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moved+it+up+a+gear

  • 41 change

    § გამოცვალ (ფულის), ლონდონის ბირჟა; გამოცვლა, დახურდავება
    §
    1 ცვლილება
    great / important / rapid change დიდი / მნიშვნელოვანი / სწრაფი ცვლილება
    2 გამოცვლა
    let’s have French beans for a change today მოდი, დღეს ერთფეროვნების დასარღვევად მწვანე ლობიო ვჭამოთ
    3 ხურდა
    don’t forget your change! ხურდის გამორთმევა არ დაგავიწყდეს!
    small change ხურდა / წვრილი ფული
    3 (v.) გამოცვლა (გამოცვლის, გამოიცვლება)
    I’ve changed my address მისამართი გამოვიცვალე
    to change a baby ბავშვისათვის საფენების / სახვევების გამოცვლა
    4 გაცვლა
    5 დახურდავება (დაახურდავებს)
    could you change this ten-pound note? ათგირვანქიანს ხომ ვერ დამიხურდავებთ?
    6 გადართვა
    to change one’s mind გადაფიქრება (გადაიფიქრებს)
    to change down / up დაბალ / მაღალ სიჩქარეზე გადართვა
    on reflection you’ll change your mind ფიქრის შემდეგ აზრი შეგეცვლება
    she has changed beyond recognition ისე შეიცვალა, რომ ძნელი საცნობი გახდა
    you can’t change a person’s nature ადამიანს ხასიათს ვერ შეუცვლი
    an imperceptible change ოდნავ შესამჩნევი / თითქმის შეუმჩნეველი ცვლილება
    small change წვრილი / ხურდა ფული
    a sudden death / change უეცარი სიკვდილი / ცვლილება
    year succeeded year, but there was no change წელი წელს მისდევდა, მაგრამ არაფერი იცვლებოდა
    let’s change / drop the subject! ლაპარაკის თემა შევცვალოთ! // ამ თემაზე ლაპარაკი შევწყვიტოთ!
    ethical standards have considerably changed of late ბოლო ხანს ქცევის ნორმები საგრძნობლად შეიცვალა
    it is not easy to change your way of life ცხოვრების წესის შეცვლა ადვილი საქმე არაა / როდია
    dramatic changes დრამატული /საოცარი / სენსაციური ცვლილებები
    the ship changed course გემმა კურსი / გეზი იცვალა
    nothing can change my belief in his honesty მის პატიოსნებაში ჩემს რწმენას ვერაფერი შეცვლის

    English-Georgian dictionary > change

  • 42 shudder

    1. intransitive verb
    1) (shiver) zittern ( with vor + Dat.)
    2) (vibrate) zittern
    2. noun
    1) (shivering) Zittern, das; Schauder, der

    somebody has/ gets the shudders — (coll.) jemanden schaudert

    it gives me the shudders to think of it — (coll.) mich schaudert, wenn ich daran denke

    2) (vibration) Zittern, das
    * * *
    1. verb
    (to tremble from fear, disgust, cold etc.) schaudern
    2. noun
    (an act of trembling in this way: a shudder of horror.) der Schauder
    * * *
    shud·der
    [ˈʃʌdəʳ, AM -ɚ]
    I. vi zittern, erschaudern geh; ground beben
    I \shudder to think what would have happened if... mir graut vor dem Gedanken, was passiert wäre, wenn...
    she \shuddered at the thought of kissing him es schauderte sie bei dem Gedanken, ihn zu küssen
    to \shudder with disgust/horror/loathing vor Ekel/Grauen/Abscheu erschaudern geh
    to \shudder to a halt mit einem Rucken zum Stehen kommen
    the economy has \shuddered to a halt ( fig) die Wirtschaft ist zum Erliegen gekommen
    to \shudder at the memory of sth mit Schaudern an etw akk zurückdenken
    II. n Schauder m geh, Schaudern nt kein pl
    Wendy gave a \shudder of disgust Wendy schüttelte sich vor Ekel
    to send a \shudder down one's spine jdm einen Schauder den Rücken hinunterjagen
    to send a \shudder through sb jdn erschaudern lassen geh
    * * *
    ['ʃʌdə(r)]
    1. n
    Schauer m, Schauder m

    to give a shudder (person) — sich schütteln, erschaudern (geh); (ground) beben

    she gave a shudder of revulsion —

    a shudder ran through her/her body — ein Schauer überlief sie

    she realized with a shudder that... — schaudernd erkannte sie, dass...

    a shudder of fear/cold — ein Angst-/Kälteschauer m

    with a shudder of anticipation/pleasure — zitternd or bebend vor Erwartung/Freude

    a shudder went through the building as the heavy truck passed by — das Gebäude bebte, als der schwere Lastwagen vorbeifuhr

    with a shudder the old car moved into second gear —

    that gives me the shudders (inf) — da läufts mir kalt den Buckel runter (inf)

    he gives me the shudders (inf) — er ist mir unheimlich

    2. vi
    (person) schaudern, schauern; (house, ground) beben, zittern; (car, train) rütteln, geschüttelt werden

    I shudder to think — mir graut, wenn ich nur daran denke

    * * *
    shudder [ˈʃʌdə(r)]
    A v/i schaudern, (er)zittern, (er)beben ( alle:
    at bei;
    with vor dat):
    shudder away from sth vor etwas zurückschaudern;
    I shudder at the thought, I shudder to think of it mich schaudert bei dem Gedanken
    B s Schauder(n) m(n):
    with a shudder schaudernd;
    it gives me the shudders ich finde es grässlich
    * * *
    1. intransitive verb
    1) (shiver) zittern ( with vor + Dat.)
    2) (vibrate) zittern
    2. noun
    1) (shivering) Zittern, das; Schauder, der

    somebody has/ gets the shudders — (coll.) jemanden schaudert

    it gives me the shudders to think of it — (coll.) mich schaudert, wenn ich daran denke

    2) (vibration) Zittern, das
    * * *
    n.
    Schauder - m. v.
    schaudern v.

