multitudinem+mari+l

cētĕrus ( caet-), a, um (the nom. sing. masc. not in use; the sing., in gen., rare; in Cic. perh. only three times), adj. [pronom. stem ki, and compar. ending; cf. heteros], the other, that which exists besides, can be added to what is already named of a like kind with it; the other part (while reliquus is that which yet remains of an object, the rest;

e. g. stipendium pendere et cetera indigna pati,

and endured other indignities of the kind, Liv. 21, 20, 6. On the other hand:

jam vero reliqua—not cetera —quarta pars mundi ea et ipsa totā naturā fervida est, et ceteris naturis omnibus salutarem impertit et vitalem calorem,

Cic. N. D. 2, 10, 27; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 33; Doed. Syn. 1, p. 83. Still these ideas, esp. after the Aug. per., are often confounded, and the Engl., the remainder, the rest, and the adverb. phrase for the rest, etc., can be used interchangeably for both words).

Masc.:

si vestem et ceterum ornatum muliebrem pretii majoris habeat,

Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 51 (also in Quint. 5, 11, 28); Nep. Dat. 3, 1:

laeta et imperatori ceteroque exercitui,

Liv. 28, 4, 1:

vestitu calciatuque et cetero habitu,

Suet. Calig. 52: illos milites subduxit, exercitum ceterum servavit, Cato ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:

cohortes veteranas in fronte, post eas ceterum exercitum in subsidiis locat,

Sall. C. 59, 5:

a cetero exercitu,

Curt. 5, 9, 11; Tac. Agr. 17; Suet. Galb. 20 fin.:

de cetero numero candidatorum,

id. Caes. 41.—

Fem.:

cetera jurisdictio,

Cic. Att. 6, 2, 5:

vita,

Sall. C. 52, 31:

aetas,

Verg. G. 3, 62:

nox,

Ov. M. 12, 579:

silva,

id. ib. 8, 750:

turba,

id. ib. 3, 236; 12, 286; Hor. S. 2, 8, 26:

classis,

Liv. 35, 26, 9:

deprecatio,

id. 42, 48, 3; 21, 7, 7:

inter ceteram planitiem mons,

Sall. J. 92, 5:

Graeciam,

Nep. Paus. 2, 4:

aciem,

Liv. 6, 8, 6:

multitudinem,

id. 35, 30, 8:

(super) turbam,

Suet. Calig. 26:

manum procerum,

Tac. Or. 37:

pro ceterā ejus audaciā atque amentiā,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2, § 6:

pluviā (aquā) utebantur,

Sall. J. 89, 6:

ceterā (ex) copiā militum,

Liv. 35, 30, 9; Plin. Ep. 2, 16, 1:

ceterā (pro) reverentiā,

id. ib. 3, 8, 1:

ceterā (cum) turbā,

Suet. Claud. 12 al. —

Neutr.:

cum a pecu cetero absunt,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 20:

non abhorret a cetero scelere,

Liv. 1, 48, 5; Suet. Aug. 24:

cetero (e) genere hominum,

id. ib. 57:

quanto violentior cetero mari Oceanus,

Tac. A. 2, 24 al. — Subst.: cētĕ-rum, i, n., the rest:

elocuta sum convivas, ceterum cura tu,

Plaut. Men. 1, 4, 6:

ceterum omne incensum est,

Liv. 22, 20, 6; so,

de cetero,

as for the rest, Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 26; Curt. 4, 1, 14 al.;

and in ceterum,

for the rest, for the future, Sen. Ep. 78, 15.—

Plur., the rest, the others (freq. in all periods and species of composition):

de reliquis nihil melius ipso est: ceteri et cetera ejus modi, ut, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 5:

multae sunt insidiae bonis nosti cetera,

id. Planc. 24, 59; id. Fat. 13, 29:

cetera de genere hoc, adeo sunt multa, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 13; Lucr. 5, 38:

ut omittam cetera,

Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 18:

ibi Amineum... Lucanum serito, ceterae vites in quemvis agrum conveniunt,

Cato, R. R. 6, 4:

quam fortunatus ceteris sim rebus, absque una hac foret,

Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 25: nam ceteri fere, qui artem orandi litteris tradiderunt, ita sunt exorsi, quasi, etc., Quint. prooem. § 4; id. 10, 1, 80:

ceterae partes loquentem adjuvant, hae ipsae loquuntur,

id. 11, 3, 85:

sane ceterarum rerum pater familias et prudens et attentus, unā in re paulo minus consideratus,

Cic. Quint. 3, 11:

hanc inter ceteras vocem,

Quint. 9, 4, 55: de justitiā, fortitudine, temperantiā ceterisque similibus, id. prooem. § 12; 3, 5, 5;

2, 4, 38: ego ceteris laetus, hoc uno torqueor,

Curt. 6, 5, 3.—

Et cetera ceteraque or cetera, and so forth, kai ta hexês, when one refers to a well-known object with only a few words, or mentions only a few from a great number of objects, Cic. de Or. 2, 32, 141:

ut illud Scipionis, Agas asellum et cetera,

id. ib. 2, 64, 258; id. Top. 6, 30; 11, 48; id. Tusc. 2, 17, 39; id. Att. 2, 19, 3:

et similiter cetera,

Quint. 4, 1, 14:

vina ceteraque,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 36, § 91; Curt. 3, 4, 10:

solem, lunam, mare, cetera,

Lucr. 2, 1085:

fundum, aedes, parietem, supellectilem, penus, cetera,

Cic. Top. 5. 27.—

Hence, the advv.,

cē-tĕrum (orig. acc. respectiv.), lit. that which relates to the other, the rest (besides what has been mentioned).

