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41 Party membership
Общая лексика: партийность -
42 party membership
Общая лексика: партийность -
43 party membership
партийность, принадлежность к партииАнгло-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь > party membership
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44 party-membership card
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45 membership of party
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46 party membership
принадлежность к партии, партийность -
47 party membership
партийность, членство в партии -
48 Portuguese Communist Party
(PCP)The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) has evolved from its early anarcho-syndicalist roots at its formation in 1921. This evolution included the undisciplined years of the 1920s, during which bolshevization began and continued into the 1930s, then through the years of clandestine existence during the Estado Novo, the Stalinization of the 1940s, the "anarcho-liberal shift" of the 1950s, the emergence of Maoist and Trotskyist splinter groups of the 1960s, to legalization after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 as the strongest and oldest political party in Portugal. Documents from the Russian archives have shown that the PCP's history is not a purely "domestic" one. While the PCP was born on its own without Soviet assistance, once it joined the Communist International (CI), it lost a significant amount of autonomy as CI officials increasingly meddled in PCP internal politics by dictating policy, manipulating leadership elections, and often financing party activities.Early Portuguese communism was a mix of communist ideological strands accustomed to a spirited internal debate, a lively external debate with its rivals, and a loose organizational structure. The PCP, during its early years, was weak in grassroots membership and was basically a party of "notables." It was predominantly a male organization, with minuscule female participation. It was also primarily an urban party concentrated in Lisbon. The PCP membership declined from 3,000 in 1923 to only 40 in 1928.In 1929, the party was reorganized so that it could survive clandestinely. As its activity progressed in the 1930s, a long period of instability dominated its leadership organs as a result of repression, imprisonments, and disorganization. The CI continued to intervene in party affairs through the 1930s, until the PCP was expelled from the CI in 1938-39, apparently because of its conduct during police arrests.The years of 1939-41 were difficult ones for the party, not only because of increased domestic repression but also because of internal party splits provoked by the Nazi-Soviet pact and other foreign actions. From 1940 to 1941, two Communist parties struggled to attract the support of the CI and accused each other of "revisionism." The CI was disbanded in 1943, and the PCP was not accepted back into the international communist family until its recognition by the Cominform in 1947.The reorganization of 1940-41 finally put the PCP under the firm control of orthodox communists who viewed socialism from a Soviet perspective. Although Soviet support was denied the newly reorganized party at first, the new leaders continued its Stalinization. The enforcement of "democratic centralism" and insistence upon the "dictatorship of the proletariat" became entrenched. The 1940s brought increased growth, as the party reached its membership apex of the clandestine era with 1,200 members in 1943, approximately 4,800 in 1946, and 7,000 in 1947.The party fell on hard times in the 1950s. It developed a bad case of paranoia, which led to a witch hunt for infiltrators, informers, and spies in all ranks of the party. The lower membership figures who followed the united antifascist period were reduced further through expulsions of the "traitors." By 1951, the party had been reduced to only 1,000 members. It became a closed, sectarian, suspicious, and paranoiac organization, with diminished strength in almost every region, except in the Alentejo, where the party, through propaganda and ideology more than organizational strength, was able to mobilize strikes of landless peasants in the early 1950s.On 3 January 1960, Álvaro Cunhal and nine other political prisoners made a spectacular escape from the Peniche prison and fled the country. Soon after this escape, Cunhal was elected secretary-general and, with other top leaders, directed the PCP from exile. Trotskyite and Maoist fractions emerged within the party in the 1960s, strengthened by the ideological developments in the international communist movement, such as in China and Cuba. The PCP would not tolerate dissent or leftism and began purging the extreme left fractions.The PCP intensified its control of the labor movement after the more liberal syndical election regulations under Prime Minister Mar- cello Caetano allowed communists to run for leadership positions in the corporative unions. By 1973, there was general unrest in the labor movement due to deteriorating economic conditions brought on by the colonial wars, as well as by world economic pressures including the Arab oil boycott.