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  • 1 свежий зольник

    Русско-английский словарь по химии > свежий зольник

  • 2 свежий зольник

    Русско-английский научный словарь > свежий зольник

  • 3 свежий зольник

    1) Engineering: head lime

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > свежий зольник

  • 4 मधु _madhu

    मधु a. (
    -धु or
    -ध्वी f.) [मन्यत इति मधु, मन्-उ नस्य धः Uṇ.1.18) Sweet, pleasant, agreeable, delightful; आपापयति गोविन्दपादपद्मासवं मधु Bhāg.1.18.12; त्वया सह निवत्स्यामि वनेषु मधुगन्धिषु U.2.18. -f. N. of a plant (जीवा, जीवन्ती). -n.
    -(धु) 1 Honey; एतास्ता मधुनो धाराश्च्योतन्ति सविषास्त्वयि U.3.34; मधु तिष्ठति जिह्वाग्रे हृदये तु हलाहलम्.
    -2 The juice or nectar of flowers; मधु द्विरेफः कुसुमैकपात्रे पपौ प्रियां स्वामनुवर्तमानः Ku.3.36; देहि मुखकमलमधुपानम् Gīt.1.
    -3 A sweet intoxicating drink, wine, spirituous liquor; विनयन्ते स्म तद्योधा मधुभिर्विजयश्रमम् R.4.65; Ṛs. 1.3.
    -4 Water.
    -5 Sugar.
    -6 Sweetness.
    -7 Any- thing sweet.
    -8 Ved. Soma juice.
    -9 Milk or anything produced from milk (Ved.).
    -1 A bee-hive; केचित्- पीत्वापविध्यन्ति मधूनि मधुपिङ्गलाः Rām.5.62.1.
    -11 Bee-wax; Ms.1.88. -m.
    (धुः) 1 The spring or vernal season; मधुरया मधुबोधितमाधवी Śi.6.2; क्व नु ते हृदयंगमः सखा कुसुमायोजितकार्मुको मधुः Ku.4.24,25;3.1,3.
    -2 The month of Chaitra; भास्करस्य मधुमाधवाविव R.11.7; मासे मधौ मधुरकोकिलभृङ्गनादै रामा हरन्ति हृदयं प्रसभं नराणाम् Ṛs.6. 25.
    -3 N. of a demon killed by Viṣṇu.
    -4 N. of another demon, father of Rāvaṇa and killed by Śatru- ghna.
    -5 The Aśoka tree.
    -6 N. of king Kārtavīrya.
    -Comp. -अष्ठीला a lump of honey, clotted honey.
    -आधारः wax.
    -आपात a. having honey at the first taste; शक्तः परजने दाता स्वजने दुःखजीविनि । मध्वापातो विषास्वादः स धर्मप्रतिरूपकः ॥ Ms.11.9.
    -आम्रः a kind of mango tree.
    -आलु n.,
    -आलुकम् sweet potato.
    -आवासः the mango tree.
    -आसवः sweet spirituous liquor (made from honey).
    -आसवनिकः distiller, vintner.
    -आस्वाद a. having the taste of honey.
    -आहुतिः f. a sacrificial offering of sweet things.
    -उच्छिष्टम्, -उत्थभ्, -उत्थितभ् 1 bees'-wax; शस्त्रासवमधूच्छिष्टं मधु लाक्षा च बर्हिषः Y.3.37; मधूच्छिष्टेन केचिच्च जध्नुरन्योन्यमुत्कटाः Rām.5.62.11.
    -2 the casting of an image in wax; Mānasāra; the name of 68th chapter.