    English-german dictionary > shudder

  • 43 tack

    1. noun
    1) (small nail) kleiner Nagel
    2) (temporary stitch) Heftstich, der
    3) (Naut.): (direction of vessel; also fig.) Kurs, der

    on the right/wrong tack — (fig.) auf dem richtigen/falschen Weg od. Kurs

    change one's tack, try another tack — (fig.) einen anderen Kurs einschlagen

    2. transitive verb
    1) (stitch loosely) heften
    2) (nail) festnageln
    3. intransitive verb
    (Naut.) kreuzen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/92410/tack_on">tack on
    * * *
    [tæk] 1. noun
    1) (a short nail with a broad flat head: a carpet-tack.) der Reißnagel
    2) (in sewing, a large, temporary stitch used to hold material together while it is being sewn together properly.) der Heftstich
    3) (in sailing, a movement diagonally against the wind: We sailed on an easterly tack.) das Lavieren
    4) (a direction or course: After they moved, their lives took a different tack.) der Kurs
    2. verb
    1) ((with down, on etc) to fasten (with tacks): I tacked the carpet down; She tacked the material together.) heften
    2) ((of sailing-boats) to move diagonally (backwards and forwards) against the wind: The boat tacked into harbour.) lavieren
    * * *
    [tæk]
    I. n
    1. (nail) kurzer Nagel; (pin) Reißzwecke f BRD, Reißnagel m
    a box of \tacks eine Schachtel Reißzwecken [o Reißnägel
    2. no pl (riding gear) Sattel- und Zaumzeug nt
    3. NAUT Schlag m fachspr
    4. (approach, policy) Weg m, Richtung f
    to try a different \tack eine andere Richtung einschlagen fig
    5. (loose stitch) Heftstich m, Fadenschlag m SCHWEIZ
    6. SCOT LAW Pachtvertrag m
    II. vt
    ▪ to \tack sth etw festnageln
    2. (sew loosely)
    ▪ to \tack sth etw anheften
    to \tack the hem den Saum heften
    3. LAW
    to \tack a mortgage eine nachrangige mit einer vorrangigen Hypothek vereinen
    III. vi NAUT wenden, kreuzen fachspr
    * * *
    I [tk]
    1. n
    1) (= nail) kleiner Nagel; (esp with small head) Stift m; (for shoes) Tä(c)ks m; (esp US = drawing pin) Reiß- or Heftzwecke f, Reißnagel m
    2) (Brit SEW) Heftstich m
    3) (NAUT: course) Schlag m; (fig) Richtung f, Weg m

    to be on the port/starboard tack — auf Backbord-/Steuerbordbug segeln

    they are on a new/different tack (fig) — sie haben eine neue/andere Richtung eingeschlagen

    to be on the right/wrong tack (fig) — auf der richtigen/falschen Spur sein, richtig-/falschliegen (inf)

    to try another tack (fig) — es anders versuchen

    4) (NAUT: zigzag) Aufkreuzen nt
    5) (for horse) Sattel- und Zaumzeug nt
    2. vt
    1) (with nail) annageln (to an +dat or acc); (with clip, pin) feststecken (to an +dat)
    2) (Brit SEW) heften
    3. vi
    1) (NAUT) aufkreuzen
    II
    n
    (NAUT: biscuits) Schiffszwieback m III
    See:
    = tackiness
    * * *
    tack1 [tæk]
    A s
    1. (Nagel)Stift m, Reißnagel m, Zwecke f
    3. (An)Heften n
    4. SCHIFF
    a) Halse f
    b) Haltetau n
    5. SCHIFF Schlag m, Gang m (beim Lavieren oder Kreuzen):
    be on the port tack nach Backbord lavieren
    6. SCHIFF Lavieren n (auch fig)
    7. Zickzackkurs m (zu Lande)
    8. fig Kurs m, Weg m, Richtung f:
    be on the wrong tack auf dem Holzweg sein;
    try another tack es anders versuchen
    9. PARL Br Zusatzantrag m, -artikel m
    10. a) Klebrigkeit f
    b) Klebkraft f
    11. Reiten: Sattelzeug n
    B v/t
    1. heften (to an akk):
    tack on(to) anheften (an akk, dat)
    2. auch tack down festmachen, einen Teppich etc festnageln
    3. tack together aneinanderfügen, (miteinander) verbinden (a. fig), zusammenheften:
    tack mortgages WIRTSCH Br Hypotheken verschiedenen Ranges zusammenschreiben;
    tack securities JUR Br Sicherheiten zusammenfassen
    4. ([on]to) anfügen (an akk), hinzufügen (dat, zu):
    tack a rider to a bill POL Br eine (aussichtsreiche) Vorlage mit einem Zusatzantrag koppeln
    5. TECH heftschweißen
    6. SCHIFF ein Schiff
    a) durch den Wind wenden
    b) lavieren
    C v/i
    1. SCHIFF
    a) wenden
    b) lavieren:
    tack down wind in den Wind halsen
    2. a) einen Zickzackkurs verfolgen
    b) fig lavieren, seinen Kurs (plötzlich) ändern
    tack2 [tæk] umg Nahrung f, besonders Fraß m pej: → hardtack
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (small nail) kleiner Nagel
    2) (temporary stitch) Heftstich, der
    3) (Naut.): (direction of vessel; also fig.) Kurs, der

    on the right/wrong tack — (fig.) auf dem richtigen/falschen Weg od. Kurs

    change one's tack, try another tack — (fig.) einen anderen Kurs einschlagen

    2. transitive verb
    2) (nail) festnageln
    3. intransitive verb
    (Naut.) kreuzen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Stift -e m. v.
    heften v.

    English-german dictionary > tack

  • 44 forward

    for·ward [ʼfɔ:wəd, Am ʼfɔ:rwɚd] adv
    1) ( towards front) nach vorn[e];
    the traffic moved \forward slowly der Verkehr bewegte sich langsam vorwärts;
    there was a general movement \forward es gab eine allgemeine Vorwärtsbewegung;
    to lean \forward sich akk vorlehnen;
    to be backwards in coming \forward ( fig) sich akk nur zögerlich melden;
    2) (fig: progress) weiter;
    a leap/step \forward ein Sprung/Schritt nach vorn[e];
    to be [no] further \forward [nicht] weiter sein
    3) ( close to front) vorn[e];
    to be \forward of sth vor etw dat liegen [o gelegen sein];
    all the main cargo holds are \forward of the bridge alle Hauptfrachträume liegen vor der Brücke
    we brought the starting time \forward an hour wir verlegten die Startzeit eine Stunde vor;
    to put the clock/one's watch \forward die Uhr/seine Armbanduhr vorstellen
    5) (form: onwards in time)
    from that day/time \forward von jenem Tag/jener Zeit an adj
    1) attr, inv ( towards front) Vorwärts-;
    \forward movement Vorwärtsbewegung f;
    \forward gear auto Vorwärtsgang m;
    a \forward pass sports Vorpass m
    2) ( near front) vordere(r, s)
    3) mil ( close to enemy) vordere(r, s)
    4) attr, inv ( of future) voraus-;
    \forward look Vorschau f;
    \forward planning Vorausplanung f
    5) ( for future delivery) Termin-;
    \forward buying Terminkauf m;
    6) (a. pej: bold) vorlaut;
    7) (fig: judicious)
    \forward step Schritt m nach vorn
    8) hort ( early) frühe(r, s);
    ( nearing maturity) frühreif n sports Stürmer(in) m(f);
    centre \forward Mittelstürmer(in) m(f) vt
    1) ( pass on)
    to \forward sth [to sb] etw [an jdn] weiterleiten;
    “please \forward” „bitte nachsenden“
    2) (form: send)
    to \forward sb sth [or sth to sb] jdm etw senden
    3) (form: help to progress)
    to \forward sth etw vorantreiben;
    to \forward sb's interests jds Interessen vertreten