For the rest, in other respects, otherwise (in good prose):

nihil, nisi ut ametis impero: Ceterum quantum lubet me poscitote aurum, ego dabo,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 52: tu aurum rogato: ceterum ( for the rest, in respect to the rest) verbum sat est, id. ib. 4, 8, 37: precator, qui mihi sic oret: nunc amitte quaeso hunc;

ceterum Posthac si quicquam, nil precor,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 91:

ego me in Cumano et Pompeiano, praeterquam quod sine te, ceterum satis commode oblectabam,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 12 (14), 1:

foedera alia aliis legibus, ceterum eodem modo omnia fiunt,

Liv. 1, 24, 3; cf. Sall. J. 2, 4; 75, 3; Nep. Eum. 8, 5; Curt. 4, 1, 18.—Rarely after the verb: argentum accepi;

nil curavi ceterum,

Plaut. Capt. 5, 3, 12: numquid me vis ceterum? id. Ep. 4, 2, 76.—

= alioquin, introducing a conclusion contrary to fact (mostly post-class.), otherwise, else, in the opposite event, = Gr. allôs: non enim cogitaras;

ceterum Idem hoc melius invenisses,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 62:

ita et anima... solam vim ejus exprimere non valuit,... ceterum non esset anima, sed spiritus,

Tert. adv. Marc. 2, 9; App. M. 7, p. 200, 33; Dig. 4, 4, 7, § 2 al.—

In passing to another thought, besides, for the rest; very freq. (esp. in the histt.; usu. placed at the beginning of a new clause;

only in the comic poets in the middle): Filium tuom te meliust repetere, Ceterum uxorem abduce ex aedibus,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 73; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 31; Sall. J. 4, 1; 20, 8; 29, 2; Quint. 6, 1, 8; 8, 6, 51; 9, 2, 14 al.; Suet. Caes. 4; 16; id. Tib. 42; id. Claud. 1; Curt. 3, 1, 4; 3, 3, 7; 3, 6, 13; Col. 8, 8, 5:

dehinc ceterum valete,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 125; cf. id. ib. 91. —

With a restricting force, commonly contrasted with quidem or a neg. phrase; often to be translated by but, yet, notwithstanding, still, on the other hand (esp. freq. since the Aug. per.):

cum haud cuiquam in dubio esset, bellum ab Tarquiniis imminere, id quidem spe omnium serius fuit: ceterum, id quod non timebant, per dolum ac proditionem prope libertas amissa est,

Liv. 2, 3, 1; Plin. Pan. 5, 4; Flor. 3, 1, 11; Suet. Aug. 8; 66; id. Tib. 61 fin.; id. Gram. 4 al.:

eos multum laboris suscipere, ceterum ex omnibus maxume tutos esse,

Sall. J. 14, 12:

avidus potentiae, honoris, divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide occultans,

id. ib. 15, 3; 52, 1; 83, 1; id. C. 51, 26:

eo rem se vetustate oblitteratam, ceterum suae memoriae infixam adferre,

Liv. 3, 71, 6:

id quamquam, nihil portendentibus diis, ceterum neglegentia humana acciderat, tamen, etc.,

id. 28, 11, 7; 9, 21, 1; 21, 6, 1 Weissenb. ad loc.:

ut quisquis factus est princeps, extemplo fama ejus, incertum bona an mala, ceterum aeterna est,

Plin. Pan. 55, 9:

pauca repetundarum crimina, ceterum magicas superstitiones objectabat,

Tac. A. 12, 59; cf. Liv. 3, 40, 11.—

cē-tĕra (properly acc. plur.), = talla, ta loipa, as for the rest, otherwise; with adjj., and (in poets) with verbs (not found in Cic. or Quint.).

With adj.:

Bocchus praeter nomen cetera ignarus populi Romani,

Sall. J. 19, 7:

hastile cetera teres praeterquam ad extremum,

Liv. 21, 8, 10:

excepto quod non simul esses, cetera laetus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 50 (cf. the passage cited under ceterum, II. A. 1. fin., Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 12 (14), 1):

cetera Graius,

Verg. A. 3, 594 (so prob. also Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 3, where others read ad cetera):

virum cetera egregium secuta,

Liv. 1, 35, 6:

vir cetera sanctissimus,

Vell. 2, 46, 2 Ruhnk.; Plin. 8, 15, 16, § 40; 12, 6, 13, § 25; 22, 25, 64, § 133; Tac. G. 29.—

With verbs: cetera, quos peperisti, ne cures, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 9, 656:

quiescas cetera,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 53:

cetera parce, puer, bello,

Verg. A. 9, 656; cf. Sil. 17, 286:

cetera non latet hostis,

id. 2, 332; Mart. 13, 84.—

cētĕrō, peculiar to the Nat. Hist. of Pliny, for the rest, in other respects, otherwise:

cetero viri quam feminae majus,

Plin. 11, 37, 49, § 133; so id. 3, 11, 16, § 105; 6, 26, 30, § 122; 8, 3, 4, § 7;

10, 1, 1, § 1 al.: est et alia iritis cetero similis, at praedura,

id. 37, 9, 52, § 138.—

Of time: palumbes incubat femina post meridiana in matutinum, cetero mas,

id. 10, 58, 79, § 159.

con-clūdo, si, sum, 3 ( part. perf. solecist. conclausa semina, Col. 3, 12, 2), v. a., to shut up closely, to close up, enclose, confine.