    -उत्सवः the spring or vernal festival celebrated on the full-moon day of Chaitra.
    -उदकम् 'honey-water', water mixed with honey, hydromel.
    -उद्यानम् a spring-garden.
    -उपघ्नम् 'the abode of Madhu', an epithet of Mathurā; स च प्राप मधूपघ्नं कुम्भीन- स्याश्च कुक्षिजः R.15.15.
    -उषितम् wax.
    -कण्ठः the cuckoo.
    -करः 1 a large black bee; कुटजे खलु तेनेहा तेने हा मधुकरेण कथम् Bv.1.1; R.9.3; Me.37,49; सर्वतः सारमादत्ते यथा मधुकरो बुधः Bhāg.
    -2 a lover, libertine.
    -3 sweet lime. (
    -री) a female bee; न च मधुकरीवदन्नरस- भोजिन्यो देवता इति प्रमाणमस्ति ŚB. on MS.9.1.9. ˚गणः, ˚श्रेणिः f. a swarm of bees.
    -कर्कटी 1 sweet lime, a kind of citron.
    -2 A kind of date.
    -काननम्, -वनम् the forest of the demon Madhu.
    -कारः, -कारिन् m. a bee.
    -कुक्कुटिका, -कुक्कुटी a sort of citron tree.
    -कुल्या a stream of honey.
    -कृत् m. a bee; Bhāg. 11.7.33.
    -केशटः a bee.
    -कोशः, -षः 1 a bee-hive.
    -2 a honey comb.
    -क्रमः 1 a bee-hive.
    -2 a honey comb. (pl.) drinking-bout, carousals.
    -क्षीरः, -क्षीरकः a Kharjūra tree.
    -गन्धः the Bakula tree.
    -गन्धि, -गन्धिक a. scented with honey, sweet-smelling; वनेषु मधुगन्धिषु U.2.18.
    -गायनः the cuckoo.
    -गुञ्जनः the drum-stick plant (Mar. शेवगा).
    -ग्रहः a libation of honey.
    -घोषः the cuckoo.
    -च्युत्, -त, -श्च्युत् a.
    1 dropping or distilling honey; ददतु तरवः पुष्पैरर्घ्यं फलैश्च मधुश्च्युतः U.3.24.
    -2 mellifluous, overflowing with sweets.
    -जम् bees'-wax.
    -जा 1 sugar-candy.
    -2 the earth.
    -जम्बीरः a kind of citron.
    -जित्, -द्विष्, -निषूदन, -निहन्तृ m.,
    -मथः, -मथनः, -रिपुः, -शत्रुः, -सूदनः epithets or Viṣṇu; इति मधुरिपुणा सखी नियुक्ता Gīt.5; R.9.48; Śi.15.1.
    -जीवनः N. of plant (Mar. बेहडा).
    -तृणः, -णम् sugar cane.
    -त्रयम् the three sweet things; i. e. sugar, honey, and clarified butter.
    -दीपः the god of love.
    -दूतः the mango tree.
    -दोहः the extracting of sweetness or honey.
    -द्रः 1 a bee.
    -2 a libertine.
    -द्रवः N. of a tree having red blossoms (Mar. तांबडा शेवगा).
    -द्रुमः the mango tree.
    -धातुः a kind of yellow pyrites (सुवर्णमाक्षिक).
    -धारा a stream of honey.
    -धूलिः f. molasses.
    -धेनुः honey offered to Brāhmaṇas in the form of a cow.