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the PCP enjoyed a unique position: it was the only party to have survived the Estado Novo. It emerged from clandestinity as the best organized political party in Portugal with a leadership hardened by years in jail. Since then, despite the party's stubborn orthodoxy, it has consistently played an important role as a moderating force. As even the Socialist Party (PS) was swept up by the neoliberal tidal wave, albeit a more compassionate variant, increasingly the PCP has played a crucial role in ensuring that interests and perspectives of the traditional Left are aired.One of the most consistent planks of the PCP electoral platform has been opposition to every stage of European integration. The party has regularly resisted Portuguese membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and, following membership beginning in 1986, the party has regularly resisted further integration through the European Union (EU). A major argument has been that EU membership would not resolve Portugal's chronic economic problems but would only increase its dependence on the world. Ever since, the PCP has argued that its opposition to membership was correct and that further involvement with the EU would only result in further economic dependence and a consequent loss of Portuguese national sovereignty. Further, the party maintained that as Portugal's ties with the EU increased, the vulnerable agrarian sector in Portugal would risk further losses.Changes in PCP leadership may or may not alter the party's electoral position and role in the political system. As younger generations forget the uniqueness of the party's resistance to the Estado Novo, public images of PCP leadership will change. As the image of Álvaro Cunhal and other historical communist leaders slowly recedes, and the stature of Carlos Carvalhas (general secretary since 1992) and other moderate leaders is enhanced, the party's survival and legitimacy have strengthened. On 6 March 2001, the PCP celebrated its 80th anniversary.See also Left Bloc.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Portuguese Communist Party
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49 Socialist Party / Partido Socialista
(PS)Although the Socialist Party's origins can be traced back to the 1850s, its existence has not been continuous. The party did not achieve or maintain a large base of support until after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. Historically, it played only a minor political role when compared to other European socialist parties.During the Estado Novo, the PS found it difficult to maintain a clandestine existence, and the already weak party literally withered away. Different groups and associations endeavored to keep socialist ideals alive, but they failed to create an organizational structure that would endure. In 1964, Mário Soares, Francisco Ramos da Costa, and Manuel Tito de Morais established the Portuguese Socialist Action / Acção Socialista Português (ASP) in Geneva, a group of individuals with similar views rather than a true political party. Most members were middle-class professionals committed to democratizing the nation. The rigidity of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) led some to join the ASP.By the early 1970s, ASP nuclei existed beyond Portugal in Paris, London, Rome, Brussels, Frankfurt, Sweden, and Switzerland; these consisted of members studying, working, teaching, researching, or in other activities. Extensive connections were developed with other foreign socialist parties. Changing conditions in Portugal, as well as the colonial wars, led several ASP members to advocate the creation of a real political party, strengthening the organization within Portugal, and positioning this to compete for power once the regime changed.The current PS was founded clandestinely on 19 April 1973, by a group of 27 exiled Portuguese and domestic ASP representatives at the Kurt Schumacher Academy of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Bad Munstereifel, West Germany. The founding philosophy was influenced by nondogmatic Marxism as militants sought to create a classless society. The rhetoric was to be revolutionary to outflank its competitors, especially the PCP, on its left. The party hoped to attract reform-minded Catholics and other groups that were committed to democracy but could not support the communists.At the time of the 1974 revolution, the PS was little more than an elite faction based mainly among exiles. It was weakly organized and had little grassroots support outside the major cities and larger towns. Its organization did not improve significantly until the campaign for the April 1975 constituent elections. Since then, the PS has become very pragmatic and moderate and has increasingly diluted its socialist program until it has become a center-left party. Among the party's most consistent principles in its platform since the late 1970s has been its support for Portugal's membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Union (EU), a view that clashed with those of its rivals to the left, especially the PCP. Given the PS's broad