Prop. (class. in prose and poetry), constr. with in and acc., with adv. and absol. (not with in and abl., for the true read., Cic. Univ. 3 fin., is inclusit):

in vincla bestiam nequissimam,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 1, 18; cf.:

bestias delectationis causā,

Cic. Fin. 5, 20, 56 Madv.:

eos concludit, magnam hominum multitudinem,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54:

quia enim in caveā si forent Conclussi itidem ut pulli gallinacei,

Plaut. Curc. 3, 80:

conclusam hic habeo uxorem saevam,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 17:

aliquem in fenestram,

Plaut. Cas. 1, 44:

me in cellam cum illā,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 13; cf.:

in aediculam,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 21:

illum aliquo,

Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 25:

locum sulco,

Verg. A. 1, 425:

at tu conclusas hircinis follibus auras... imitare,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 19:

piscina conclusa porticibus,

Suet. Ner. 31:

Tigris et Euphrates Mesopotamiam ab utroque latere concludunt,

Curt. 5, 1, 15:

vulnera cerā,

Val. Fl. 1, 479:

venti procella conclusa,

Lucr. 6, 125:

concluso loco,

id. 4, 458:

primordia conclusa,

id. 3, 569:

suave locus voci resonat conclusus,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 76:

conclusa aqua (opp.: profluens amnis),

Cic. N. D. 2, 7, 20; cf.:

longe aliam esse navigationem concluso mari atque in vastissimo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 9:

coagmentis ad centrum respondentibus fornices concluduntur,

Vitr. 6, 8, 4:

statio conclusa atque munita,

Dig. 50, 16, 59.—

Humorously:

non placet qui amicos intra dentis conclusos habet,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 64.—

Trop.

To include, compress, restrain, comprise:

omnia fere, quae sunt conclusa nunc artibus, dispersa et dissipata quondam fuerunt,

Cic. de Or. 1, 42, 187:

fortuna tot res, in unum conclusit diem,

Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 17:

ut ab illā excludar, huc concludar,

i. e. I shall be fettered by this marriage, id. And. 2, 3, 12 (ex ferarum translatione concludar dixit, Don.); id. Hec. 4, 4, 80:

concludere jus civile in parvum et angustum locum,

Cic. Leg. 1, 5, 17; id. de Or. 1, 61, 260; id. Caes. 22, 63:

uno hoc volumine vitam excellentium virorum complurium,

Nep. Epam. 4 fin.; cf.:

in hanc formulam omnia judicia,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 5, 15:

eidem et infinitam largitionem remittebas et eundem in angustissimam formulam sponsionis concludebas?

id. ib. 4, 12:

istum locum in unam speciem,

Quint. 6, 2, 1.—

(Cf. claudo, I. B.) To end, close, conclude:

facinus natum a cupiditate, auctum per stuprum, crudelitate perfectum atque conclusum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 34, § 82:

(ancipites variique casus) exitu notabili concluduntur,

id. Fam. 5, 12, 5:

provincia in quā laus equitatis, integritatis, facilitatis ad extremum ludorum voluptate concluditur,

id. Mur. 20, 41:

vitam,

Aug. Serm. 322.—Esp., of letters, speech, the written or spoken treatment of any subject, etc.:

epistulam,

Cic. Att. 9, 10, 5:

crimen decumanum,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 163:

ad illa redeamus eaque ipsa concludamus aliquando,

id. Lael. 26, 109:

perorationem,

id. Or. 35, 122.—

In rhet., of discourse, to close rhythmically, to round off:

verborum ordinem alias aliā terminatione,

Cic. Or. 59, 200:

sententias,

id. ib. 69, 230; cf. id. Brut. 8, 34: concludam si potero Latine;

Graecum enim hunc versum nostis omnes,

id. Fin. 2, 32, 105:

sensum non expleto numero,

Quint. 9, 4, 122; cf. id. 9, 4, 123 and 125:

verbum acuto tenore (just before: acuto sono finiant),

id. 1, 5, 26:

versum,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 40.—

In philos. t. t., to conclude, infer, make an inference, to argue, demonstrate; with acc.:

singulas argumentationes,

Cic. Or. 35, 122; cf.

argumentum,

id. Ac. 2, 14, 44; Quint. 5, 13, 60:

argumentum ratione,

Cic. Or. 40, 137:

quomodo efficiatur concludaturque ratio,

id. Fin. 1, 7, 22: id quod concludere illi velint, non effici ex propositis, nec esse consequens, id. de Or. 2, 53, 215:

ex rebus concessis concludi quod velis,

id. Fin. 2, 1, 3.—With acc. and inf.:

deinde concludebas, summum malum esse dolorem, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 63; cf. id. Ac. 2, 26, 83.— Absol.:

concludere hoc modo: si sunt di, etc.,

Cic. Div. 2, 49, 101:

ea sumunt ad concludendum, quorum iis nihil conceditur,

id. ib. 2, 49, 103; Quint. 3, 9, 2; 5, 10, 3; 10, 1, 106; 12, 2, 25.—Hence, P. a.: con-clūsus, a, um, confined, closed, in comp.:

locus conclusior,

Hyg. Astr. 4, 14.— Subst.: conclūsum, i, n. (acc. to II. D.), a conclusion in a syllogism, Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 27.— Advv.

conclūdenter, by consequence, consequently, Boëth. Arist. Elench. Soph. 1, 10, p. 744.—

conclūsē (acc. to II. C.), with periods rhetorically rounded, harmoniously:

concluse apteque dicere,

Cic. Or. 53, 177.

con-clūdo, si, sum, 3 ( part. perf. solecist. conclausa semina, Col. 3, 12, 2), v. a., to shut up closely, to close up, enclose, confine.