    -नाडी a cell in a honey-comb.
    -नारिकेलः, -नारिकेरकः a kind of cocoanut (Mar. मोहाचा नारळ).
    -नेतृ m. bee.
    -पः a bee or a drunkard; राजप्रियाः कैरविण्यो रमन्ते मधुपैः सह Bv.1.126;1.63 (where both meanings are intended).
    -पटलम् a bee-hive.
    -पतिः an epithet of Kṛiṣṇa.
    -पर्कः 1 'a mixture of honey', a respectful offering made to a guest or to the bridegroom on his arrival at the door of the father of the bride; (its usual ingredients are five:- दधि सर्पिर्जलं क्षौद्रं सिता चैतैश्च पञ्चभिः । प्रोच्यते मधुपर्कः); समांसो मधुपर्कः U.4; असिस्वदद्यन्मधु- पर्कमर्पितं स तद् व्यधात्तर्कमुदर्कदर्शिनाम् । यदैष पास्यन्मधु भीमजाधरं मिषेण पुण्याहविधिं तदा कृतम् N.16.13; Ms.3.119 et seq.
    -2 the ceremony of receiving a guest.
    -पर्किकः one who praises at the time of मधुपर्क; पठन्ति पाणिस्वनिका मागधा मधुपर्किकाः Mb.7.82.2. (com. मधुपर्किकाः माङ्गल्योपस्थापकाः).
    -पर्क्य a. worthy of madhuparka q. v.
    -पर्णिका, -पर्णी the Indigo plant.
    -पाका sweet melon.
    -पात्रम् a wine-jug.
    -पानम् drinking wine; धनलवमधुपानभ्रान्त- सर्वेन्द्रियाणाम् Bh.
    -पायिन् m. a bee.
    -पालः a honey- keeper.
    -पुरम्, -री an epithet of Mathurā; संप्रत्युज्झित- वासनं मधुपुरीमध्ये हरिः सेव्यते Bv.4.44.
    -पुष्पः 1 the Aśoka tree.
    -2 the Bakula tree.
    -3 the Dantī tree.
    -4 the Śirīṣa tree.
    -प्रणयः addiction to wine.
    -प्रमेहः diabetes, sacharine urine.
    -प्राशनम् one of the sixteen purificatory Samskāras (which consists in putting a little honey into the mouth of a new-born male child).
    -प्रियः an epithet of Balarāma.
    -फलः a kind of cocoa- nut.
    -फलिका a kind of date.
    -बहुला the Mādhavī creeper.
    -बा(वी)जः a pomegranate tree.
    -बी(वी)- जपूरः a kind of citron.
    -भूमिकः an epithet of Yogin in the second order.
    -मक्षः, -क्षा, -मक्षिका a bee.
    -मज्जनः the tree called आखोट.
    -मत्त a.
    1 drunk with wine.
    -2 excited by the spring.
    -मदः the intoxication of liquor.
    -मन्थः a kind of drink mixed with honey.
    -मल्लिः, -ल्ली f. the Mālatī creeper.
    -मस्तकम् a kind of sweetmeat made of honey, flour, oil, and ghee; मधुतैलघृतैर्मध्ये वेष्टिताः समिताश्च याः । मधुमस्तकमुद्दिष्टम्..... Śabda-chandrikā.
    -माक्षिकम् = मधुधातु q. v.
    -माधवम्, -वौ the two spring months (चैत्र and वैशाख).