    English-German students dictionary > forward

  • 45 cambiare

    [kam'bjare]
    1. vt
    1) (gen) to change, (modificare) to alter

    è ora di cambiare aria — (andarsene) it's time to move on

    scusi, ho cambiato idea, prendo quell'altro — sorry, I've changed my mind, I'll have that one

    2)

    (barattare) cambiare (qc con qn/qc per qc) — to exchange (sth with sb/sth for sth)

    3) (valuta) to change
    2. vi
    (aus essere) (variare) to change, alter
    (modificarsi) to change

    cambiarsi (d'abito) — to get changed, change (one's clothes)

    Nuovo dizionario Italiano-Inglese > cambiare

  • 46 защелка


    catch
    - блокировки случайной уборки шасси — landing gear anti-retraction latch
    - замка убранного положения (шасси) — up-lock latch
    -, контровочная (булавка) — safety pin
    - наземной блокировки уборки шасси, механическая — mechanical flight release latch
    защелка автоматически фиксирует переключатель шасси в положении выпущ. при нахождении самолета на земле. — the latch automatically locks the l.g. lever in down position during ground operation.
    -, предохранительная (замка) — safety catch
    -, проходная (на рычаге управнения гтд, предотвращающая непреднамеренную уборку руд за упор) (рис. 57) — trip catch. the disengaged trip catch permits the throttle lever to be moved below flight idle stop.
    - рычага управления двигателем — throttle lever gate move the throttle lever through the gate.
    - вытянуть кнопку (переключатепь) до 3. — pull the selector switch to the detent and rotate it
    открывать 3. — disengage the catch

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > защелка

  • 47 радиус


    radius
    - виража — radius of turn
    - выхода из пикирования — pull-out radius
    - действия (ла) — radius of action
    половина расчетной дальности полета при безветрии. — half the range in still air.
    - закругления углов (проема аварийного выхода) — corner radius
    данный аварийный выход имеет прямоугольный проем с радиусами закругления углов не более 1/3 ширины выхода. — this emergency exit has а rectangular opening with corner radius not greater than 1/3 the width of the exit.
    - земли, экваториальный — earth equatorial radius
    - изгиба — bend radius
    при установке трубопроводов следить, чтобы величина радиуса изгиба трубы была не менее пяти диаметров данной трубы. — when installing the tubing, allow bend radius of at least five times the tube diameter.
    - крейсерского полета — cruising radius
    дальность полета без последующей заправки при 25 % остатке топлива. — the distance an aircraft can travel before it necessary to refuel with a remaining or reserve fuel supply of 25 % of total fuel capacity.
    - круга (разворота при рулении) — turning radius
    - лопасти (возд. винта) — (propeller) blade radius
    - несущего винта — (main) rotor radius
    расстояние от конца лопасти до центра втулки при нулевом угле отклонения лопасти относительно вертикального шарнира и нулевом угле взмаха (свеса). — rotor radius is а distance of the blade tip from the rotor hub centre for zero lag angle and zero or built-in coning angle.
    - поворота колеса — wheel turning radius
    радиус круга, длина окружности которого равна пути, проходимому вперед колесом за один оборот. — radius of а circle whose circumference is equal to the distance moved forward by the wheel during a single revolution.
    - полета — radius of action
    максимальная дальность полета ла, обеспечивающая возвращение на свою базу (аэродром вылета) с остатком топлива порядка 25 % от полной заправки. — the maximum distance which an aircraft can fly and return to the base with a reserve fuel supply of 25 % of total fuel capacity.
    - полета (с возвращением на свою базу, базу вылета) — radius of action (returning to the same base)
    - полета (с возвращением на другую базу) — radius of action (returning to а different base)
    - разворота — radius of turn
    - разворота (при рулении) no внешним (наружным) колесам основной-опоры шасси, минимальный — minimum turning radius of main wheel (r2)
    - разворота (при рулении) по внутренним колесам основной опоры шасси, минимальный — minimum turning radius (r1)
    - разворота (при рулении) по наружной законцовке крыла, минимальный — minimum turning radius to clear wing tip (r4)
    - разворота (при рулении) по переднему колесу, минимальный — minimum turning radius of nose wheel (r3)
    - разворота самолета на земле, минимальный (по оси стойки шасси основной опоры, в сторону которой производится разворот) — minimum turning radius of inner main landing gear, minimum turning radius
    -, тактический (полета) — radius of action
    - угла проема (двери люка) — door opening corner radius
    - штопора — radius of spin
    на p. — at the radius
    сечение лопасти на 1/3 радиуса. — blade cross section at 1/3 radius.
    трещины в р. — cracks in radius
    запиливать острую кромку no радиусу (5 мм) — file sharp edge to radius (of 5 mm)

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > радиус

  • 48 управление (упр.)


    control (ctl)
    -, аварийное — emergency control
    -, автоматическое — automatic control
    -, автономное — independent control
    -, безбустерное — unassisted control, unpowered control
    -, боковое (полетом в горизонтальной плоскости) — lateral control
    -, бустерное — power(ed) control
    -, бустерное (необратимое) (рис. 20) — power-operated control
    при необратимом бустерном управлении поверхность управления отклоняется электрическим или гидравлическим приводом, без приложения физических усилий летчика. — in power-operated control the surface is moved electriсally or hydraulically with pilot's physical effort making no contribution.
    -, бустерное (обратимое) (рис. 20) — power-boost control
    при обратимом бустерном управлении поверхность управнения отклоняется электрическим или гидравлическим приводом и физическим усилием летчика. — in power-boost control, force needed to move surface is provided partly electrically or hydraulically and partly by pilot's physical effort.
    - воздушным движением (увд) — air traffic control (atc)
    управление возд. движением направлено на предупреждение возможных столкновений ла между собой и препятствиями в зоне аэродрома, обеспечения регулируемого движения ла в зонах увд. — a service provided for the purpose of: preventing collisions between aircraft, and on the maneuvering area between aircraft and obstructions, and expediting and maintaining an oderly flow of air traffic.
    - выстрелом (катапультного кресла) — seat ejection control
    - газом (двигателя) — throttle control
    - газом двигателя, раздельное — separate throttle control (for each engine)
    -, гидравлическое — hydraulic control
    - двигателем — engine control
    - двигателем (органы управления) — engine controls
    - двигателем (система) — engine control system
    -, двойное — dual control
    -, директорное (с помощью системы директорного управления) — flight director control
    -, дистанционное — remote control