Prop. (class. in prose and poetry), constr. with in and acc., with adv. and absol. (not with in and abl., for the true read., Cic. Univ. 3 fin., is inclusit):

in vincla bestiam nequissimam,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 1, 18; cf.:

bestias delectationis causā,

Cic. Fin. 5, 20, 56 Madv.:

eos concludit, magnam hominum multitudinem,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54:

quia enim in caveā si forent Conclussi itidem ut pulli gallinacei,

Plaut. Curc. 3, 80:

conclusam hic habeo uxorem saevam,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 17:

aliquem in fenestram,

Plaut. Cas. 1, 44:

me in cellam cum illā,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 13; cf.:

in aediculam,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 21:

illum aliquo,

Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 25:

locum sulco,

Verg. A. 1, 425:

at tu conclusas hircinis follibus auras... imitare,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 19:

piscina conclusa porticibus,

Suet. Ner. 31:

Tigris et Euphrates Mesopotamiam ab utroque latere concludunt,

Curt. 5, 1, 15:

vulnera cerā,

Val. Fl. 1, 479:

venti procella conclusa,

Lucr. 6, 125:

concluso loco,

id. 4, 458:

primordia conclusa,

id. 3, 569:

suave locus voci resonat conclusus,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 76:

conclusa aqua (opp.: profluens amnis),

Cic. N. D. 2, 7, 20; cf.:

longe aliam esse navigationem concluso mari atque in vastissimo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 9:

coagmentis ad centrum respondentibus fornices concluduntur,

Vitr. 6, 8, 4:

statio conclusa atque munita,

Dig. 50, 16, 59.—

Humorously:

non placet qui amicos intra dentis conclusos habet,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 64.—

Trop.

To include, compress, restrain, comprise:

omnia fere, quae sunt conclusa nunc artibus, dispersa et dissipata quondam fuerunt,

Cic. de Or. 1, 42, 187:

fortuna tot res, in unum conclusit diem,

Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 17:

ut ab illā excludar, huc concludar,

i. e. I shall be fettered by this marriage, id. And. 2, 3, 12 (ex ferarum translatione concludar dixit, Don.); id. Hec. 4, 4, 80:

concludere jus civile in parvum et angustum locum,

Cic. Leg. 1, 5, 17; id. de Or. 1, 61, 260; id. Caes. 22, 63:

uno hoc volumine vitam excellentium virorum complurium,

Nep. Epam. 4 fin.; cf.:

in hanc formulam omnia judicia,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 5, 15:

eidem et infinitam largitionem remittebas et eundem in angustissimam formulam sponsionis concludebas?

id. ib. 4, 12:

istum locum in unam speciem,

Quint. 6, 2, 1.—

(Cf. claudo, I. B.) To end, close, conclude:

facinus natum a cupiditate, auctum per stuprum, crudelitate perfectum atque conclusum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 34, § 82:

(ancipites variique casus) exitu notabili concluduntur,

id. Fam. 5, 12, 5:

provincia in quā laus equitatis, integritatis, facilitatis ad extremum ludorum voluptate concluditur,

id. Mur. 20, 41:

vitam,

Aug. Serm. 322.—Esp., of letters, speech, the written or spoken treatment of any subject, etc.:

epistulam,

Cic. Att. 9, 10, 5:

crimen decumanum,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 163:

ad illa redeamus eaque ipsa concludamus aliquando,

id. Lael. 26, 109:

perorationem,

id. Or. 35, 122.—

In rhet., of discourse, to close rhythmically, to round off:

verborum ordinem alias aliā terminatione,

Cic. Or. 59, 200:

sententias,

id. ib. 69, 230; cf. id. Brut. 8, 34: concludam si potero Latine;

Graecum enim hunc versum nostis omnes,

id. Fin. 2, 32, 105:

sensum non expleto numero,

Quint. 9, 4, 122; cf. id. 9, 4, 123 and 125:

verbum acuto tenore (just before: acuto sono finiant),

id. 1, 5, 26:

versum,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 40.—

In philos. t. t., to conclude, infer, make an inference, to argue, demonstrate; with acc.:

singulas argumentationes,

Cic. Or. 35, 122; cf.

argumentum,

id. Ac. 2, 14, 44; Quint. 5, 13, 60:

argumentum ratione,

Cic. Or. 40, 137:

quomodo efficiatur concludaturque ratio,

id. Fin. 1, 7, 22: id quod concludere illi velint, non effici ex propositis, nec esse consequens, id. de Or. 2, 53, 215:

ex rebus concessis concludi quod velis,

id. Fin. 2, 1, 3.—With acc. and inf.:

deinde concludebas, summum malum esse dolorem, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 63; cf. id. Ac. 2, 26, 83.— Absol.:

concludere hoc modo: si sunt di, etc.,

Cic. Div. 2, 49, 101:

ea sumunt ad concludendum, quorum iis nihil conceditur,

id. ib. 2, 49, 103; Quint. 3, 9, 2; 5, 10, 3; 10, 1, 106; 12, 2, 25.—Hence, P. a.: con-clūsus, a, um, confined, closed, in comp.:

locus conclusior,

Hyg. Astr. 4, 14.— Subst.: conclūsum, i, n. (acc. to II. D.), a conclusion in a syllogism, Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 27.— Advv.

conclūdenter, by consequence, consequently, Boëth. Arist. Elench. Soph. 1, 10, p. 744.—

conclūsē (acc. to II. C.), with periods rhetorically rounded, harmoniously:

concluse apteque dicere,

Cic. Or. 53, 177.

con-clūdo, si, sum, 3 ( part. perf. solecist. conclausa semina, Col. 3, 12, 2), v. a., to shut up closely, to close up, enclose, confine.