    -माधवी 1 a kind of intoxicating drink; क्रीडन्त्यो$भिरताः सर्वाः पिबन्त्यो मधुमाधवीम् Mb.1.81.3.
    -2 any springflower.
    -माध्वीकम् a kind of intoxicating liquor.
    -मारकः a bee.
    -मांसम् honey and meat; Ms.11.158.
    -मूलम् N. of an edible root (like Mar. रताळें, सुरण).
    -मेहः मधुप्रमेह q. v.
    -यष्टिः, -ष्टी f.
    1 sugar-cane.
    -2 liquorice.
    -यष्टिका, -वल्ली liquorice.
    -रस a. sweet-flavoured, sweet.
    -(सः) 1 the wine-palm.
    -2 sugarcane.
    -3 sweetness.
    -(सा) 1 a bunch of grapes.
    -2 vine.
    -लग्नः N. of a tree.
    -लिह्, -लेह्, -लेहिन् m.
    -लोलुपः a bee; so मधुनोलेहः; मधुलिहां मधुदानविशारदा R.9.29; मधुलेहिगीतौ Bk.; मधुलिह इव मधुबिन्दून् विरलानपि भजत गुणलेशान् Ve.1.5.
    -वनम् 1 N. of the forest inhabited by the demon Madhu where Śatrughna founded Mathurā.
    -2 N. of the forest of Sugrīva. (
    -नः) the cuckoo.
    -वल्ली 1 liquorice.
    -2 a kind of grape
    -3 Sweet citron.
    -वाच् the Indian cuckoo.
    -वाराः (m. pl.) drinking often and often, tippling, carousing; जज्ञिरे बहुमताः प्रमदानामोष्ठयावक- नुदा मधुवाराः Ki.9.59; क्षालितं नु शमितं नु वधूनां द्रावितं नु हृदयं मधुवारैः Śi.1.14; sometimes in the sing, also; see: अङ्गनास्यचषकैर्मधुवारः Ki.9.57.
    -विद्या N. of a mystical doctrine.
    -व्रतः a bee; मार्मिकः को मरन्दानामन्तरेण मधुव्रतम् Bv.1.117; तस्मिन्नद्य मधुव्रते विधिवशान्माध्वीकमाकाङ्क्षति 46; मालां मधुव्रतवरूथगिरोपघुष्टाम् Bhāg.
    -शर्करा honey-sugar.
    -शाखः a kind of tree.
    -शिला = मधुधातु q. v.
    -शिष्टम्, -शेषम् wax.
    -श्री beauty of spring.
    -सखः, -सहायः, -सारथिः, -सुहृद् m. the god of love.
    -संधानम् brandy.
    -सिक्थकः a kind of poison.
    -सूदनः 1 a bee; गायन् कलं क्रीडति पद्मिनीषु मधूनि पीत्वा मधुसूदनो$सौ Chanḍ. M.
    -2 an epithet of Viṣṇu; भक्तानां कर्मणां चैव सूदनान्मधुसूदनः
    -3 N. of a writer of works like अद्वैतसिद्धि.
    -स्थानम् a bee-hive.
    -स्रवः a. dropping honey or sweetness.
    -(वा) 1 liquo- rice.
    -2 N. of the third day in the bright half of Śrāvaṇa.
    -स्वरः the cuckoo.
    -हन् m.
    1 a destroyer or collector of honey; सर्वथा संहतैरेव दुर्बलैर्बलवानपि । अमित्रः शक्यते हन्तुं मधुहा भ्रमरैरिव ॥ Mb.3.33.7; Bhāg.11.7.34.
    -2 a kind of bird of prey.
    -3 a sooth-sayer.
    -4 an epithet of Viṣṇu.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > मधु _madhu

