surplombe le trottoir
    (b) Psychology se projeter
    ∎ she doesn't project well elle présente mal
    (d) (with voice) projeter sa voix
    ►► project analysis étude f de projet;
    project management gestion f de projets;
    project manager (gen) chef m de projet; Building industry maître m d'œuvre;
    project milestone étape f principale du projet

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > project

  • 32 issues management

    Gen Mgt
    the anticipation and assessment of key trends and themes of the next decade, and the relation of these to the organization. Issues management is informed by futures research in order to formulate strategic plans and actions.

    The ultimate business dictionary > issues management

  • 33 Coster, John

    [br]
    b. c. 1647 Gloucestershire, England
    d. 13 October 1718 Bristol, England
    [br]
    English innovator in the mining, smelting and working of copper.
    [br]
    John Coster, son of an iron-forge manager in the Forest of Dean, by the age of 38 was at Bristol, where he was "chief agent and sharer therein" in the new lead-smelting methods using coal fuel. In 1685 the work, under Sir Clement Clerke, was abandoned because of patent rights claimed by Lord Grandison, who financed of earlier attempts. Clerke's business turned to the coal-fired smelting of copper under Coster, later acknowledged as responsible for the subsequent success through using an improved reverberatory furnace which separated coal fume from the ores being smelted. The new technique, applicable also to lead and tin smelting, revitalized copper production and provided a basis for new British industry in both copper and brass manufacture during the following century. Coster went on to manage a copper-smelting works, and by the 1690s was supplying Esher copper-and brass-works in Surrey from his Redbrook, Gloucestershire, works on the River Wye. In the next decade he extended his activities to Cornish copper mining, buying ore and organizing ore sales, and supplying the four major copper and brass companies which by then had become established. He also made copper goods in additional water-powered rolling and hammer mills acquired in the Bristol area. Coster was ably assisted by three sons; of these, John and Robert were mainly active in Cornwall. In 1714 the younger John, with his father, patented an "engine for drawing water out of deep mines". The eldest son, Thomas, was more involved at Redbrook, in South Wales and the Bristol area. A few years after the death of his father, Thomas became partner in the brass company of Bristol and sold them the Redbrook site. He became Member of Parliament for Bristol and, by then the only surviving son, planned a large new smelting works at White Rock, Swansea, South Wales, before his death in 1734. Partners outside the family continued the business under a new name.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1714, British patent 397, with John Coster Jr.
    Further Reading
    Rhys Jenkins, 1942, "Copper works at Redbrook and Bristol", Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 63.
    Joan Day, 1974–6, "The Costers: copper smelters and manufacturers", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 47:47–58.
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Coster, John

  • 34 Mudge, Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 1715 Exeter, England
    d. 14 November 1794 Walworth, England
    [br]
    English clock-and watchmaker who invented the lever escapement that was ultimately used in all mechanical watches.
    [br]
    Thomas Mudge was the son of a clergyman and schoolmaster who, recognizing his son's mechanical aptitude, apprenticed him to the eminent London clock-and watchmaker George Graham. Mudge became free of the Clockmakers' Company in 1738 and set up on his own account after Graham's death in 1751. Around 1755 he formed a partnership with William Dutton, another apprentice of Graham. The firm produced conventional clocks and watches of excellent quality, but Mudge had also established a reputation for making highly innovative individual pieces. The most significant of these was the watch with a detached-lever escapement that he completed in 1770, although the idea had occurred to him as early as 1754. This watch was purchased by George III for Queen Charlotte and is still in the Royal Collection. Shortly afterwards Mudge moved to Plymouth, to devote his time to the perfection of the marine chronometer, leaving the London business in the hands of Dutton. The chronometers he produced were comparable in performance to those of John Harrison, but like them they were too complicated and expensive to be produced in quantity.
    Mudge's patron, Count Bruhl, recognized the potential of the detached-lever escapement, but Mudge was too involved with his marine chronometers to make a watch for him. He did, however, provide Bruhl with a large-scale model of his escapement, from which the Swiss expatriate Josiah Emery was able to make a watch in 1782. Over the next decade Emery made a limited number of similar watches for wealthy clients, and it was the performance of these watches that demonstrated the worth of the escapement. The detached-lever escapement took some time to be adopted universally, but this was facilitated in the nineteenth century by the development of a cheaper form, the pin lever.
    By the end of the century the detached-lever escapement was used in one form or another in practically all mechanical watches and portable clocks. If a watch is to be a good timekeeper the balance must be free to swing with as little interference as possible from the escapement. In this respect the cylinder escapement is an improvement on the verge, although it still exerts a frictional force on the balance. The lever escapement is a further improvement because it detaches itself from the balance after delivering the impulse which keeps it oscillating.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Clockmaker to George III 1776.
    Further Reading
    T.Mudge, Jr, 1799, A Description with Plates of the Time-Keeper Invented by the Late Mr. Thomas Mudge, London (contains a tract written by his father and the text of his letters to Count Bruhl).
    C.Clutton and G.Daniels, 1986, Watches, 4th edn, London (provides further biographical information and a good account of the history of the lever watch).
    R.Good, 1978, Britten's Watch \& Clock Maker's Handbook Dictionary and Guide, 16th edn, London, pp. 190–200 (provides a good technical description of Mudge's lever escapement and its later development).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Mudge, Thomas