Prop. (class. in prose and poetry), constr. with in and acc., with adv. and absol. (not with in and abl., for the true read., Cic. Univ. 3 fin., is inclusit):

in vincla bestiam nequissimam,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 1, 18; cf.:

bestias delectationis causā,

Cic. Fin. 5, 20, 56 Madv.:

eos concludit, magnam hominum multitudinem,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54:

quia enim in caveā si forent Conclussi itidem ut pulli gallinacei,

Plaut. Curc. 3, 80:

conclusam hic habeo uxorem saevam,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 17:

aliquem in fenestram,

Plaut. Cas. 1, 44:

me in cellam cum illā,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 13; cf.:

in aediculam,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 21:

illum aliquo,

Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 25:

locum sulco,

Verg. A. 1, 425:

at tu conclusas hircinis follibus auras... imitare,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 19:

piscina conclusa porticibus,

Suet. Ner. 31:

Tigris et Euphrates Mesopotamiam ab utroque latere concludunt,

Curt. 5, 1, 15:

vulnera cerā,

Val. Fl. 1, 479:

venti procella conclusa,

Lucr. 6, 125:

concluso loco,

id. 4, 458:

primordia conclusa,

id. 3, 569:

suave locus voci resonat conclusus,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 76:

conclusa aqua (opp.: profluens amnis),

Cic. N. D. 2, 7, 20; cf.:

longe aliam esse navigationem concluso mari atque in vastissimo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 9:

coagmentis ad centrum respondentibus fornices concluduntur,

Vitr. 6, 8, 4:

statio conclusa atque munita,

Dig. 50, 16, 59.—

Humorously:

non placet qui amicos intra dentis conclusos habet,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 64.—

Trop.

To include, compress, restrain, comprise:

omnia fere, quae sunt conclusa nunc artibus, dispersa et dissipata quondam fuerunt,

Cic. de Or. 1, 42, 187:

fortuna tot res, in unum conclusit diem,

Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 17:

ut ab illā excludar, huc concludar,

i. e. I shall be fettered by this marriage, id. And. 2, 3, 12 (ex ferarum translatione concludar dixit, Don.); id. Hec. 4, 4, 80:

concludere jus civile in parvum et angustum locum,

Cic. Leg. 1, 5, 17; id. de Or. 1, 61, 260; id. Caes. 22, 63:

uno hoc volumine vitam excellentium virorum complurium,

Nep. Epam. 4 fin.; cf.:

in hanc formulam omnia judicia,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 5, 15:

eidem et infinitam largitionem remittebas et eundem in angustissimam formulam sponsionis concludebas?

id. ib. 4, 12:

istum locum in unam speciem,

Quint. 6, 2, 1.—

(Cf. claudo, I. B.) To end, close, conclude:

facinus natum a cupiditate, auctum per stuprum, crudelitate perfectum atque conclusum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 34, § 82:

(ancipites variique casus) exitu notabili concluduntur,

id. Fam. 5, 12, 5:

provincia in quā laus equitatis, integritatis, facilitatis ad extremum ludorum voluptate concluditur,

id. Mur. 20, 41:

vitam,

Aug. Serm. 322.—Esp., of letters, speech, the written or spoken treatment of any subject, etc.:

epistulam,

Cic. Att. 9, 10, 5:

crimen decumanum,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 163:

ad illa redeamus eaque ipsa concludamus aliquando,

id. Lael. 26, 109:

perorationem,

id. Or. 35, 122.—

In rhet., of discourse, to close rhythmically, to round off:

verborum ordinem alias aliā terminatione,

Cic. Or. 59, 200:

sententias,

id. ib. 69, 230; cf. id. Brut. 8, 34: concludam si potero Latine;

Graecum enim hunc versum nostis omnes,

id. Fin. 2, 32, 105:

sensum non expleto numero,

Quint. 9, 4, 122; cf. id. 9, 4, 123 and 125:

verbum acuto tenore (just before: acuto sono finiant),

id. 1, 5, 26:

versum,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 40.—

In philos. t. t., to conclude, infer, make an inference, to argue, demonstrate; with acc.:

singulas argumentationes,

Cic. Or. 35, 122; cf.

argumentum,

id. Ac. 2, 14, 44; Quint. 5, 13, 60:

argumentum ratione,

Cic. Or. 40, 137:

quomodo efficiatur concludaturque ratio,

id. Fin. 1, 7, 22: id quod concludere illi velint, non effici ex propositis, nec esse consequens, id. de Or. 2, 53, 215:

ex rebus concessis concludi quod velis,

id. Fin. 2, 1, 3.—With acc. and inf.:

deinde concludebas, summum malum esse dolorem, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 63; cf. id. Ac. 2, 26, 83.— Absol.:

concludere hoc modo: si sunt di, etc.,

Cic. Div. 2, 49, 101:

ea sumunt ad concludendum, quorum iis nihil conceditur,

id. ib. 2, 49, 103; Quint. 3, 9, 2; 5, 10, 3; 10, 1, 106; 12, 2, 25.—Hence, P. a.: con-clūsus, a, um, confined, closed, in comp.:

locus conclusior,

Hyg. Astr. 4, 14.— Subst.: conclūsum, i, n. (acc. to II. D.), a conclusion in a syllogism, Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 27.— Advv.

conclūdenter, by consequence, consequently, Boëth. Arist. Elench. Soph. 1, 10, p. 744.—

conclūsē (acc. to II. C.), with periods rhetorically rounded, harmoniously:

concluse apteque dicere,

Cic. Or. 53, 177.