  • 5 Macintosh, Charles

    [br]
    b. 29 December 1766 Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 25 July 1843 Dunchattan, near Glasgow, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor of rubberized waterproof clothing.
    [br]
    As the son of the well-known and inventive dyer George Macintosh, Charles had an early interest in chemistry. At the age of 19 he gave up his work as a clerk with a Glasgow merchant to manufacture sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and developed new processes in dyeing. In 1797 he started the first Scottish alum works, finding the alum in waste shale from coal mines. His first works was at Hurlet, Renfrewshire, and was followed later by others. He then formed a partnership with Charles Tennant, the proprietor of a chemical works at St Rollox, near Glasgow, and sold "lime bleaching liquor" made with chlorine and milk of lime from their bleach works at Darnley. A year later the use of dry lime to make bleaching powder, a process worked out by Macintosh, was patented. Macintosh remained associated with Tennant's St Rollox chemical works until 1814. During this time, in 1809, he had set up a yeast factory, but it failed because of opposition from the London brewers.
    There was a steady demand for the ammonia that gas works produced, but the tar was often looked upon as an inconvenient waste product. Macintosh bought all the ammonia and tar that the Glasgow works produced, using the ammonia in his establishment to produce cudbear, a dyestuff extracted from various lichens. Cudbear could be used with appropriate mordants to make shades from pink to blue. The tar could be distilled to produce naphtha, which was used as a flare. Macintosh also became interested in ironmaking. In 1825 he took out a patent for converting malleable iron into steel by taking it to white heat in a current of gas with a carbon content, such as coal gas. However, the process was not commercially successful because of the difficulty keeping the furnace gas-tight. In 1828 he assisted J.B. Neilson in bringing hot blast into use in blast furnaces; Neilson assigned Macintosh a share in the patent, which was of dubious benefit as it involved him in the tortuous litigation that surrounded the patent until 1843.
    In June 1823, as a result of experiments into the possible uses of naphtha obtained as a by-product of the distillation of coal tar, Macintosh patented his process for waterproofing fabric. This comprised dissolving rubber in naphtha and applying the solution to two pieces of cloth which were afterwards pressed together to form an impermeable compound fabric. After an experimental period in Glasgow, Macintosh commenced manufacture in Manchester, where he formed a partnership with H.H.Birley, B.Kirk and R.W.Barton. Birley was a cotton spinner and weaver and was looking for ways to extend the output of his cloth. He was amongst the first to light his mills with gas, so he shared a common interest with Macintosh.
    New buildings were erected for the production of waterproof cloth in 1824–5, but there were considerable teething troubles with the process, particularly in the spreading of the rubber solution onto the cloth. Peter Ewart helped to install the machinery, including a steam engine supplied by Boulton \& Watt, and the naphtha was supplied from Macintosh's works in Glasgow. It seems that the process was still giving difficulties when Thomas Hancock, the foremost rubber technologist of that time, became involved in 1830 and was made a partner in 1834. By 1836 the waterproof coat was being called a "mackintosh" [sic] and was gaining such popularity that the Manchester business was expanded with additional premises. Macintosh's business was gradually enlarged to include many other kinds of indiarubber products, such as rubber shoes and cushions.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1823.
    Further Reading
    G.Macintosh, 1847, Memoir of Charles Macintosh, London (the fullest account of Charles Macintosh's life).
    H.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87 (an account of the invention of the mackintosh).
    RLH / LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Macintosh, Charles

  • 6 Tennant, Charles

    [br]
    b. 3 May 1768 Ochiltree, Ayrshire, Scotland
    d. 1 October 1838 Glasgow, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor of bleaching powder.
    [br]
    After education at the local school, Tennant went to Kilbachan to learn the manufacture of silk. He then went on to Wellmeadow, where he acquired a knowledge of the old bleaching process, which enabled him to establish his own bleachfield at Darnly. The process consisted of boiling the fabric in weak alkali and then laying it flat on the ground to expose it to sun and air for several months. This process, expensive in time and space, would have formed an intolerable bottleneck in the rapidly expanding textile industry, but a new method was on the way. The French chemist Berthollet demonstrated in 1786 the use of chlorine as a bleaching agent and James Watt learned of this while on a visit to Paris. On his return to Glasgow, Watt passed details of the new process on to Tennant, who set about devising his own version of it. First he obtained a bleaching liquor by passing chlorine through a stirred mixture of lime and water. He was granted a patent for this process in 1798, but it was promptly infringed by bleachers in Lancashire. Tennant's efforts to enforce the patent were unsuccessful as it was alleged that others had employed a similar process some years previously. Nevertheless, the Lancashire bleachers had the good grace to present Tennant with a service of plate in recognition of the benefits he had brought to the industry.
    In 1799 Tennant improved on his process by substituting dry slaked lime for the liquid, to form bleaching powder. This was patented the same year and proved to be a vital element in the advance of the textile industry. The following year, Tennant established his chemical plant at St Roll ox, outside Glasgow, to manufacture bleaching powder and alkali substances. The plant prospered and became for a time the largest chemical works in Europe.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    L.F.Haber, 1958, The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century, London: Oxford University Press.
    F.S.Taylor, 1957, A History of Industrial Chemistry, London: Heinemann.
    Walker, 1862, Memoirs of Distinguished Men of Science of Great Britain Living in 1807– 1808, London, p. 186.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Tennant, Charles

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