    any system of control performed from a distance.
    -, дифференциальное — differential control
    - зажатое (о ручке или штурвальной колонке управления самолетом) — fixed stick
    - закрылками — flap control
    - заходом на посадку — approach control
    -, кнопочное — push-button control
    - конусом воздухозаборника — air intake spike control
    - (комитет) контроля программ техобслуживания (при фаа) — (faa) maintenance review board (mrb)
    - креном, ручное — manual bank /aileron/ control
    - курсовое — directional control
    - 'механизацией компрессора — compressor control system
    - на переходном режиме — control in transition
    - необратимое — irreversible control
    -, ножное — foot /pedal/ control
    - 'носовым колесом — nosewheel steering (nose wheel steer)
    - обратимое — reversible control
    - общим шагом (несущего винта) — collective pitch control
    управление о.ш. обеспечивоет одинаковое изменение шага всех лопастей несущ. винта независимо от их аэимутального положения. — collective pitch control provides equal alteration of blade pitch angle impossed on all blades independently of their azimuthal position.
    -, освобождение (о ручке или колонке управления самолетом) — free stick
    - от (посредством) автопилота — autopilot control
    - относительно поперечной оси — longitudinal control
    - относительно трех осей координат — three-axis control
    - парашютом — parachute steering
    -, педальное — pedal control
    - передней опорой (шасси) — nosewheel steering (nosewheel steer, nlg steer)
    - переключением шин (эл.) — tie bus control
    - переставным стабилизатором, автоматическое (автоматом перестановки стабилизатора апс) — stabilizer /tailplane/ trimming (stab trim)
    - поворотом колес (передней опоры шасси) — nosewheel steering (control)
    колеса передней опоры управняются гидравлически для изменения направления движения ла на земле. — the nosewheel steering is hydraulically actuated to provide directional control of the nose wheel(s).
    - поворотом колес передней стойки педалями руля направления — rudder pedal nosewheel steering
    - пограничным слоем (упс) — boundary layer control (blc)
    один из способов увеличения подъемной силы крыла, осуществляемый путем отсасывания или сдувания пограничного слоя. — the boundary layer is contrailed by using either a pressure to act as a leading edge slot, of a suction to remove a portion of the boundary layer. the general purpose of blc is to obtain greater control over lift and drag forces.
    - пo директорным (командным) стрелкам (директорных приборов) — (flight) control by using display of command bars
    - по крену — roll /bank/ control
    - пo курсу — directional control
    - полетом (ла) — flight control
    - полетом (ла) по углу — aircraft attitude control
    -, поперечное — lateral control
    -, поперечное (автопилотом) — autopilot lateral (command) control
    -, последовательное — sequential control

    control by completion of a series of one or more events.
    - пo тангажу — pitch control
    - пo углу рыскания — yaw control
    -, программное — programed /scheduled/ control
    -, программное (пo времени) — time(d) control
    -, продольное — longitudinal control
    -, продольное автопилотом — autopilot vertical (command) со ntrol
    управление по вертикальной скорости или тангажу. — this control provides either vertical speed command or pitch command.
    -, путевое — directional control
    -, путевое (вертолетом) — helicopter directional control
    путевое управление вертелетом одновинтовой схемы осуществляется изменением шага лопастей хвостового винта, вертолетом соосной схемы - разностью крутящих моментов несущих винтов, вертолетом поперечной схемы - разностью наклонов векторов тяги несущих винтов. — directional control of tingle rotor helicopter is achieved by anti-torque rotor (tail rotor), of coaxial-rotor helicopter is accomplished by differential torque between two rotors, of side-by-side rotor helicopter is obtained by differential tilt of rotor thrusts.
    -, путевое (на земле) — directional control
    выдерживать направление движения при пробеге при помощи тормозов, руля направления, управлением носового колеса и обратной тягой. — maintain directional control with brakes, rudder, nosewheel steering and reverse thrust.
    - расходом топлива — fuel management
    - расходом (и перекачкой) топлива из баков — fuel management
    - реверсированием шага (возд.) винта — propeller reverse-pitch control
    - реверсом тяги — thrust reverser control
    - рулем высоты — elevator control
    - рулем направления — rudder control
    -, ручное (ручн) — manual control (man)
    - ручное (автономное) в обход "пересиливанием" автоматики — (manual) override control
    - с (к-л. пульта, панели) — control from

    entry of navigation data are controlled from the control display unit.
    - самолетом (в полете) — airplane flight control
    - самолета, электродистанционное (электропроводное) — fly-by-wire control
    - забросами рулей — overeontrolling
    -, сдвоенное — dual control
    - силовой установкой — power plant control
    - системой и контроль за ее работой (заголовок) — (system) controls and indicators
    -, совмещенное — (autopilot) override control
    автономное действие в обход автоматики. оперативное вмешательство летчика в управление ла, управляемого автопилотом.
    -, совмещенное (от одного органа управления) — joint control
    -, спаренное — dual control
    - с помощью ручки (управления) — stick control
    - тангажом — pitch control
    - тангажом, ручное — manual pitch /elevator/ control
    - топливной системой (расходом и перекачкой топлива) — fuel (system) control, fuel management
    - тормозами — brake control
    -, траекторное (с помощью системы траекторного или директорного управл.) — flight director control
    -, тросовое (система) — cable control system
    - триммером — trim tab control
    -, тугое — stiff control
    перекручивание тросов управления рулем высоты от рулевой машинки может вызвать тугое управление рв в полете. — the kinking of the elevator servo cables could cause stiff elevator control in flight.
    -, электродистанционное (электропроводное) (ла) — fly-by-wire control (system)
    -, федеральное авиационное (сша) — federal aviation agency (faa)
    -, флетнерное — flettner control
    управление аналогичное управлению посредством серворуля. — flettner controls do not materially differ from servo controls.
    - форсажам (дв.) — power augmentation control
    - циклическим шагом (несущего винта) — cyclic pitch control
    синусоидальное изменение шага лопастей за один оборот несущего винта. — by cyclic pitch control the blade pitch angle is varied sinusoidally with blade azimuth position.
    -, чувствительное — responsive control
    - шагом (возд. винта) — (propeller) pitch control
    - шасси — landing gear control
    -, штурвальное (режим) — manna? (flight control)
    при работе элеронов или руля направления в режиме штурвального управления, автопилот должен быть выключен. — the autopilot must not be operated while either or both the aileron and rudder is/are in manual.
    - элевонами — eleven control
    -, электрическое — electric control
    -, электропроводное, электрическое (самолетом) — fly-by-wire control
    - элеронами — aileron control
    взятие у. на себя — assumption of control
    органы у. — controls
    органы у. (ла) — flight controls
    органы у. двигателем — engine controls
    передача у. (от одного члена экипажа к другому) — transfer of control (from one to another crew member)
    переход на ручное у. — change-over to manual control
    потеря у. — loss of control
    брать у. на себя — take over /assume/ control
    kbc имеет право в любое время взять управление ла на себя, поставив в известность об этом других членов экипажа. — the captain may take over (or assume) control of the airplane at any time by calling "i have control".
    переходить на ручное (штурвальное) у. — change over to manual control
    пилотировать с помощью автоматического у. — fly automatically, fly under ap control
    пилотировать с помощью штурвального у. — fly manually
    реагировать на у. — respond to control

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > управление (упр.)