  • 35 Ridley, John

    [br]
    b. 1806 West Boldon, Co. Durham, England
    d. 1887 Malvern, England
    [br]
    English developer of the stripper harvester which led to a machine suited to the conditions of Australia and South America.
    [br]
    John Ridley was a preacher in his youth, and then became a mill owner before migrating to Australia with his wife and daughters in 1839. Intending to continue his business in the new colony, he took with him a "Grasshopper" overbeam steam-engine made by James Watt, together with milling equipment. Cereal acreages were insufficient for the steam power he had available, and he expanded into saw milling as well as farming 300 acres. Aware of the Adelaide trials of reaping machines, he eventually built a prototype using the same principles as those developed by Wrathall Bull. After a successful trial in 1843 Ridley began the patent procedure in England, although he never completed the project. The agricultural press was highly enthusiastic about his machine, but when trials took place in 1855 the award went to a rival. The development of the stripper enabled a spectacular increase in the cereal acreage planted over the next decade. Ridley left Australia in 1853 and returned to England. He built a number of machines to his design in Leeds; however, these failed to perform in the much damper English climate. All of the machines were exported to South America, anticipating a substantial market to be exploited by Australian manufacturers.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    In 1913 a Ridley scholarship was established by the faculty of Agriculture at Adelaide University.
    Further Reading
    G.Quick and W.Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (includes a chapter devoted to the Australian developments).
    A.E.Ridley, 1904, A Backward Glance (describes Ridley's own story).
    G.L.Sutton, 1937, The Invention of the Stripper (a review of the disputed claims between Ridley and Bull).
    L.J.Jones, 1980, "John Ridley and the South Australian stripper", The History of
    Technology, pp. 55–103 (a more detailed study).
    ——1979, "The early history of mechanical harvesting", The History of Technology, pp. 4,101–48 (discusses the various claims to the first invention of a machine for mechanical harvesting).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Ridley, John