ĭgĭtur, conj. [pronom. stem i- of is; suffix -ha (-dha); Gr. -tha; Sanscr. -iha, here; -tur, = -tus (Sanscr. -tas), as in penitus, antiquitus, etc., from thence], introduces an inference or deduction, then, therefore, thereupon, accordingly, in these circumstances (in class. prose usu. placed after the first word of the clause; cf. below, III.; syn.: itaque, ergo; cf.: eo, ideo, idcirco, propterea; quamobrem, quare, etc.).

In gen. (rare):

SI. IN. IVS. VOCAT. NI. IT. ANTESTATOR. IGITVR EM. CAPITO, Fragm. XII. Tab.: mox magis, cum otium mihi et tibi erit, igitur tecum loquar,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 2, 39:

quando habebo, igitur rationem mearum fabricarum dabo,

id. Mil. 3, 1, 177; id. Bacch. 3, 4, 17:

cetera consimili mentis ratione peragrans, Invenies igitur multarum semina rerum Corpore celare, etc.,

Lucr. 2, 677.—

In partic.

Pleon., with tum, deinde, or demum, then at length, then certainly, then first:

ubi emeritum'st stipendium, igitur tum Specimen cernitur, quo eveniat aedificatio,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 51:

tum igitur tibi aquae erit cupido,

id. Trin. 3, 2, 50:

igitur tum accedam hunc, quando quid agam invenero,

id. Most. 3, 1, 159:

post id igitur deinde faciam palam,

id. Stich. 1, 2, 29:

miserumst opus, igitur demum fodere puteum, ubi sitis fauces tenet,

id. Most. 2, 1, 32:

igitur demum omnes scient quae facta,

id. Am. 1, 2, 11; 1, 1, 145:

post igitur demum faciam ut res flat palam,

id. ib. 3, 1, 16:

demum igitur, quom seis jam senex, tum in otium te conloces, etc.,

id. Merc. 3, 2, 9.—

In drawing a logical conclusion (but not with et, atque, que; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 540), therefore, accordingly, consequently: St. Ligna hic apud nos nulla sunt. Co. Sunt asseres. St. Sunt pol. Co. Sunt igitur ligna, Plaut. Aul. 2, 6, 8:

si enim est aliquid in rerum natura, quod hominis mens, quod ratio, quod vis, quod potestas humana efficere non possit, est certe id, quod illud efficit, homine melius. Atqui res caelestes omnesque eae, quarum est ordo sempiternus, ab homine confici non possunt. Est igitur id, quo illa conficiuntur, homine melius,

Cic. N. D. 2, 6, 16: quid ergo haec ab illa conclusione differt, Si mentiris, mentiris;

mentiris autem, mentiris igitur?

id. Ac. 2, 30, 96; id. Tusc. 4, 17, 40: quodsi melius geruntur, quae consilio, quam quae sine consilio administrantur;

nihil autem omnium rerum melius quam omnis mundus administratur: consilio igitur mundus administratur, Quint 5, 14, 9: quod cum ita sit, certe nec secerni nec dividi nec discerpi nec distrahi potest, ne interire quidem igitur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; cf. id. ib. 1, 34, 82; 1, 36, 88: sequitur, ut nihil paeniteat, nihil desit, nihil obstet: ergo omnia profluenter, absolute, prospere;

igitur beate,

id. ib. 5, 18, 53; so,

corresp. with ergo,

id. Lael. 14 fin., and 15 init.:

atqui falsum quod est, id percipi non potest, ut vobismet ipsis placet. Si igitur memoria perceptarum comprehensarumque rerum est: omnia, etc.,

id. Fin. 2, 33, 106.—

In consecutive interrogations, then:

dolor igitur, id est summum malum, metuetur semper, etiam si non aderit: jam enim adesse poterit. Qui potest igitur habitare in beata vita summi mali metus?

Cic. Fin. 2, 28, 92; cf.:

utrum igitur hactenus satis est?

id. Top. 4, 25:

in quo igitur loco est? credo equidem in capite,

id. Tusc. 1, 29, 70:

ubi igitur locus fuit errori deorum?

id. N. D. 3, 31, 76:

possumusne igitur in Antonii latrocinio aeque esse tuti?

id. Phil. 12, 12, 27; cf.:

totiesne igitur sententiam mutas?

id. Att. 8, 14, 2:

cur has igitur sibi tam graves leges imposuerit, cum? etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 8, 23.—In ironical or sarcastic interrog. clauses:

igitur hocine est amare? arare mavelim quam sic amare,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 20:

dicet aliquis: Haec igitur est tua disciplina? sic tu instituis adulescentes?

Cic. Cael. 17, 39; id. Fam. 9, 10, 2:

id indigne ferens ille: Hunc igitur, regem agnoscimus, inquit?