  • 49 ход


    travel
    (величина перемещения)
    - (движение) — motion, travel
    - (процесс перемещения поршня, штока) — stroke
    - (работа машины) — run(ing)
    - (шаг винта) — lead
    ход равен шагу при однозаходной резьбе, — lead equals pitch for single start thread.
    - амортизатора (амортстойки) шасси (величина) — shock strut travel
    - амортизатора шасси (процесс) — shock strut stroke
    - амортизатора шасси, большой — shock strut long stroke
    - анероида (расширение/сжатие) — aneroid capsule expansion/contraction
    - (качание) блока на амортизаторах, свободный — free sway of unit on shockmounts /shock insulators/
    - винта осевой ход винта за один оборот. — lead the distance the screw advances axially in one turn.
    - впуска (пд) — intake stroke
    такт работы поршневого двигатепя, в течение которого поршень движется вниз (от головки цилиндра), всасывая рабочую смесь в цилиндр (рис. 64). — the intake, admission or suetion stroke of an internal combustion engine, i.e. the period of time during which the piston is moving down and a fuel-air charge is being drawn or forced into the cylinder.
    - всасывания — suction stroke
    - всасывания (пд) — intake stroke
    - выпуска (пд) — exhaust stroke
    такт работы поршневого двигатепя, в течение которого поршень движется вверх (к головке цилиндра), вытесняя отработанные газы из цилиндра (рис. 64). — the period of time during which the reciprocating engine piston is moving upward and exhaust gases are being discharged from the cylinder.
    -, задний — reverse motion
    -, мертвый (люфт системы управления или пары шестерен) — backlash
    - насоса (плунжерного) — pump stroke
    -, неравномерный — irregular running
    -, обратный амортизатора шасси, величина) (рис. 29) — recovery travel
    -, обратный (амортизатора шасси, процесс) — recovery stroke, rebound the shock strut piston moves /jumps/ back after wheel striking the ground.
    -, обратный (при отсчете показаний) — decreasing reading (d)
    -, плавный — smooth running
    -, полный — full travel
    - поршня — piston stroke
    расстояние, проходимое поршнем пд от верхней (вмт) до нижней (нмт) мертовой точки. двигатели классифицируются no числу ходовтактов. — the distance that a piston of ап engine travels from top dead center to bottom dead center. engines are classified by the number of strokes required to accomplish the so called engine cycles.
    - пружины — spring stroke
    -, прямой (амортизатора шассм, величина) (рис. 29) — impact travel
    -, прямой (амортизатора шассм, процесс) — impact stroke
    -, прямой (при отсчете показаний) — increasing reading (i)
    -, рабочий (пд) — power stroke
    такт работы пд, в течение которого поршень движется вниз (от головки цилиндра) под воздействием воспламененной смеси (рис. 64). — the period of time during which the reciprocating engine piston is moved outward by the fuel/air mixture fired.
    -, свободный — free travel
    -, свободный (блока) на амортизаторах — free sway of the unit permitted by shockmounts
    - сжатия (пд) — compression stroke
    второй такт работы четырехтактного пд, при котором поршень движется вверх, сжимая рабочую смесь в ципиндре. клапаны впуска и выпуска закрыты (рис. 64). — the second stroke of the fourstroke cycle principle. the piston moves out from the crank, compressing the charge. during this stroke, both intake and exhaust valves are closed.
    -, холостой (генератора, электродвигатепя) — no-load operation
    -, холостой (двиг.) — idle (run)

    running an engine at low r.p.m. and under no load.
    -, холостой (режим малого газа двиг.) — idling
    работа двиг. на минимальнодопустимых оборотах, — engine running at lowest speed possible, without stopping
    - штока (гидроусилителя, величина) — operating rod travel
    - штока (гидроусилитепя, процесс) — operating rod stroke
    - штока амортизатора шасси (величина/процесс) — landing gear shock strut piston travel (stroke)
    в конце x. поршня — at the end of piston stroke
    перемена x. — stroke reversal
    no x. (о вращат. движении) — in direction of normal rotation
    при обратном x. амортизатоpа шасси — on shock strut recovery, (on recovery)
    при прямом x. амортизатора шасси — on shock strut impact travel, (on impact)
    продолжительность x. часового механизма — clock mechanism rating
    против x. (о вращат. движении) — against direction of normal гоtation, in direction opposite to normal rotation
    против x. (о линейном перемещении) — against direction of normal movement,in direction opposite to normal movement
    работа на холостом x. (двиг.) — idling, at idle (power)
    поворачивать (проворачнвать) no x. — turn in the direction of normal rotation
    поворачивать (проворачивать) против x. — turn in direction opposite to normal rotation
    работать на холостом x. — idle, run at idle power

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > ход

  • 50 Churchward, George Jackson

    [br]
    b. 31 January 1857 Stoke Gabriel, Devon, England
    d. 19 December 1933 Swindon, Wiltshire, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer who developed for the Great Western Railway a range of steam locomotives of the most advanced design of its time.
    [br]
    Churchward was articled to the Locomotive Superintendent of the South Devon Railway in 1873, and when the South Devon was absorbed by the Great Western Railway in 1876 he moved to the latter's Swindon works. There he rose by successive promotions to become Works Manager in 1896, and in 1897 Chief Assistant to William Dean, who was Locomotive Carriage and Wagon Superintendent, in which capacity Churchward was allowed extensive freedom of action. Churchward eventually succeeded Dean in 1902: his title changed to Chief Mechanical Engineer in 1916.
    In locomotive design, Churchward adopted the flat-topped firebox invented by A.J.Belpaire of the Belgian State Railways and added a tapered barrel to improve circulation of water between the barrel and the firebox legs. He designed valves with a longer stroke and a greater lap than usual, to achieve full opening to exhaust. Passenger-train weights had been increasing rapidly, and Churchward produced his first 4–6– 0 express locomotive in 1902. However, he was still developing the details—he had a flair for selecting good engineering practices—and to aid his development work Churchward installed at Swindon in 1904 a stationary testing plant for locomotives. This was the first of its kind in Britain and was based on the work of Professor W.F.M.Goss, who had installed the first such plant at Purdue University, USA, in 1891. For comparison with his own locomotives Churchward obtained from France three 4–4–2 compound locomotives of the type developed by A. de Glehn and G. du Bousquet. He decided against compounding, but he did perpetuate many of the details of the French locomotives, notably the divided drive between the first and second pairs of driving wheels, when he introduced his four-cylinder 4–6–0 (the Star class) in 1907. He built a lone 4–6–2, the Great Bear, in 1908: the wheel arrangement enabled it to have a wide firebox, but the type was not perpetuated because Welsh coal suited narrow grates and 4–6–0 locomotives were adequate for the traffic. After Churchward retired in 1921 his successor, C.B.Collett, was to enlarge the Star class into the Castle class and then the King class, both 4–6–0s, which lasted almost as long as steam locomotives survived in service. In Church ward's time, however, the Great Western Railway was the first in Britain to adopt six-coupled locomotives on a large scale for passenger trains in place of four-coupled locomotives. The 4–6–0 classes, however, were but the most celebrated of a whole range of standard locomotives of advanced design for all types of traffic and shared between them many standardized components, particularly boilers, cylinders and valve gear.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.C.B.Rogers, 1975, G.J.Churchward. A Locomotive Biography, London: George Allen \& Unwin (a full-length account of Churchward and his locomotives, and their influence on subsequent locomotive development).
    C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allan, Ch. 20 (a good brief account).
    Sir William Stanier, 1955, "George Jackson Churchward", Transactions of the Newcomen
    Society 30 (a unique insight into Churchward and his work, from the informed viewpoint of his former subordinate who had risen to become Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London, Midland \& Scottish Railway).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Churchward, George Jackson