base of support, the increased distance between its leftist rhetoric and its more conservative actions has led to sharp internal divisions in the party. The PS and the Social Democratic Party (PSD) are now the two dominant parties in the Portuguese political party system.In doctrine and rhetoric the PS has undergone a de-Marxification and a movement toward the center as a means to challenge its principal rival for hegemony, the PSD. The uneven record of the PS in general elections since its victory in 1975, and sometimes its failure to keep strong legislative majorities, have discouraged voters. While the party lost the 1979 and 1980 general elections, it triumphed in the 1983 elections, when it won 36 percent of the vote, but it still did not gain an absolute majority in the Assembly of the Republic. The PSD led by Cavaco Silva dominated elections from 1985 to 1995, only to be defeated by the PS in the 1995 general elections. By 2000, the PS had conquered the commanding heights of the polity: President Jorge Sampaio had been reelected for a second term, PS prime minister António Guterres was entrenched, and the mayor of Lisbon was João Soares, son of the former socialist president, Mário Soares (1986-96).The ideological transformation of the PS occurred gradually after 1975, within the context of a strong PSD, an increasingly conservative electorate, and the de-Marxification of other European Socialist parties, including those in Germany and Scandinavia. While the PS paid less attention to the PCP on its left and more attention to the PSD, party leaders shed Marxist trappings. In the 1986 PS official program, for example, the text does not include the word Marxism.Despite the party's election victories in the mid- and late-1990s, the leadership discovered that their grasp of power and their hegemony in governance at various levels was threatened by various factors: President Jorge Sampaio's second term, the constitution mandated, had to be his last.Following the defeat of the PS by the PSD in the municipal elections of December 2001, Premier Antônio Guterres resigned his post, and President Sampaio dissolved parliament and called parliamentary elections for the spring. In the 17 March 2002 elections, following Guterres's resignation as party leader, the PS was defeated by the PSD by a vote of 40 percent to 38 percent. Among the factors that brought about the socialists' departure from office was the worsening post-September 11 economy and disarray within the PS leadership circles, as well as charges of corruption among PS office holders. However, the PS won 45 percent of the vote in parliamentary elections of 2005, and the leader of the party, José Sócrates, a self-described "market-oriented socialist" became prime minister.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Socialist Party / Partido Socialista
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50 Labour Party
пол. Лейбористская партияа) брит. (в Великобритании: политическая партия, образованная на основе слияния профсоюзов и социалистических политических групп; основными целями партии является защита интересов работников, поддержание идей демократического социализма и социального равенства; выступает за государственную систему социального обеспечения и высокий уровень налогов; основана в 1900 г.)See:Commonwealth of Nations, British Communist Party, butskellism, Clause IV, collective membership, conference 2) а), Conservative Party, Fabian Society, Macdonald, James Ramsey, Macdonald, James Ramseyб) (распространенное название политических партий со сходными целями и идеями, действующих в других странах) -
51 political party
политическая партия
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
political party
An organized group that has as its fundamental aim the attainment of political power and public office for its designated leaders. Usually, a political party will advertise a common commitment by its leaders and its membership to a set of political, social, economic and/or cultural values. (Source: DUC)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > political party
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52 Labour Party
['leɪbə,pɑːtɪ]Лейбори́стская па́ртия, Рабо́чая па́ртия (одна из двух крупнейших политических партий Великобритании. Основана в 1900 под названием Комитет рабочего представительства [Labour Representation Committee]. С 1906 носит название Лейбористской партии. Членство в партии как коллективное [ collective membership], так и индивидуальное; её массовая основа - профсоюзное движение; насчитывает более 6 млн. чел.; руководство социал-реформистское; высшими органами являются ежегодная конференция [Labour Party Conference], исполком [National Executive Committee], "теневой кабинет" [ Shadow cabinet], когда партия находится в оппозиции, и руководство парламентской фракции [ Parliamentary Labour Party])English-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > Labour Party
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53 union membership
union (party, club) membership количество/состав членов союза (партии, клуба)/членство в союзе (партии, клубе) -
54 collective membership