  • 36 Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 18 January 1888 London, England
    d. 27 January 1989 Stockbridge, Hampshire, England
    [br]
    English aeronautical engineer and industrialist.
    [br]
    Son of a successful mining engineer, Sopwith did not shine at school and, having been turned down by the Royal Navy as a result, attended an engineering college. His first interest was motor cars and, while still in his teens, he set up a business in London with a friend in order to sell them; he also took part in races and rallies.
    Sopwith's interest in aviation came initially through ballooning, and in 1906 he purchased his own balloon. Four years later, inspired by the recent flights across the Channel to France and after a joy-ride at Brooklands, he bought an Avis monoplane, followed by a larger biplane, and taught himself to fly. He was awarded the Royal Aero Society's Aviator Certificate No. 31 on 21 November 1910, and he quickly distinguished himself in flying competitions on both sides of the Atlantic and started his own flying school. In his races he was ably supported by his friend Fred Sigrist, a former motor engineer. Among the people Sopwith taught to fly were an Australian, Harry Hawker, and Major Hugh Trenchard, who later became the "father" of the RAF.
    In 1912, depressed by the poor quality of the aircraft on trial for the British Army, Sopwith, in conjunction with Hawker and Sigrist, bought a skating rink in Kingston-upon-Thames and, assisted by Fred Sigrist, started to design and build his first aircraft, the Sopwith Hybrid. He sold this to the Royal Navy in 1913, and the following year his aviation manufacturing company became the Sopwith Aviation Company Ltd. That year a seaplane version of his Sopwith Tabloid won the Schneider Trophy in the second running of this speed competition. During 1914–18, Sopwith concentrated on producing fighters (or "scouts" as they were then called), with the Pup, the Camel, the 1½ Strutter, the Snipe and the Sopwith Triplane proving among the best in the war. He also pioneered several ideas to make flying easier for the pilot, and in 1915 he patented his adjustable tailplane and his 1 ½ Strutter was the first aircraft to be fitted with air brakes. During the four years of the First World War, Sopwith Aviation designed thirty-two different aircraft types and produced over 16,000 aircraft.
    The end of the First World War brought recession to the aircraft industry and in 1920 Sopwith, like many others, put his company into receivership; none the less, he immediately launched a new, smaller company with Hawker, Sigrist and V.W.Eyre, which they called the H.G. Hawker Engineering Company Ltd to avoid any confusion with the former company. He began by producing cars and motor cycles under licence, but was determined to resume aircraft production. He suffered an early blow with the death of Hawker in an air crash in 1921, but soon began supplying aircraft to the Royal Air Force again. In this he was much helped by taking on a new designer, Sydney Camm, in 1923, and during the next decade they produced a number of military aircraft types, of which the Hart light bomber and the Fury fighter, the first to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h), were the best known. In the mid-1930s Sopwith began to build a large aviation empire, acquiring first the Gloster Aircraft Company and then, in quick succession, Armstrong-Whitworth, Armstrong-Siddeley Motors Ltd and its aero-engine counterpart, and A.V.Roe, which produced Avro aircraft. Under the umbrella of the Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Company (set up in 1935) these companies produced a series of outstanding aircraft, ranging from the Hawker Hurricane, through the Avro Lancaster to the Gloster Meteor, Britain's first in-service jet aircraft, and the Hawker Typhoon, Tempest and Hunter. When Sopwith retired as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group in 1963 at the age of 75, a prototype jump-jet (the P-1127) was being tested, later to become the Harrier, a for cry from the fragile biplanes of 1910.
    Sopwith also had a passion for yachting and came close to wresting the America's Cup from the USA in 1934 when sailing his yacht Endeavour, which incorporated a number of features years ahead of their time; his greatest regret was that he failed in his attempts to win this famous yachting trophy for Britain. After his retirement as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group, he remained on the Board until 1978. The British aviation industry had been nationalized in April 1977, and Hawker Siddeley's aircraft interests merged with the British Aircraft Corporation to become British Aerospace (BAe). Nevertheless, by then the Group had built up a wide range of companies in the field of mechanical and electrical engineering, and its board conferred on Sopwith the title Founder and Life President.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1953. CBE 1918.
    Bibliography
    1961, "My first ten years in aviation", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (April) (a very informative and amusing paper).
    Further Reading
    A.Bramson, 1990, Pure Luck: The Authorized Biography of Sir Thomas Sopwith, 1888– 1989, Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens.
    B.Robertson, 1970, Sopwith. The Man and His Aircraft, London (a detailed publication giving plans of all the Sopwith aircraft).
    CM / JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch

  • 37 rank

    I 1. noun
    1) (position in hierarchy) Rang, der; (Mil. also) Dienstgrad, der

    be above/below somebody in rank — einen höheren/niedrigeren Rang/Dienstgrad haben als jemand

    2) (social position) [soziale] Stellung

    people of all ranks — Menschen aus allen [Gesellschafts]schichten

    3) (row) Reihe, die
    4) (Brit.): (taxi stand) [Taxen]stand, der
    5) (line of soldiers) Reihe, die

    the ranks — (enlisted men) die Mannschaften und Unteroffiziere

    the rank and file — die Mannschaften und Unteroffiziere; (fig.) die breite Masse

    close [our/their] ranks — die Reihen schließen; (fig.) sich zusammenschließen

    rise from the ranks — sich [aus dem Mannschaftsstand] zum Offizier hochdienen; (fig.) sich hocharbeiten