  • 51 Edwards, Humphrey

    [br]
    fl. c.1808–25 London (?), England
    d. after 1825 France (?)
    [br]
    English co-developer of Woolf s compound steam engine.
    [br]
    When Arthur Woolf left the Griffin Brewery, London, in October 1808, he formed a partnership with Humphrey Edwards, described as a millwright at Mill Street, Lambeth, where they started an engine works to build Woolf's type of compound engine. A number of small engines were constructed and other ordinary engines modified with the addition of a high-pressure cylinder. Improvements were made in each succeeding engine, and by 1811 a standard form had been evolved. During this experimental period, engines were made with cylinders side by side as well as the more usual layout with one behind the other. The valve gear and other details were also improved. Steam pressure may have been around 40 psi (2.8 kg/cm2). In an advertisement of February 1811, the partners claimed that their engines had been brought to such a state of perfection that they consumed only half the quantity of coal required for engines on the plan of Messrs Boulton \& Watt. Woolf visited Cornwall, where he realized that more potential for his engines lay there than in London; in May 1811 the partnership was dissolved, with Woolf returning to his home county. Edwards struggled on alone in London for a while, but when he saw a more promising future for the engine in France he moved to Paris. On 25 May 1815 he obtained a French patent, a Brevet d'importation, for ten years. A report in 1817 shows that during the previous two years he had imported into France fifteen engines of different sizes which were at work in eight places in various parts of the country. He licensed a mining company in the north of France to make twenty-five engines for winding coal. In France there was always much more interest in rotative engines than pumping ones. Edwards may have formed a partnership with Goupil \& Cie, Dampierre, to build engines, but this is uncertain. He became a member of the firm Scipion, Perrier, Edwards \& Chappert, which took over the Chaillot Foundry of the Perrier Frères in Paris, and it seems that Edwards continued to build steam engines there for the rest of his life. In 1824 it was claimed that he had made about 100 engines in England and another 200 in France, but this is probably an exaggeration.
    The Woolf engine acquired its popularity in France because its compound design was more economical than the single-cylinder type. To enable it to be operated safely, Edwards first modified Woolf s cast-iron boiler in 1815 by placing two small drums over the fire, and then in 1825 replaced the cast iron with wrought iron. The modified boiler was eventually brought back to England in the 1850s as the "French" or "elephant" boiler.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Most details about Edwards are to be found in the biographies of his partner, Arthur Woolf. For example, see T.R.Harris, 1966, Arthur Woolf, 1766–1837, The Cornish Engineer, Truro: D.Bradford Barton; Rhys Jenkins, 1932–3, "A Cornish Engineer, Arthur Woolf, 1766–1837", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 13. These use information from the originally unpublished part of J.Farey, 1971, A Treatise on the Steam Engine, Vol. II, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Edwards, Humphrey

  • 52 Ewart, Peter

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 14 May 1767 Traquair, near Peebles, Scotland
    d. September 1842 London, England
    [br]
    Scottish pioneer in the mechanization of the textile industry.
    [br]
    Peter Ewart, the youngest of six sons, was born at Traquair manse, where his father was a clergyman in the Church of Scotland. He was educated at the Free School, Dumfries, and in 1782 spent a year at Edinburgh University. He followed this with an apprenticeship under John Rennie at Musselburgh before moving south in 1785 to help Rennie erect the Albion corn mill in London. This brought him into contact with Boulton \& Watt, and in 1788 he went to Birmingham to erect a waterwheel and other machinery in the Soho Manufactory. In 1789 he was sent to Manchester to install a steam engine for Peter Drinkwater and thus his long connection with the city began. In 1790 Ewart took up residence in Manchester as Boulton \& Watt's representative. Amongst other engines, he installed one for Samuel Oldknow at Stockport. In 1792 he became a partner with Oldknow in his cotton-spinning business, but because of financial difficulties he moved back to Birmingham in 1795 to help erect the machines in the new Soho Foundry. He was soon back in Manchester in partnership with Samuel Greg at Quarry Bank Mill, Styal, where he was responsible for developing the water power, installing a steam engine, and being concerned with the spinning machinery and, later, gas lighting at Greg's other mills.
    In 1798, Ewart devised an automatic expansion-gear for steam engines, but steam pressures at the time were too low for such a device to be effective. His grasp of the theory of steam power is shown by his paper to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in 1808, On the Measure of Moving Force. In 1813 he patented a power loom to be worked by the pressure of steam or compressed air. In 1824 Charles Babbage consulted him about automatic looms. His interest in textiles continued until at least 1833, when he obtained a patent for a self-acting spinning mule, which was, however, outclassed by the more successful one invented by Richard Roberts. Ewart gave much help and advice to others. The development of the machine tools at Boulton \& Watt's Soho Foundry has been mentioned already. He also helped James Watt with his machine for copying sculptures. While he continued to run his own textile mill, Ewart was also in partnership with Charles Macintosh, the pioneer of rubber-coated cloth. He was involved with William Fairbairn concerning steam engines for the boats that Fairbairn was building in Manchester, and it was through Ewart that Eaton Hodgkinson was introduced to Fairbairn and so made the tests and calculations for the tubes for the Britannia Railway Bridge across the Menai Straits. Ewart was involved with the launching of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway as he was a director of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce at the time.
    In 1835 he uprooted himself from Manchester and became the first Chief Engineer for the Royal Navy, assuming responsibility for the steamboats, which by 1837 numbered 227 in service. He set up repair facilities and planned workshops for overhauling engines at Woolwich Dockyard, the first establishment of its type. It was here that he was killed in an accident when a chain broke while he was supervising the lifting of a large boiler. Engineering was Ewart's life, and it is possible to give only a brief account of his varied interests and connections here.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1843, "Institution of Civil Engineers", Annual General Meeting, January. Obituary, 1843, Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society Memoirs (NS) 7. R.L.Hills, 1987–8, "Peter Ewart, 1767–1843", Manchester Literary and Philosophical
    Society Memoirs 127.
    M.B.Rose, 1986, The Gregs of Quarry Bank Mill The Rise and Decline of a Family Firm, 1750–1914, Cambridge (covers E wart's involvement with Samuel Greg).
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester; R.L.Hills, 1989, Power
    from Steam, Cambridge (both look at Ewart's involvement with textiles and steam engines).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Ewart, Peter