пол., брит. коллективное членство (о членстве в лейбористской партии, в состав которой на правах коллективных членов входят профсоюзы, кооперативные общества и т. д.; члены этих организаций автоматически становятся членами лейбористской партии)See: -
55 collective membership
[kə,lektɪv'membəʃɪp]коллекти́вное чле́нство (Лейбористской партии [ Labour Party]; в её состав на правах коллективных членов входят профсоюзы, кооперативные общества и т.п., члены кот. автоматически являются членами Лейбористской партии)English-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > collective membership
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56 партиен
partyпартиен устав party statutesпартиен апарат a party machineпартиен билет a party (membership) cardпартиен член/работник a party member/officialпартиен актив the most active members of the party organizationпартиен комитет a party committeeпартиен стаж length of party membershipпартийна принадлежност partyпартийна организация/дисциплина party organization/disciplineпартийни кадри trained party workers* * *партѝен,прил., -йна, -йно, -йни party; \партиенен апарат party machine; \партиенен устав party statutes; \партиенйна принадлежност party membership; \партиенйно-правителствен party and government (attr.).* * *party: a партиен leader - партиен лидер, All the партиен members are invited to discuss the партиен politics. - Всички партийни членове са поканени да дискутират партийната политика.* * *1. party 2. ПАРТИЕН актив the most active members of the party organization 3. ПАРТИЕН апарат a party machine 4. ПАРТИЕН билет a party (membership) card 5. ПАРТИЕН комитет a party committee 6. ПАРТИЕН стаж length of party membership 7. ПАРТИЕН устав party statutes 8. ПАРТИЕН член/работник a party member/official 9. партийна организация/дисциплина party organization/discipline 10. партийна принадлежност party 11. партийни кадри trained party workers -
57 партийность
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58 принадлежность к партии
Русско-английский синонимический словарь > принадлежность к партии
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59 Parteizugehörigkeit
f party affiliation; (Mitgliedschaft) party membership* * *Par|tei|zu|ge|hö|rig|keitfparty membership* * *Par·tei·zu·ge·hö·rig·keitf party membership* * *Parteizentrale f party headquarters (v auch im sg) Parteizugehörigkeit f party affiliation; (Mitgliedschaft) party membership* * *f.party affiliation n. -
60 принадлежност
1. belonging; appurtenance; affiliationsнационална принадлежност nationalityпартийна принадлежност party affiliation, membership of a partyкласирайте писмото по принадлежност file the letter where it belongsотнасям се по принадлежност apply to the proper quarter2. (предмет) requisite; тех. appliance, attachment; gadgetмн. ч. (вещи) belongings; paraphernaliaюр. pertinentsмн.ч. (тех.) accessories; implements; fittings; tackle, gear(комплект) outfit, kit, equipmentкухненски принадлежности kitchen utensilsтоалетни принадлежности articles of toilet, toilet articlesпринадлежности за бръснене shaving thingsпринадлежности за писане writing materialsриболовни принадлежности fishing tackle/gear* * *принадлѐжност,ж., -и 1. belonging; appurtenance; affiliations; класирайте писмото по \принадлежност file the letter where it belongs; национална \принадлежност nationality; партийна \принадлежност party affiliation, membership of a party;2. ( предмет) requisite; техн. appliance, attachment; gadget; автомобилни \принадлежности motor accessories;3. само мн. ( вещи) belongings; gear; paraphernalia; юр. pertinents; техн. accessories; implements; fittings; tackle, gear; ( комплект) outfit, kit, equipment; кухненски \принадлежности kitchen utensils; \принадлежности за бръснене shaving things; \принадлежности за писане writing materials; риболовни \принадлежности fishing tackle/gear; тоалетни \принадлежности articles of toilet, toilet articles.* * *belonging; appliance (тех.); appurtenance; tackle{tEkl}; gear (риболовни и пр.); outfit (комплект); paraphernalia; stationery (канцеларски)* * *1. (комплект) outfit, kit, equipment 2. (предмет) requisite;mex. appliance, attachment;gadget 3. belonging;appurtenance;affiliations 4. ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТи за бръснене shaving things 5. ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТи за писане writing materials 6. класирайте писмото no ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТ file the letter where it belongs 7. кухненски ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТи kitchen utensils 8. мн. ч. (вещи) belongings;paraphernalia 9. мн.ч. (mex.) accessories;implements;fittings;tackle, gear 10. национална ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТ nationality 11. отнасям се поПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТ apply to the proper quarter 12. партийна ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТ party affiliation, membership of a party 13. риболовни ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТи fishing tackle/gear 14. тоалетни ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТи articles of toilet, toilet articles 15. юр. pertinents
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