Curt. 6, 11, 23:

quin igitur ulciscimur Graeciam et urbi faces subdimus?

id. 5, 7, 4; cf. id. 10, 6, 23.—

In resuming an interrupted thought:

cum Q. Metellus L. F. causam de pecuniis repetundis diceret, ille, ille vir, cui patriae salus dulcior quam conspectus fuit, qui de civitate decedere quam de sententia maluit: hoc igitur causam dicente, cum, etc.,

Cic. Balb. 5, 11; id. Off. 1, 2, 6; id. Tusc. 1, 13, 30; id. Brut. 48, 177 al.—Esp. after a parenthesis: recta effectio (katorthôsin enim ita appello, quoniam rectum factum katorthôma) recta igitur effectio crescendi accessionem nullam habet, Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 45; 2, 22, 74:

scripsi etiam (nam etiam ab orationibus dijungo me fere, etc.) scripsi igitur Aristotelio more, etc.,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

tu enim sapienter (nunc demum enim rescribo iis litteris, quas mihi misisti convento Antonio Tiburi) sapienter igitur, quod manus dedisti, etc.,

id. Att. 16, 3, 1:

rerum autem cognitiones (quas vel comprehensiones vel perceptiones appellemus licet) has igitur ipsas propter se asciscendas arbitramur,

id. Fin. 3, 5, 18; 2, 33, 107; 4, 14, 38; Sall. C. 54 init.; Curt. 3, 2, 2; Nep. Thras. 4, 3.—

In emphatically repeating a word or thought:

quae mihi omnia grata sunt, de L. Mescinio gratissimum... id igitur—puto enim etiam atque etiam mihi dicendum esse—velim existimes mihi te fecisse gratissimum,

Cic. Fam. 13, 28 a, 1:

ea vis, ea igitur ipsa, quae, etc.,

id. Mil. 31, 84.—

In returning to or summing up a preceding train of thought, I say then, so then, as I was saying, in short: ut cum videmus speciem primum candoremque caeli;

deinde conversionis celeritatem tantam, quantam, etc.... tum vicissitudines dierum ac noctium... tum globum terrae eminentem e mari... tum multitudinem pecudum... hominemque ipsum... atque hominis utilitati agros omnes ac maria parentia: haec igitur et alia innumerabilia cum cernimus, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 28, 70; id. Cat. 4, 11, 23; id. Fam. 13, 1, 3; id. de Or. 2, 25, 105 al.—

To introduce a special amplification of a thought previously introduced in general terms, then:

de hominibus dici non necesse est. Tribus igitur modis video, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 66; id. Brut. 32, 122:

quoniam pluribus modis accipi solet, non equidem in omnes eam particulas secabo, sed maxime necessarias attingam. Est igitur unum genus, etc.,

Quint. 8, 3, 63:

ut igitur ante meridiem discesserunt, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 5, 17:

sit igitur (ut supra significavi) divisio rerum plurium in singulas, partitio singularum in partes discretus ordo,

Quint. 7, 1. 1:

prima est igitur amplificandi vel minuendi species,

id. 8, 4, 1 (v. also III. A. below).—

Position.

Sometimes igitur begins a sentence (in Cic. only in sense last described, II. E. above; freq. in Sall., Tac., Curt., and Liv.;

v. Zumpt, Gram. § 357): nunc juris principia videamus. Igitur doctissimis viris proficisci placuit a lege, etc.,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18:

igitur his genus, aetas, eloquentia prope aequalia fuere,

Sall. C. 54, 1; 46, 3; Quint. 1, 1, 1: de quo, quia nunc primum oblatus est, pauca repetam:

nam et ipse pars Romanarum cladium erit. Igitur matre libertina ortus, etc.,

Tac. A. 15, 72; 1, 31.—

Igitur is sometimes placed after several words:

referamus nos igitur ad eum quem volumus incohandum,

Cic. Or. 9, 33:

eamne rationem igitur sequare?

id. Fin. 2, 23, 76:

quid dicis igitur?

id. Tusc. 1, 6, 12; cf.:

quid me igitur mones?

id. Div. 2, 64, 132:

paria sunt igitur,

id. Fin. 4, 27, 75; cf.:

videndum est igitur,

id. Off. 1, 14, 43:

hujus quoque igitur criminis, te accusante, mentio nulla fiet,

id. Div. in Caecil. 10, 32:

huic homini parcetis igitur?

id. Verr. 2, 1, 32, § 81:

in hominem dicendum est igitur,

id. Fl. 10, 23:

hi autem non sunt: ne Nymphae quidem deae igitur?

id. N. D. 3, 17, 43; cf.:

ne in animo quidem igitur sensus remanet,

id. Tusc. 1, 34, 82:

ille mihi videtur igitur vere augurari,

id. Div. 1, 15, 27:

quae est melior igitur in hominum genere natura?

id. Tusc. 1, 14, 32:

quid tibi negoti est meae domi igitur?

Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 63.

nē-dum, conj. (lit. while not), by no means, much less, still less, not to speak of (class.), used to indicate that whereas a certain thing is not, another thing can still less be.

With a preceding negation:

satrapes si siet Amator, numquam sufferre ejus sumptus queat: Nedum tu possis,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 43:

optimis temporibus nec P. Popillius, nec Q. Metellus vim tribuniciam sustinere potuerunt, nedum his temporibus sine vestrā sapientiā salvi esse possimus,

Cic. Clu. 35, 95; id. Planc. 37, 90: nulla simulacra urbibus suis, nedum templis, [p. 1197] sinunt, Tac. H. 5, 5:

ne voce quidem incommoda, nedum ut ulla vis fieret,

Liv. 3, 14 fin. —With vix or aegre in the place of the preceding negative:

vix in ipsis tectis et oppidis frigus infirmā valetudine vitatur: nedum in mari,

Cic. Fam. 16, 8, 2; id. Agr. 2, 35, 97:

puerum vixdum libertatem, nedum dominationem modice laturum,

Liv. 24, 4, 1:

et aegre inermem tantam multitudinem, nedum armatam, sustineri,

Liv. 6, 7, 3.—

Without a preceding negation, which, however, lies in the thought expressed:

erat enim multo domicilium hujus urbis aptius humanitati tuae, quam tota Peloponnesus, nedum Patrae,

Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 1:

quippe secundae res sapientium animos fatigant: nedum illi corruptis moribus victoriae temperarent,

Sall. C. 11, 8: Tac. A. 13, 20.—

Transf. (post-Aug.), affirmatively, not to say, much more:

adulationes etiam victis Macedonibus graves, nedum victoribus,

much more should they prove victors, Liv. 9, 18, 4:

Quintius, quem armorum etiam pro patriā satietas teneret, nedum adversus patriam,

id. 7, 40; 45, 29; 26, 26:

satis mihi jam videbaris animi habere, etiam adversus solida mala, nedum ad istas umbras malorum, quibus, etc.,

Sen. Ep. 99, 3; Quint. 12, 1, 39:

ornamenta etiam legioni, nedum militi, satis multa,

Val. Max. 3, 2, 26.—So, by transposition, beginning the sentence (very rare): nedum hominum humilium, sed etiam amplissimorum virorum, not to speak of, I need not say, Balb. et Opp. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, A, 1.

pugno, āvi, ātum, 1, v. n. and very rarely a. [root pug-, to thrust, strike, whence pugil, pungo, etc.], to fight, either singly or in armies, to combat, give battle, engage, contend (very freq. and class.).

Lit.:

neque sinistrā impeditā satis commode pugnare poterant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25:

scutum manu emittere et nudo corpore pugnare,

id. ib. 1, 25:

eminus lapidibus,

Sall. J. 57, 4:

cominus in acie,

Cic. Balb. 9, 23:

ex equo,

on horseback, id. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

de loco, Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 33: de ponte,

Hirt. B. Afr. 33:

pro muro toto,

id. ib. 13:

ex iniquiore loco,

id. ib. 42:

pro commodis patriae,

Cic. Inv. 1, 1, 1 al. —With cum and abl.:

elige, cum cive an hoste pugnare malis,

Liv. 10, 36, 8:

cum hoste in acie,

Cic. Balb. 9, 22.—With in and acc.:

ne quis extra ordinem in hostem pugnaret,

Liv. 8, 6, 16:

in hostem imparem ex aequo pugnabant,

id. 10, 43, 6:

qui contra imperium in hostem pugnaverant,

Sall. C. 9, 4; 52, 30.—With adversum and acc.:

saepe ante paucis strenuis advorsum multitudinem bene pugnatum,

Sall. J. 107, 1:

advorsum Gallos,

id. ib. 114, 1.—With a homogeneous object: magnam pugnavimu' pugnam, Lucil. ap. Don. Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 60; cf.:

haec pugna est pugnata,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97:

pugna summā contentione pugnata,

Cic. Mur. 16, 34; Nep. Hann. 5, 1: inclitam in ponte pugnam... pugnatam, Liv. 6, 42, 5:

proelia,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 19; Sall. J. 54, 7:

bella,

Hor. C. 3, 19, 4; id. Ep. 1, 16, 25.— Impers. pass.:

pugnatur uno tempore omnibus locis,

the battle is fought, they fight, Caes. B. G. 7, 84:

cominus gladiis pugnatum est,

id. ib. 1, 52:

ut in mari quoque pugnetur velut e muris,

Plin. 32, 1, 1, § 3.—

Transf.

In gen., to contend, conflict, disagree, oppose, contradict; usu. with dat. of person, or with cum:

pugnant Stoici cum Peripateticis,

Cic. Fin. 2, 21, 68. —With acc. and inf.:

pugnare non destitit, non esse rerum controversiam, sed nominum,

Cic. Fin. 3, 12, 41:

non magno opere pugnare,

to contend not very strongly, id. N. D. 3, 1, 3:

noli pugnare duobus,

Cat. 62, 64:

ne cupias pugnare puellae,

Prop. 1, 12 (10), 21; cf.:

placitone etiam pugnabis amori?

Verg. A. 4, 38:

pressis pugnat habenis,

id. ib. 11, 600:

ne pugnet vulgus habenis,

Stat. Th. 8, 289:

tam eras excors, ut totā in oratione tuā tecum ipse pugnares,

you contradicted yourself, Cic. Phil. 2, 8, 18. —Of things:

pugnat sententia secum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 97:

pugnavit monitis furor,

Sil. 10, 284:

pugnatura fretis pila,

id. 4, 298: frigida pugnabant calidis, umentia siccis, Mollia cum duris, etc., cold bodies contended with hot, moist with dry, etc., Ov. M. 1, 19: humus, Petr. poët. Sat. 123.—

To struggle, strive, to endeavor, take pains, exert one's self for any thing (rare but class.):

illud pugna et enitere, ne, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 3:

id ne impetremus, pugnabis,

id. Lig. 5, 13; cf.:

hoc solum hoc tempore pugnatur, ut, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 3, 8:

pugnas, ne reddar, Achille,

Ov. H. 3, 25 Ruhnk.:

pugnaremque collegae, ut, etc.,

Liv. 3, 64.— Poet., with inf.:

pugnat molles evincere somnos,

Ov. M. 1, 685; 7, 772; id. H. 13, 77:

incerto pedum pugnat non stare tumultu,

Luc. 4, 753; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2, 196; cf.

, of things,

Lucr. 2, 205.—P. a. as subst.: pugnan-tĭa, ium, n., contradictions, inconsistencies:

pugnantia te loqui non vides?

Cic. Tusc. 1, 7, 13; cf. Hor. S. 1, 2, 73; 1, 1, 102.