  • 53 Fokker, Anthony Herman Gerard

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 6 April 1890 Kediri, Java, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia)
    d. 23 December 1939 New York, USA
    [br]
    Dutch designer of German fighter aircraft during the First World War and of many successful airliners during the 1920s and 1930s.
    [br]
    Anthony Fokker was born in Java, where his Dutch father had a coffee plantation. The family returned to the Netherlands and, after schooling, young Anthony went to Germany to study aeronautics. With the aid of a friend he built his first aeroplane, the Spin, in 1910: this was a monoplane capable of short hops. By 1911 Fokker had improved the Spin and gained a pilot's licence. In 1912 he set up a company called Fokker Aeroplanbau at Johannistal, outside Berlin, and a series of monoplanes followed.
    When war broke out in 1914 Fokker offered his designs to both sides, and the Germans accepted them. His E I monoplane of 1915 caused a sensation with its manoeuvrability and forward-firing machine gun. Fokker and his collaborators improved on the French deflector system introduced by Raymond Saulnier by fitting an interrupter gear which synchronized the machine gun to fire between the blades of the rotating propeller. The Fokker Dr I triplane and D VII biplane were also outstanding German fighters of the First World War. Fokker's designs were often the work of an employee who received little credit: nevertheless, Fokker was a gifted pilot and a great organizer. After the war, Fokker moved back to the Netherlands and set up the Fokker Aircraft Works in Amsterdam. In 1922, however, he emigrated to the USA and established the Atlantic Aircraft Corporation in New Jersey. His first significant success there came the following year when one of his T-2 monoplanes became the first aircraft to fly non-stop across the USA, from New York to San Diego. He developed a series of civil aircraft using the well-proven method of construction he used for his fighters: fuselages made from steel tubes and thick, robust wooden wings. Of these, probably the most famous was the F VII/3m, a high-wing monoplane with three engines and capable of carrying about ten passengers. From 1925 the F VII/3m airliner was used worldwide and made many record-breaking flights, such as Lieutenant-Commander Richard Byrd's first flight over the North Pole in 1926 and Charles Kingsford-Smith's first transpacific flight in 1928. By this time Fokker had lost interest in military aircraft and had begun to see flight as a means of speeding up global communications and bringing people together. His last years were spent in realizing this dream, and this was reflected in his concentration on the design and production of passenger aircraft.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Royal Netherlands Aeronautical Society Gold Medal 1932.
    Bibliography
    1931, The Flying Dutchman: The Life of Anthony Fokker, London: Routledge \& Sons (an interesting, if rather biased, autobiography).
    Further Reading
    A.R.Weyl, 1965, Fokker: The Creative Years, London; reprinted 1988 (a very detailed account of Fokker's early work).
    Thijs Postma, 1979, Fokker: Aircraft Builders to the World, Holland; 1980, English edn, London (a well-illustrated history of Fokker and the company).
    Henri Hegener, 1961, Fokker: The Man and His Aircraft, Letchworth, Herts.
    JDS / CM

    Biographical history of technology > Fokker, Anthony Herman Gerard

  • 54 Hackworth, Timothy

    [br]
    b. 22 December 1786 Wylam, Northumberland, England
    d. 7 July 1850 Shildon, Co. Durham, England
    [br]
    English engineer, pioneer in construction and operation of steam locomotives.
    [br]
    Hackworth trained under his father, who was Foreman Blacksmith at Wylam colliery, and succeeded him upon his death in 1807. Between 1812 and 1816 he helped to build and maintain the Wylam locomotives under William Hedley. He then moved to Walbottle colliery, but during 1824 he took temporary charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s works while George Stephenson was surveying the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway and Robert Stephenson was away in South America. In May 1825 Hackworth was appointed to the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR) "to have superintendence of the permanent (i.e. stationary) and locomotive engines". He established the workshops at Shildon, and when the railway opened in September he became in effect the first locomotive superintendent of a railway company. From experience of operating Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s locomotives he was able to make many detail improvements, notably spring safety valves. In 1827 he designed and built the locomotive Royal George, with six wheels coupled and inverted vertical cylinders driving the rear pair. From the pistons, drive was direct by way of piston rods and connecting rods to crankpins on the wheels, the first instance of the use of this layout on a locomotive. Royal George was the most powerful and satisfactory locomotive on the S \& DR to date and was the forerunner of Hackworth's type of heavy-goods locomotive, which was built until the mid-1840s.
    For the Rainhill Trials in 1829 Hackworth built and entered the locomotive Sans Pareil, which was subsequently used on the Bol ton \& Leigh Railway and is now in the Science Museum, London. A working replica was built for the 150th anniversary of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1980. In 1833 a further agreement with the S \& DR enabled Hackworth, while remaining in charge of their locomotives, to set up a locomotive and engineering works on his own account. Its products eventually included locomotives for the London, Brighton \& South Coast and York, Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, as well as some of the earliest locomotives exported to Russia and Canada. Hackworth's son, John Wesley Hackworth, was also an engineer and invented the radial valve gear for steam engines that bears his name.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    R.Young, 1975, Timothy Hackworth and the Locomotive, Shildon: Shildon "Stockton \& Darlington Railway" Silver Jubilee Committee; orig. pub. 1923, London (tends to emphasize Hackworth's achievements at the expense of other contemporary engineers).
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longmans (describes much of Hackworth's work and is more objective).
    E.L.Ahrons, 1927, The British Steam Railway Locomotive 1825–1925, London: The Locomotive Publishing Co.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Hackworth, Timothy