    2. transitive verb

    rank among or with — zählen od. rechnen zu

    3. intransitive verb

    rank among or with — gehören od. zählen zu

    rank above/next to somebody — rangmäßig über/direkt unter jemandem stehen

    II adjective
    1) (complete) blank [Unsinn, Frechheit]; krass [Außenseiter, Illoyalität]
    2) (stinking) stinkend
    3) (rampant)

    rank weeds — [wild] wucherndes Unkraut

    * * *
    I 1. [ræŋk] noun
    1) (a line or row (especially of soldiers or taxis): The officer ordered the front rank to fire.) die Reihe
    2) ((in the army, navy etc) a person's position of importance: He was promoted to the rank of sergeant/colonel.) der Rang
    3) (a social class: the lower social ranks.) die Klasse
    2. verb
    (to have, or give, a place in a group, according to importance: I would rank him among our greatest writers; Apes rank above dogs in intelligence.) einreihen, gelten als
    - academic.ru/119003/the_rank_and_file">the rank and file
    II [ræŋk] adjective
    1) (complete; absolute: rank stupidity; The race was won by a rank outsider.) kraß
    2) (unpleasantly stale and strong: a rank smell of tobacco.) scharf
    •
    * * *
    rank1
    [ræŋk]
    I. n
    1. no pl POL (position) Position f, [hohe [o leitende]] Stellung
    to pull \rank den Vorgesetzten herauskehren fam; POL Rang m
    a top \rank of government ein Spitzenposten m in der Regierung
    2. MIL Dienstgrad m, Rang m
    ▪ the \ranks pl (non-officers) einfache Soldaten
    to close \ranks die Reihen schließen; ( fig) sich akk zusammenschließen
    to join the \ranks in die Armee eintreten
    to join the \ranks of sth sich akk in etw akk einreihen
    John has joined the \ranks of the unemployed John ist dem Heer der Arbeitslosen beigetreten
    to be promoted to the \rank of captain zum Hauptmann befördert werden
    to rise from [or through] the \ranks sich akk zum Offizier hochdienen; ( fig) sich akk hocharbeiten
    ▪ the \ranks Mitglieder pl
    there is great concern about safety among the \ranks of racing drivers unter Rennfahrern herrscht große Sorge über die Sicherheit
    party \ranks Parteimitglieder pl
    4. (row) Reihe f
    cab [or taxi] \rank Taxistand m
    the front \rank of sth die vorderste Reihe einer S. gen
    serried \ranks of sth ganze Reihen von etw dat
    II. adj attr, inv (absolute) absolut, ausgesprochen
    a \rank amateur ein absoluter Amateur
    a \rank beginner ein blutiger Anfänger/eine blutige Anfängerin
    \rank cowardice reine Feigheit
    \rank injustice zum Himmel schreiende Ungerechtigkeit
    \rank insubordination pure Aufsässigkeit; MIL schiere Gehorsamsverweigerung
    \rank negligence extreme Vernachlässigung
    a \rank novice ein absoluter Neuling
    a \rank outsider ein totaler Außenseiter/eine totale Außenseiterin
    \rank stupidity reine [o schiere] Dummheit
    III. vi
    1. (hold a position)
    ▪ to \rank above sb einen höheren Rang als jd einnehmen, im Rang über jdm stehen
    2. (be classified as)
    he currently \ranks second in the world er steht derzeit auf Platz zwei der Weltrangliste, er ist derzeit Weltranglistenzweiter
    she \ranks among the theatre's greatest actors sie gehört mit zu den größten Theaterschauspielern
    IV. vt
    ▪ to \rank sth/sb jdn/etw einstufen
    ▪ to \rank sb among sb/sth jdn zu jdm/etw zählen
    ▪ to \rank sb/sth alongside sb/sth jdn/etw auf die gleiche Stufe mit jdm/etw stellen
    2. (arrange)
    ▪ to \rank sth etw anordnen
    to \rank sb/sth in order of size jdn/etw der Größe nach aufstellen
    rank2
    [ræŋk]
    1. (growing thickly) of a plant üppig wuchernd, wild wachsend
    2. (overgrown) verwildert, überwuchert
    3. (rancid) stinkend attr
    ▪ to be \rank with sth nach etw dat stinken
    his body was \rank with sweat er stank nach Schweiß
    \rank smell/odour [or AM odor] übler Geruch/Gestank
    * * *
    I [rŋk]
    1. n
    1) (MIL: grade) Rang m

    officer of high rank —

    See:
    → pull
    2) (= class, status) Stand m, Schicht f

    people of all ranks — Leute pl aller Stände

    3) (= row) Reihe f; (Brit = taxi rank) Taxistand m
    4) (MIL: formation) Glied nt

    to break rank(s) — aus dem Glied treten

    the ranks, other ranks (Brit) — die Mannschaften und die Unteroffiziere

    the rank and file of the party/union — die Basis der Partei/Gewerkschaft, die einfachen Partei-/Gewerkschaftsmitglieder

    to rise from the ranks — aus dem Mannschaftsstand zum Offizier aufsteigen; (fig) sich hocharbeiten

    See:
    → close
    5) (MUS) Register nt
    2. vt
    (= class, consider)
    3. vi

    to rank above/below sb — bedeutender/weniger bedeutend als jd sein; (athlete) leistungsmäßig über/unter jdm liegen; (officer) rangmäßig über/unter jdm stehen

    he ranks high among her friends —

    it ranks with the best films of the decade — es zählt zu den besten Filmen des Jahrzehnts

    he ranks as a great composer — er gilt als großer Komponist

    to rank 6th — den 6. Rang or Platz belegen

    II
    adj (+er)
    1) plants üppig; grass verwildert
    2) (= offensive) smell übel; dustbin, drain stinkend attr; fat ranzig; person derb, vulgär

    to be rank (dustbin, drains) — stinken; (breath) stinken, übel riechend sein

    3) attr (= utter) disgrace wahr; injustice schreiend; nonsense, insolence rein; outsider, amateur richtig, absolut, ausgesprochen
    * * *
    rank1 [ræŋk]
    A s
    1. (soziale) Klasse, (Gesellschafts)Schicht f
    2. Rang m, Stand m, (soziale) Stellung:
    a man of rank ein Mann von Stand;
    of second rank zweitrangig;
    take the rank of den Vorrang haben vor (dat);
    take rank with sb mit jemandem gleichrangig sein;
    take high rank einen hohen Rang einnehmen;
    rank and fashion die vornehme Welt
    3. MIL etc Rang m, Dienstgrad m:
    in rank im Rang, rangmäßig;
    he is above me in rank er ist ranghöher als ich
    4. pl MIL (Unteroffiziere pl und) Mannschaften pl:
    rank and file der Mannschaftsstand ( → A 5);
    rise from the ranks aus dem Mannschaftsstand hervorgehen, von der Pike auf dienen (a. fig)
    5. auch rank and file (der) große Haufen ( → A 4):
    the rank of workers die große Masse oder das Heer der Arbeiter;
    the rank of a party die Basis einer Partei
    6. Aufstellung f:
    form into ranks sich formieren oder ordnen
    7. MIL Glied n, Linie f:
    a) wegtreten,
    b) in Verwirrung geraten;
    close the ranks die Reihen schließen;
    fall in ranks antreten;
    join the ranks in das Heer eintreten;
    a) aus dem Glied treten,
    b) desertieren
    8. Reihe f, Linie f, Kette f: → cab rank
    9. Schach: waag(e)rechte Reihe
    B v/t
    1. in einer Reihe oder in Reihen aufstellen
    2. (ein)ordnen, einreihen
    3. eine Truppe etc antreten lassen oder aufstellen, formieren
    4. a) einstufen
    b) rechnen, zählen ( beide:
    with, among zu):
    I rank him above Shaw ich stelle ihn über Shaw;
    be ranked 8th in the world an 8. Stelle der Weltrangliste stehen
    5. US einen höheren Rang einnehmen als
    C v/i
    1. eine Reihe oder Reihen bilden, sich formieren oder ordnen
    2. einen Rang oder eine Stelle einnehmen:
    rank equally gleichrangig sein;
    rank first den ersten Rang einnehmen;
    a) einen hohen Rang einnehmen,
    b) einen hohen Stellenwert haben;
    ranking list Rangliste f;
    ranking officer US ranghöchster Offizier;
    ranking tournament SPORT Ranglistenturnier n
    3. gehören, zählen ( beide:
    among, with zu), rangieren ( above über dat, vor dat; next to hinter dat, gleich nach):
    rank as gelten als;
    he ranks next to the president er kommt gleich nach dem Präsidenten
    4. besonders MIL (in geschlossener Formation) marschieren:
    rank off abmarschieren
    5. WIRTSCH, JUR bevorrechtigt sein (Gläubiger etc)
    rank2 [ræŋk] adj (adv rankly)
    1. a) (wild) wuchernd (Pflanzen)
    b) überwuchert (Garten etc)
    2. fruchtbar (Boden etc)
    3. stinkend, übel riechend
    4. widerlich (Geruch, Geschmack)
    5. rein, völlig:
    rank outsider krasse(r) Außenseiter(in);
    rank beginner blutige(r) Anfänger(in);
    rank nonsense blühender Unsinn
    6. ekelhaft, widerwärtig
    7. unanständig, schmutzig (Sprache etc)
    * * *
    I 1. noun
    1) (position in hierarchy) Rang, der; (Mil. also) Dienstgrad, der