  • 55 Nasmyth, James Hall

    [br]
    b. 19 August 1808 Edinburgh, Scotland
    d. 7 May 1890 London, England
    [br]
    Scottish mechanical engineer and inventor of the steam-hammer.
    [br]
    James Nasmyth was the youngest son of Alexander Nasmyth (1758–1840), the portrait and landscape painter. According to his autobiography he was named James Hall after his father's friend, the geologist Sir James Hall (1761–1832), but he seems never to have used his second name in official documents. He received an elementary education at Edinburgh High School, but left at the age of 12. He attended evening classes at the Edinburgh School of Arts for the instruction of Mechanics between 1821 and 1825, and gained experience as a mechanic at an early age in his father's workshop. He shared these early experiences with his brother George, who was only a year or so older, and in the 1820s the brothers built several model steam engines and a steam-carriage capable of carrying eight passengers on the public roads. In 1829 Nasmyth obtained a position in London as personal assistant to Henry Maudslay, and after Maudslay's death in February 1831 he remained with Maudslay's partner, Joshua Field, for a short time. He then returned to Edinburgh, where he and his brother George started in a small way as general engineers. In 1834 they moved to a small workshop in Manchester, and in 1836, with the aid of financial backing from some Manchester businessmen, they established on a site at Patricroft, a few miles from the city, the works which became known as the Bridgewater Foundry. They were soon joined by a third partner, Holbrook Gaskell (1813–1909), who looked after the administration of the business, the firm then being known as Nasmyths Gaskell \& Co. They specialized in making machine tools, and Nasmyth invented many improvements so that they soon became one of the leading manufacturers in this field. They also made steam locomotives for the rapidly developing railways. James Nasmyth's best-known invention was the steam-hammer, which dates from 1839 but was not patented until 1842. The self-acting control gear was probably the work of Robert Wilson and ensured the commercial success of the invention. George Nasmyth resigned from the partnership in 1843 and in 1850 Gaskell also resigned, after which the firm continued as James Nasmyth \& Co. James Nasmyth himself retired at the end of 1856 and went to live at Penshurst, Kent, in a house which he named "Hammerfield" where he devoted his time mainly to his hobby of astronomy. Robert Wilson returned to become Managing Partner of the firm, which later became Nasmyth, Wilson \& Co. and retained that style until its closure in 1940. Nasmyth's claim to be the sole inventor of the steam-hammer has been disputed, but his patent of 1842 was not challenged and the fourteen-year monopoly ensured the prosperity of the business so that he was able to retire at the age of 48. At his death in 1890 he left an estate valued at £243,805.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1874, with J.Carpenter, The Moon Considered as a Planet, a World, and a Satellite, London.
    1883, Autobiography, ed. Samuel Smiles, London.
    Further Reading
    R.Wailes, 1963, "James Nasmyth—Artist's Son", Engineering Heritage, vol. I, London, 106–11 (a short account).
    J.A.Cantrell, 1984, James Nasmyth and the Bridgewater Foundry: A Study of Entrepreneurship in the Early Engineering Industry, Manchester (a full-length critical study).
    ——1984–5, "James Nasmyth and the steam hammer", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 56:133–8.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Nasmyth, James Hall

  • 56 Reason, Richard Edmund

    [br]
    b. 21 December 1903 Exeter, Devon, England
    d. 20 March 1987 Great Bowden, Leicestershire, England
    [br]
    English metrologist who developed instruments for measuring machined-surface roughness.
    [br]
    Richard Edmund Reason was educated at Tonbridge School and the Royal College of Science (Imperial College), where he studied under Professor A.F.C.Pollard, Professor of Technical Optics. After graduating in 1925 he joined Taylor, Taylor and Hobson Ltd, Leicester, manufacturers of optical, electrical and scientific instruments, and remained with that firm throughout his career. One of his first contributions was in the development, with E.F.Fincham, of the Fincham Coincidence Optometer. At this time the firm, under William Taylor, was mainly concerned with optical instruments and lens manufacture, but in the 1930s Reason was also engaged in developing means for measuring the roughness of machined surfaces. The need for establishing standards and methods of measurement of surface finish was called for when the subcontracting of aero-engine components became necessary during the Second World War. This led to the development by Reason of an instrument in which a stylus was moved across the surface and the profile recorded electronically. This was called the Talysurf and was first produced in 1941. Further development followed, and from 1947 Reason tackled the problem of measuring roundness, producing the first Talyrond machine in 1949. The technology developed for these instruments was used in the production of others such as the Talymin Comparator and the Talyvel electronic level. Reason was also associated with the development of optical projection systems to measure the profile of parts such as gear teeth, screw threads and turbine blades. He retired in 1968 but continued as a consultant to the company. He served for many years on committees of the British Standards Institution on surface metrology and was a representative of Britain at the International Standards Organization.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    OBE 1967. FRS 1971. Honorary DSc University of Birmingham 1969. Honorary DSc Leicester University 1971.
    Further Reading
    D.J.Whitehouse, 1990, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 36, London, pp. 437–62 (an illustrated obituary notice listing Reason's eighty-nine British patents, published between 1930 and 1972, and his twenty-one publications, dating from 1937 to 1966).
    K.J.Hume, 1980, A History of Engineering Metrology, London, 113–21 (contains a shorter account of Reason's work).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Reason, Richard Edmund

  • 57 Royce, Sir Frederick Henry

    [br]
    b. 27 March 1863 Alwalton, Huntingdonshire, England
    d. 22 April 1933 West Wittering, Sussex, England.
    [br]
    English engineer and industrialist.
    [br]
    Royce was the younger son of a flour miller. His father's death forced him to earn his own living from the age of 10 selling newspapers, as a post office messenger boy, and in other jobs. At the age of 14, he became an apprentice at the Great Northern Railway's locomotive works, but was unable to complete his apprenticeship due to a shortage of money. He moved to a tool company in Leeds, then in 1882 he became a tester for the London Electric Light \& Power Company and attended classes at the City \& Guilds Technical College. In the same year, the company made him Chief Electrical Engineer for the lighting of the streets of Liverpool.
    In 1884, at the age of 21, he founded F.H. Royce \& Co (later called Royce Ltd, from 1894 to 1933) with a capital of £70, manufacturing arc lamps, dynamos and electric cranes. In 1903, he bought a 10 hp Deauville car which proved noisy and unreliable; he therefore designed his own car. By the end of 1903 he had produced a twocylinder engine which ran for many hundreds of hours driving dynamos; on 31 March 1904, a 10 hp Royce car was driven smoothly and silently from the works in Cooke Street, Manchester. This car so impressed Charles S. Rolls, whose London firm were agents for high-class continental cars, that he agreed to take the entire output from the Manchester works. In 1906 they jointly formed Rolls-Royce Ltd and at the end of that year Royce produced the first 40/50 hp Silver Ghost, which remained in production until 1925 when it was replaced by the Phantom and Wraith. The demand for the cars grew so great that in 1908 manufacture was transferred to a new factory in Derby.
    In 1911 Royce had a breakdown due to overwork and his lack of attention to taking regular meals. From that time he never returned to the works but continued in charge of design from a drawing office in his home in the south of France and later at West Wittering, Sussex, England. During the First World War he designed the Falcon, Hawk and Condor engines as well as the VI2 Eagle, all of which were liquid-cooled. Later he designed the 36.7-litre Rolls-Royce R engines for the Vickers Supermarine S.6 and S.6B seaplanes which were entered for the Schneider Trophy (which they won in 1929 and 1931, the 5.5 having won in 1927 with a Napier Lion engine) and set a world speed record of 408 mph (657 km/h) in 1931; the 1941 Griffon engine was derived from the R.
    Royce was an improver rather than an innovator, though he did invent a silent form of valve gear, a friction-damped slipper flywheel, the Royce carburettor and a spring drive for timing gears. He was a modest man with a remarkable memory who concentrated on perfecting the detail of every component. He married Minnie Punt, but they had no children. A bust of him at the Derby factory is captioned simply "Henry Royce, Mechanic".
    [br]
    Further Reading
    R.Bird, 1995, Rolls Royce Heritage, London: Osprey.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Royce, Sir Frederick Henry

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