    be above/below somebody in rank — einen höheren/niedrigeren Rang/Dienstgrad haben als jemand

    2) (social position) [soziale] Stellung

    people of all ranks — Menschen aus allen [Gesellschafts]schichten

    3) (row) Reihe, die
    4) (Brit.): (taxi stand) [Taxen]stand, der
    5) (line of soldiers) Reihe, die

    the ranks — (enlisted men) die Mannschaften und Unteroffiziere

    the rank and file — die Mannschaften und Unteroffiziere; (fig.) die breite Masse

    close [our/their] ranks — die Reihen schließen; (fig.) sich zusammenschließen

    rise from the ranks — sich [aus dem Mannschaftsstand] zum Offizier hochdienen; (fig.) sich hocharbeiten

    2. transitive verb

    rank among or with — zählen od. rechnen zu

    3. intransitive verb

    rank among or with — gehören od. zählen zu

    rank above/next to somebody — rangmäßig über/direkt unter jemandem stehen

    II adjective
    1) (complete) blank [Unsinn, Frechheit]; krass [Außenseiter, Illoyalität]
    2) (stinking) stinkend

    rank weeds — [wild] wucherndes Unkraut

    * * *
    n.
    Dienstgrad m.
    Grad -e m.
    Rang ¨-e (Mathematik) m.
    Rang ¨-e m.
    Reihe -n f.
    Stand ¨-e m.
    Stufe -n f.
    sozialer Stand m.

    English-german dictionary > rank

  • 38 century

    n век, столетие (1). В сочетании со словом next существительное century (как и decade) употребляются с определенным артиклем:

    in the next century — в следующем веке.

    (2). See autumn, n.

    English-Russian word troubles > century

  • 39 century

    ['sentʃərɪ]
    n
    век, столетие
    - a century ago
    - in the 20th century
    - for centuries
    - at the beginning of the century
    USAGE:
    (1.) В сочетании со словом next существительное century (как и decade) употребляется с определенным артиклем: in the next century в следующем веке. (2.) See autumn, n

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > century

  • 40 coming

    1. n приход, приезд, прибытие; приближение

    coming round — приходящий; приход

    coming to rule — приходящий к власти; приход к власти

    coming to power — приходящий к власти; приход к власти

    2. n пришествие
    3. n рел. второе пришествие
    4. a будущий; наступающий, приближающийся; ожидаемый
    5. a подающий надежды
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. arriving (adj.) approaching; arriving; close at hand; coming in; docking; drawing near; forthcoming; getting near; nearing; oncoming; progressing; upcoming
    2. future (adj.) expected; future; impending; lying ahead; ongoing; on-going; pending
    3. improving one's place (adj.) advancing; aspiring; better off; climbing; full of promise; improving one's place; on the way to success; promising; pursuing success
    4. later (adj.) imminent; later
    5. next (adj.) ensuing; following; next
    6. approach (noun) approach; convergence; imminence; nearness
    7. arrival (noun) advent; appearance; arrival; landing; reception; welcome
    8. advancing (verb) advancing; come along; get along; marching; moving; proceeding; progressing
    9. amounting (verb) adding up; aggregating; amounting; numbering; running into; running to; summing into; summing to; totaling or totalling
    10. arriving (verb) arriving; getting; getting in; reaching; showing; showing up; turning up
    11. becoming (verb) becoming; going; growing; running; turning; waxing
    12. coming (verb) arising; coming; deriving; emanating; flowing; hailing; issuing; originating; rising; springing; stemming
    13. happening (verb) befalling; betiding; breaking; chancing; coming off; developing; doing; falling; falling out; giving; happening; occurring; passing; transpiring

    English-Russian base dictionary > coming

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